Annexation of the Crimea by Catherine. Accession to Russia of Crimea
Annexation of Crimea to Russia in 2014 - the withdrawal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea from Ukraine, followed by its admission to the Russian Federation and the formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation. The basis for the entry of Crimea into the Russian Federation was a referendum of the inhabitants of the autonomy, almost 97% voted for joining Russia. This was the first case of the formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation in recent history Russia.
Prerequisites for the annexation of Crimea to Russia
For 23 years Kyiv has not built a clear policy towards autonomy. For 23 years, Kyiv subjected Crimea to forced and clumsy Ukrainization, and no matter how much they talk about the “annexation of Crimea”, it all started with an appeal by the ARC parliament, which asked Russia to protect the peninsula from the new gangster Kyiv authorities. Russia provided this protection, despite the expected complications in the international arena. There is plenty of documentary evidence that the population of the peninsula associates itself exclusively with Russia and wants to be a subject of the Russian Federation. However, anyone who has ever been to the Crimea, which of the Crimea is "Ukraine", is clear and so.
Background to the annexation of Crimea to Russia
The political crisis erupted in Ukraine at the end of November 2013, when the Cabinet of Ministers announced the suspension of the country's European integration due to onerous conditions. Mass protests, called "Euromaidan", took place throughout Ukraine and in January resulted in clashes between armed radicals and law enforcement agencies. The street fights, during which the opposition repeatedly used firearms and Molotov cocktails, resulted in about 100 casualties.
On February 22, 2014, a violent seizure of power took place in the country. The Verkhovna Rada, violating the agreements reached between President Viktor Yanukovych and opposition leaders, changed the constitution, changed the leadership of the parliament and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and removed the head of state from power, who was subsequently forced to leave Ukraine, fearing for his life. On February 27, the Ukrainian parliament approved the composition of the so-called "government of people's trust", Arseniy Yatsenyuk became prime minister, and. about. President Alexander Turchinov.
First of all, the new government and the Rada adopted a law on the release of Yulia Tymoshenko and on the abolition of the law on the foundations of the state language policy of July 3, 2012, authored by Vadim Kolesnichenko from the Party of Regions. The law provided for the possibility of official bilingualism in regions where the number of national minorities exceeds 10%. And then Sevastopol rose up.
Subsequently, and about. President Turchynov promised that he would veto the law on the languages of national minorities, but it was too late. By this time, the revolutionary flame engulfed the entire peninsula.
The first in the Crimea categorically refused to obey the new leadership of Ukraine - Sevastopol. A mass rally was held on Nakhimov Square, attended by about 30,000 people. Sevastopol has not remembered such a large number of people at a rally since the 1990s.
The people of Sevastopol removed the mayor of the city, Vladimir Yatsub, from power and elected a mayor from Russia, a local businessman, Alexei Mikhailovich Chaly. The ex-mayor acknowledged his authority, explaining that "the authority that appointed me no longer exists." It was decided not to follow the orders of Kyiv, not to recognize the new government and not to pay taxes to Kyiv.
Following Sevastopol, the Crimean authorities refused to obey the new leadership of Ukraine. Self-defense detachments were organized on the peninsula, armed people were seen at military and civilian facilities (Ukrainian sources claimed that they were Russian military, the Russian authorities denied this). The new Prime Minister of Crimea, the leader of the "Russian Unity" Sergei Aksyonov turned to Vladimir Putin with a request for help in ensuring peace. Shortly thereafter, the Federation Council of the Russian Federation allowed the use of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine. True, there was no need for this.
Against this background, the new Ukrainian authorities accused Russia of provoking a military conflict and attempting to annex Crimea. The clanging of weapons began: they announced general mobilization, transferred the troops to combat readiness, created the "National Guard". Deputy of the Batkivshchyna party Gennady Moskal, in an interview on TV, opened military secret: nothing travels in Ukraine and nothing flies. This confirmed the transfer to the side of the Crimean authorities of the 204th Fighter Aviation Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force, which is armed with MiG-29 fighters and training L-39, based at the Belbek airfield. Of the 45 fighters and four training aircraft, only four MiG-29s and one L-39 were operational. The relocation of the ships of the Ukrainian Navy from Sevastopol to Odessa did not pass without incidents. Of their 4 ships, two had to return due to a breakdown.
Armed men in unmarked military uniforms, dubbed “little green men” by the Ukrainian media, along with Crimean self-defense units, seized one military unit after another without firing a single shot or shedding a single drop of blood. In the end everything significant objects Crimean infrastructure began to be controlled by self-defense units. Ukrainian Rear Admiral Denis Berezovsky was removed from command of the Ukrainian Navy and on the same day took the oath of allegiance to the people of Crimea. Disbanded and humiliated by the new authorities in Kyiv, the Berkut, which participated in the Kyiv battles, stood up for the defense of Crimea, and Crimea for it.
The Ukrainian military had a choice: either take an oath to the Crimean people, or they were given the opportunity to freely travel to Ukraine, but they were abandoned. None of the leaders of the Ukrainian General Staff even tried to contact the commanders military units on the peninsula to set the task. Of the 19 thousand who served, only 4 agreed to remain in the Ukrainian army.
The situation in the Crimea
Unlike Kyiv, where after the Maidan they shot traffic police officers, seized banks, mocked law enforcement officers, the situation in Crimea was quiet and calm. No one, like Sasha Bely, came to meetings with a Kalashnikov assault rifle. The only reminders of the revolutionary state of Crimea were checkpoints at the entrances to Sevastopol. No one fled from Crimea, except for the Crimean Tatars, which was happily reported by the Ukrainian media that 100 families of Crimean Tatars were received in Lvov. By the way, when Catherine II annexed the Crimea, the Tatars also fled, but only to Turkey.
An event worthy of attention about the turbulent situation in Crimea was a rally of many thousands (according to various sources, from 3 to 5 thousand) of the Crimean Tatar people in Simferopol with a small brawl with participants in the pro-Russian rally. The rally participants demanded the early termination of the powers of the Supreme Council of Crimea and the holding of early elections. In addition, the chairman of the Mejlis, Refat Chubarov, said that the Crimean Tatars give the authorities of Simferopol ten days to demolish the monument to Vladimir Lenin in the square of the same name and throughout the peninsula. In case of non-compliance with the requirements, he threatened active measures. Earlier, the chairman of the Mejlis stated that the Tatars were ready to rebuff the intentions to withdraw Crimea from Ukraine.
After a single rally, the Crimean Tatars calmed down and, moreover, thoroughly. Several peaceful rallies were held in the cities. Unlike Kyiv, tires were not burned here and barricades were not erected.
Not a single military man was visible on the entire southern coast of Crimea. In Simferopol, Yalta and other cities, panic was mainly created by various mommy forums on social networks.
The Ukrainian media called the Russian military occupiers. But no one fought against the occupiers, no one shed blood, and it was necessary to try very hard to see them.
There were no interruptions in food, gasoline, electricity and gas.
Referendum on the annexation of Crimea to Russia
On February 27, 2014, the Parliament of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea set the date for the referendum to be May 25, 2014 - the day of the presidential elections in Ukraine. But then the date was postponed twice, first to March 30, then to March 16.
The predictability of the results was obvious. With the exception of the Crimean Tatars (and there are only 12% of them on the peninsula), 96.77% voted for joining Russia. 99% of Crimean Tatars ignored the referendum.
Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk expressed surprise why the local authorities of the autonomy, following the results of the vote count, the so-called referendum, "showed a result of 96.77% of the votes, and not 101%."
All foreign correspondents working in Crimea said that nine out of ten residents of the peninsula said they would vote or had already voted for Russia. The international observers who agreed to work at the referendum agreed that the vote was fair - the absolute majority of those who voted chose Russia. On the squares of Simferopol, Yalta, and especially Sevastopol, there was an explosion of patriotism: such enthusiasm and euphoria with which the Crimeans sang the Russian anthem and waved the tricolors has probably not been seen since the end of World War II.
Annexation of Crimea to Russia
The Crimean referendum was not recognized in the European Union and the United States, as well as its results. But Crimeans have little interest in the reaction of Western leaders and international organizations: March 16, 2014 is the day that went down in history. 23 years after the collapse of the USSR, Crimea is again part of Russia.
The referendum is the starting point, not the end of the struggle for Crimea. Now the irreversibility of this decision must be defended on international level make it final and not subject to revision. This will be very difficult to do, because Moscow is practically alone. In the international arena, its actions are at best neutral (China, Iran). The entire Western world is against. In the forefront, of course, the United States and Eastern Europe, led by the Baltic countries - the latter, denied the right to determine Crimea immediately and completely.
For Ukraine, the bitter and hard truth is that its two-million-strong region simply did not want to live with it anymore. Any reasoning that the leadership of the ARC had no right to call a referendum, especially since “Russia was voted at gunpoint”, is reasoning from impotent jealousy. By chance, the region that got it for nothing thought that Ukraine had no prospects and was not capable of becoming different. Over the 23 years of independence, the country has degraded more and more, losing out of the hands of the potential of a great power that it had at the time of its exit from the USSR.
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The signing ceremony of the acceptance agreement Russian Federation Republic of Crimea.
Decisive events took place in 1783. In the spring, it was decided that Prince G.A. Potemkin will go south, and will personally supervise the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to Russia. On April 8, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed a manifesto “On the Acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state”, on which she worked together with G.A. Potemkin. The document was to be kept secret until the hour when the annexation of the khanate would become a fait accompli. In May, Shagin-Giray abdicated the khan's throne, but constantly changed his mind, corresponded with the Turkish chiefs and tried to influence the Tatar nobility in order to regain his position. Khan expected that in the aggravated political situation, the Russian government would have to turn to his services again - restore him to the throne and refuse to annex Crimea. Potemkin, assessing the situation, pulled up the troops and, through his agents, campaigned among the ruling elite of the khanate about the transition to Russian citizenship. Only when, through lengthy negotiations and tense correspondence, it was possible to persuade Shagin-Giray to leave the Crimea, on June 28 the manifesto of Catherine II was made public. Potemkin personally took the oath of the Crimean nobility on the flat top of the Ak Kaya rock near Karasu-Bazar. The sworn sheets, drawn up in a certain form with the seals of the Tatar foremen and chiefs, were sent to St. Petersburg and handed over to the Senate archive for eternal storage.
Shagin-Girey spent about 9 months in Taman, on May 15, 1784 he was forced to leave the city and on July 22 arrived in Voronezh, where he settled in a secluded country house, in 1786-1787. Khan lived in Kaluga. In 1787, Shahin-Giray emigrated to the Ottoman Empire, where he was sent into exile on the island of Rhodes and executed by order of Sultan Abdul-Hamid I.
The leitmotif of all orders of G.A. Potemkin of this period is an instruction to the commanders of the troops stationed in the Crimea to treat the inhabitants in a friendly manner, “without causing offense at all”; otherwise, violators face a penalty from the prince "to the fullest extent of the laws." Of particular interest is the correspondence of Catherine II with Potemkin, which reveals their positions on the Crimean issue and the practical activities of the prince in annexing Crimea, a number of archival materials show the activities of Russian military leaders and the procedure for awarding them. On December 28, 1783, the Act of Constantinople was signed, which marked Turkey's recognition of the annexation of Crimea to Russia and the establishment of new borders between the two empires. On February 6, 1784, a decree of Catherine II from the Military Collegium was issued on the annexation of Crimea and the establishment of a province under the name of the Tauride Region, headed by the Governor-General Prince G.A. Potemkin. In February of the same year, decrees were issued on the rights of princes and murzas, in addition to the right to buy, acquire and have serfs or subjects of the Christian confession, as well as on the restoration of the clans of Tatar murzas and princes in the Crimea with the issuance of letters of commendation to them. Thus, the Crimean feudal lords were included in the class hierarchy Russian Empire. Asserting dominance in the Crimea, the government relied on the Tatar nobility, in which it saw its support. In December 1783, the Tauride Regional Board was formed from representatives of the Crimean nobility.
Annexation of Crimea to Russia For the first time, the annexation of Crimea to Russia became possible as a result of the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainarji peace between Russia and Turkey in 1774. Grigory Potemkin, who convinced Catherine II of the need for such a step, attached great importance to the annexation of Crimea to Russia. On April 8, 1783, Empress Catherine II issued a manifesto on the annexation of Crimea, in which the inhabitants of Crimea were promised “holy and unshakably for themselves and the successors of our throne to support them equally with our natural subjects, to protect and protect their faces, property, temples and their natural faith ... "Thus, the Crimea became part of the Russian Empire. In 1783 Crimea was annexed to Russia. Accession was bloodless. On April 19, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed the "Manifesto on the Acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, the Island of Taman and the entire Kuban side under the Russian power", which "out of duty to provide care for the good and greatness of the Fatherland" and "suggesting a means to forever remove unpleasant causes that disturb eternal peace between the All-Russian and Ottoman Empires<…>no less, and in exchange for and satisfaction of losses, "the empress decided to" take under power "the Crimean peninsula, the island of Taman and the entire Kuban side. On December 28, 1783, Russia and Turkey signed the "Act on the Accession of the Crimea, Taman and Kuban to the Russian Empire", which canceled article (article) 3 of the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi peace treaty on the independence of the Crimean Khanate. In turn, by this act, Russia confirmed the Turkish belonging of the fortresses of Ochakov and Sudzhuk-Kale. Peace came to the Crimea after a long turmoil. In a short time, new cities grew up: Evpatoria, Sevastopol, etc. The peninsula began to quickly turn into the most important cultural and commercial region of the Black Sea region for Russia, and in Sevastopol Black Sea Fleet Russia. In 1784, the Crimea became part of the Tauride region with the center in the city of Simferopol. According to the decree "On the compilation of the Taurida region from seven counties and on the opening of offices in the cities thereof" ( complete collection laws of the Russian Empire. T. XXII, No. 15924) the region was made up of 7 counties: Simferopol, Levkopol, Evpatoria, Perekop, Dnieper, Melitopol and Fanagoria. peace treaty, which secured the entire northern Black Sea region for Russia. By the decree of Paul I of December 12, 1796, the Taurida region was abolished, the territory, divided into 2 counties - Akmechetsky and Perekopsky, was attached to the Novorossiysk province, (“... divided simply into counties, according to the number of inhabitants and vastness terrain). In 1802, the Taurida province was formed, which existed until civil war in Russia
The Tauride Region The Tauride Region was an administrative unit of the Russian Empire in 1784-1796. It was created by the decree of Catherine II “On the organization of the Tauride region” dated February 2 (13), 1784, on the territory of the former Crimean Khanate, with the center in the city of Karasubazar, but in the same year the capital was moved to Simferopol. By the same decree, the region was divided into 7 districts: Dnieper - the center of the city of Alyoshka Evpatoria - the city of Evpatoria Levkopolsky - the city of Levkopol Melitopol - Potemkin's office, after 1791 - with. Tokmok. Perekopsky - Perekop Simferopolsky - Simferopol Fanagorsky (Tmutarakansky). At a lower level (judging by the orders of His Serene Highness Prince Potemkin from 1786 and 1787), the division into Kamakans remained, while they were headed by Kaimakans from among the Crimean Tatars. In the spring of 1784, Mikhail Vasilyevich Kakhovsky was appointed the first ruler of the region, who held the position until 1788, Memetsha Shirinsky (until 1791 and 1794-1796) and Kalga Selemsha Shirinsky (1791-1794) were elected regional marshals of the nobility. It was established after the annexation of Crimea to Russia by the Decree of Catherine II of February 2, 1784 as part of the Crimean Peninsula and Taman. On February 22, 1784, Sevastopol and Feodosia were declared open cities for all nations friendly to the Russian Empire. Foreigners were free to come and live in these cities. At that time, there were 1,474 villages in the Crimea, and the population of the Crimean peninsula numbered about sixty thousand people. This administrative-territorial unit existed until 1802, when, as a result of the transformations of Paul I, the Taurida province was formed.
One of the most significant personalities of our history is Prince G.A. Potemkin-Tauride (1739-1791). The Austrian Field Marshal Prince Charles Joseph de Ligne wrote about him on August 1, 1788: “What is his magic? In genius, still in genius, and still in genius; in a natural mind, in an excellent memory, in the greatness of the spirit; in cunning without malice; in a happy mixture of whims; in generosity, magnanimity and justice." Prince Potemkin played a significant role in the history of the Russian state for almost 20 years (1773-1791), in the so-called "golden age" of the reign of Catherine II, when many lands and peoples asked for Russia's wing. One of these areas was the Crimea, about which the empress, after traveling around the peninsula, responded as follows: “The acquisition of this is important, the ancestors would have paid dearly for that.” Prince Potemkin not only annexed the Crimea to Russia, but also made every effort to develop it. Of course, not all the plans of the most illustrious came true, but traces of his activity after more than two centuries are visible in the Crimea today. Lampi Johann Baptist the Elder. Portrait of Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, Prince of Taurida. Canvas, oil. Around 1790 Lampi Johann Baptist the Elder. Portrait of Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, Prince of Taurida. Canvas, oil. About 1790. In 1774, G. A. Potemkin was appointed governor-general of Novorossiya, but then, one might say, this region still did not represent anything. It was a steppe that had no definite boundaries and rested on the Black Sea, access to the latter was blocked by the Crimean Khanate. But the time for Russia to expand to its natural limits has already come. Potemkin turns his attention primarily to the Crimea. To annex the Crimea to Russia, to return the ancient Chersonese, to restore the great "Varangian way" - became Grigory Alexandrovich's favorite dream. The ground for this was prepared: Dolgorukov-Krymsky, Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky had already put into practice the idea of Empress Catherine II - to take away her "right hand" from Turkey; Crimea became independent from the Porte and could be acquired without a war. But Catherine, not wanting to arouse fears in the European powers, granted independence to the khanate. Potemkin could not come to terms with such a status of the Crimea; he is looking for the first opportunity to join the Empire. In 1782, having persuaded the last Crimean khan Shahin Giray to abdicate and leave for Russia, the prince was already counting on certain success. In a report to the empress about the state of affairs in the Crimea, he convinces her to give permission for the annexation of ancient Taurida and receives this permission. After bringing the inhabitants to the oath, Potemkin took up the organization of the annexed region. From this time begins for him period of activity, which had the goal of giving the Crimea a new life. A detailed presentation of this activity would take a long time. For brevity, I will confine myself to pointing out some of the measures and orders of the prince on the administrative and socio-economic life of the Crimea. First of all, a zemstvo government was appointed, consisting of representatives of the local population and under the general leadership of the head of the troops stationed in the Crimea. At the same time, the former division of Crimea into six kaymakans (districts) was left intact, each of which was administered by a special kaymakan of former khan officials. Recommending to the chief of troops and all other authorities friendly treatment of the Tatars in order to “make the residents feel the benefits of their present position,” Potemkin, in a decree of October 16, 1783, declares to the Crimean government the favor of the empress and the highest promise to the people “to observe the inviolable integrity of their natural faith.” On February 22, 1784, the empress extended the validity of the charter to the nobility to the upper classes of the Crimea. On February 2, 1784, the Crimea was turned into the Tauride region. The construction of Simferopol, Evpatoria, Feodosia and other cities began. But the main attention was paid to Akhtiar - the future Sevastopol, where |
created the Black Sea Fleet. Despite the guarantees declared by Catherine II of the inviolability of the "rights and freedoms" of the local population, a voluntary exodus from the Tatar peninsula began. A lot of empty lands were formed, especially beyond Perekop, in the Nogai steppes. The prince took advantage of these lands and began to colonize the Crimea. In 1784, the settlement of the region began mainly with Russians - retired soldiers, recruits, Cossacks. Along with the establishment of Russian state-owned settlements in the region, land was distributed into private ownership. Considering arable farming "the only source that serves to enrich and public prosperity", Potemkin develops it in the new region by all means. To this end, internal duties are abolished, which hamper trade and industry in general, and arable farming in particular. Another major concern of Grigory Alexandrovich is horticulture and winemaking. In addition to orchards, the prince sets up parks, for which he invites experienced craftsmen from abroad. On October 16, 1784, E. A. Potemkin instructs the regional ruler to stop the destruction of the Crimean forests. Intending to set up a silk factory, Potemkin started mulberry plantations in Stary Krym. Finally, we note the order given on August 14, 1786 to the regional ruler: “Get pheasants on the Kuban side and transfer them to Tauris for divorce in places capable of that, so that more of them start, having them, however, always at will.” And today, driving through the Crimea, you can often see pheasants roaming even along the roads. Crimean trade also became the subject of the prince's care and concern. By his order, a mint was opened in Feodosia, which operated from 1786 until January 10, 1788 (closed "due to the high cost of coal"). Speaking about the many-sided activity of E. A. Potemkin in Novorossia, one should not forget about his efforts in the field of spiritual and educational. He planned to create a university in Yekaterinoslav, established schools and gymnasiums. The Crimean Tatar population was not ignored in this issue. In one of the decrees of the brightest in the name of the zemstvo government we read: “Between the initial orders entrusted to me, Her Imperial Majesty will order me to deign to determine from the Crimean income the proper maintenance of mosques and those serving in these schools and other such useful deeds and buildings for the benefit of the people” . Indeed, part of the income was allocated to the maintenance of madrasas and mektebes (secondary and primary schools). Thus, Novorossiya, and in particular the Crimea, owe their relatively rapid cultural and economic development to the outstanding statesman of Russia, Yerigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin. While arranging his general government, E. A. Potemkin took an active part in other affairs of the Russian state. The prince died on October 5, 1791 at the age of 52, in the full bloom of his powers and plans. |
32. Foundation of Simferopol and Sevastopol. Visit to the Crimea by Catherine II. Primitive hunters still lived on the territory of modern Simferopol, on the southeastern outskirts of the city in the Chokurcha cave, a site of ancient people was found, whose age is more than 50 thousand years.
In the III century BC. in the southeastern part of present-day Simferopol was the capital of the late Scythian state, one of the first state formations on the territory of the peninsula - Scythian Naples. During its six centuries of history, the city passed from one Scythian king to another, was subjected to devastating raids by nomads - Sarmatians, Goths, Alans, Huns. In the middle of the 3rd century AD, the city was finally destroyed and ceased to exist.
In the medieval period of the turbulent Tatar history, the Tatar-Monogols came to the peninsula and at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, near the Scythian Naples, the settlement of Ak-Mechet arose - a county town of the Crimean Khanate, which became an important administrative center and residence of the Kalga Sultan, former second face in the state after the Crimean Khan. Winding narrow streets of the old city and today rise from the central part of Simferopol towards Petrovskaya beam.
According to the description of Crimea, compiled in 1783, at that time there were 331 houses and 7 mosques in the Ak-Mechet - this was the predecessor city of Simferopol in the year the Crimea was annexed to Russia. However, according to the testimony of the Turkish historian and traveler Evliya Chelebi, in 1666 there were 1800 houses in the Ach-Mosque, among which there were two- and three-story houses.
On February 2, 1784, Empress Catherine II signed a decree on the formation of the Tauride Region. On February 7, 1784, the Governor-General of Novorossiya, Count G.A. Potemkin, presented to the Empress a draft of the administrative structure of the region, the center of which was to be the new city of Simferopol. This name of the city was proposed by the scientist and public figure Yevgeny Bulgaris “This name means a city of benefit, and therefore the coat of arms is a beehive with bees, which has the inscription “Useful” at the top.
The choice of the Greek name is explained by the fashion that existed during the time of Catherine II to call new cities in the annexed southern territories with Greek names - in memory of the existence of Greek colonies here in the ancient and Middle Ages.
The date of foundation of Simferopol is February 8, 1784, the first buildings were laid in June 1784 on the territory directly adjacent to Aqmescit, on the left bank of the Salgir.
The construction of administrative and residential buildings, an Orthodox church began, but the new city was built and developed very slowly. In the early years, it was built by retired soldiers and state peasants driven out of Ukraine and some regions of Russia.
Paul I, who ascended the Russian throne after Catherine II, returned the name of Ach-Mechet to the city, but already at the beginning of the reign of Alexander I, the city began to be called Simferopol again. However, throughout the 19th century both names of the city were often indicated on maps and in official documents.
October 8, 1802 Simferopol became the center of the newly formed Taurida province, but in 1816 main city The Tauride province consisted of only 445 houses and for a long time was purely administrative.
The development of the city, the revival of its construction and economic activity, contributed to road construction, in the 1830-40s roads were laid from Simferopol to Alushta, Yalta, Feodosia, Sevastopol and other Crimean cities.
During the Crimean War (1854-1856), Simferopol was the rear base of the fighting Sevastopol, all the main rear services were concentrated in it. Russian army. In Simferopol at that time, along with the population and the troops who came, there were more than a hundred thousand people.
Construction was completed in 1874 railway Kharkiv - Simferopol and life provincial town became more lively - having gained access to the all-Russian market, the capital of Taurida turned into a large craft and shopping center region, the industry flourished in the city.
A new stage in the development of the lands of the South-Western Crimea began after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to Russia. For a long time, Russia fought for access to the Black Sea. As a result of the outstanding victories of the famous Russian commanders during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russia took possession of the lands of the Northern Black Sea and Azov regions. Russian troops invaded the Crimea, the Ottoman Empire had to conclude the Kuchuk-Kainajir Treaty with Russia, according to which all the conquered lands were ceded to Russia, and the Crimean Khanate gained independence. But Russia's position in the Black Sea region remained extremely precarious.
To secure its southern borders, Russia had to create a strong fleet on the Black Sea. It was necessary to find a convenient place to base it. Commander of the Russian troops in the Crimea, lieutenant general A.V. Suvorov proposed to use for this purpose the Akhtiar Bay (now Sevastopol Bay).
Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov
Suvorov appreciated the quality of the bay: "... there is no such harbor not only near the local peninsula, but throughout the entire Black Sea, where the fleet would be better preserved and employees on it could be more conveniently and calmly placed."
For the first time, Russian sailors visited the Akhtiar Bay in the autumn of 1773. Navigator Ivan Baturin compiled the first map of the bays and their immediate surroundings. He also inflicted a small - only 9 courtyards - Tatar village Akhtiar (White Ravine), after which the bay was called Akhtiarskaya for some time. By order of Suvorov, temporary fortifications and a barracks were built here, where the crews of the frigates "Brave" and "Brave" spent the winter.
In 1782, ships of the Crimean squadron (13 ships with a staff of 1058 people) entered the Akhtiar Bay, commanded by a captain of the brigadier rank Timofey Gavrilovich Kozlyaninov (?-1798). This was the first commander of the active squadron of the Russian fleet in the Black Fleet.
In May 1783, a month after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, 5 frigates and 8 other ships of the Azov flotilla entered the deserted Akhtiar Bay under the command of Admiral Fedot Klokachev, appointed commander of the fleet of the Azov and Black Seas, as well as part of the ships of the Dnieper flotilla under the command of the Kosh army of the Black Sea Sidor Bily. The arrival of the ships was the beginning of the birth of the Black Sea ship fleet (the Black Sea rowing (estuary) flotilla also operated on the Black Sea).
June 3, 1783 Sailors disembarked from the ships onto the deserted shore, and the construction of the city and port began. On the western shore of the South Bay were laid the first stone buildings of the future city: chapel, home of the new squadron commander Rear Admiral F.F. Mackenzie , forge, marina.
And, of course, the general leadership of all the actions of the Russian government in the south, in Sevastopol in particular, was carried out by G.A. Potemkin , who often visited the Crimea and Sevastopol, came to the construction site.
Medal in honor of the annexation of Crimea and Taman to Russia
Therefore, there is still a dispute: which of the above-mentioned people should be considered the founder of Sevastopol. The most correct point of view, in our opinion, is to talk about the founders of the city, including A.V. Suvorova, T.G. Kozlyaninova, F.A. Klokacheva, F.F. Mackenzie and G.A. Potemkin.
February 10, 1784 by decree Catherine II the city was named Sevastopol, which in Greek means "the city of glory, the city worthy of worship." The name turned out to be symbolic, having repeatedly performed military and labor feats, Sevastopol proved that it is worthy of its name. The name Akhtiar returned to Sevastopol after the decree of Paul I in 1797 and remained with him until March 29, 1826, when, at the behest of Nicholas I, a Senate decree was issued: "So that the city of Sevastopol is no longer called Akhtiar, but always Sevastopol."
Sevastopol was founded as the main base of the Black Sea Fleet (although the city received this status later) and as a military fortress.
From the decree of Catherine II on the founding of Sevastopol
On the only street new city, which was called the Balaklava road, the houses of ship commanders, contractors, merchants were erected. Retired family sailors and craftsmen sculpted their huts-huts on the central city hill, on the shore of Artillery Bay and in other places, forming settlements. “All these buildings,” says Lieutenant D.N. Senyavin, the future famous admiral, was made of wattle, coated with clay, whitewashed with lime, covered with reeds in the manner of Little Russian huts " .
The first builders of Sevastopol were the sailors and soldiers of the Black Sea squadron under the command of Rear Admiral F.F. Mackenzie and F.F. Ushakov. The entrance to the bay was protected by coastal fortifications, erected in accordance with the ideas of A.V. Suvorov. For construction works used stones, marble, mined from the ruins of Chersonese ("City of Akhtiar , - Academician P.S. Pallas, who visited Chersonesos and Akhtiar (Sevastopol) in those years, arose from the ruins of ancient Chersonesos.
In the South Bay, a shipyard was being built to repair warships.
Preparations for the journey began in 1784 with the strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet and the army stationed in southern Russia. The construction of cities and fortifications began, the appearance of which influenced the growth of the economy of the newly acquired region. In the autumn of 1786, Potemkin ordered the regiments of the Russian army to settle in the places of the proposed travel route. With this order, Potemkin pursued 2 goals: the proximity of the troops in case of unforeseen actions by the enemies of Russia and for the troops to carry out part of the preparatory work. For example, an army under the command of P.A. was concentrated near Kyiv. Rumyantsev (100 thousand people). The composition of the Imperial retinue was about 3,000 thousand people (32 high dignitaries of the Empire, ambassadors of England, Austria and France, approximate courts, governors, governors and administrators of the lands, along which the cortege, lackeys and other servants advanced). The imperial train consisted of 14 carriages, 124 sledges with wagons and 40 spare sledges. Catherine II rode in a carriage for 12 people, harnessed by 40 horses, where she was accompanied by courtiers, representatives of foreign diplomatic missions who were invited on a trip, and servants. For the first time in the world! The journey of the Highest Person (as they would say now - VIP) to the midday region had no precedents - neither in terms of scale, number of participants, travel time, cost ... However, neither the long journey, nor age-related ailments (the Empress turned 58 years old) forced Catherine give up the desire to personally inspect the newly acquired "midday land". It was a journey, for the first time in the world, planned according to all the rules of the tour organization. Here you can trace all the components of a classic tour: transport, accommodation, meals, cultural program and even souvenirs. So we can say with full confidence: the journey of Catherine the Great marked the beginning of the Crimean tourism in general. In addition, this event laid the foundation for the traditions of political VIP tourism, which were successfully developed and continued by almost all the rulers of the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and independent Ukraine. The money allocated by the treasury - 15 million rubles - corresponded to the grandeur of the plan. To imagine this amount, it is enough to say that a good dairy cow at that time cost 8 rubles. So, in the fall of 1784, His Serene Highness Prince Grigory Potemkin signed an order “On the preparation of a certain number of horses at various stations, on places where dining tables will be during the trip, on palaces that should be built according to the sent drawing, on apartments in cities for the retinue.” The army received orders to change quarters, move closer to those places, along which the route of travel was supposed: the soldiers, as usual, were entrusted with all the numerous work in the field. And there was no end to the work: entire cities were built for traveling: Yekaterinoslavl, Kherson, Nikolaev, Simferopol, Sevastopol ... Roads Roads continued to be the second main trouble for Russia. Therefore, it was a matter of honor for Potemkin to pave a worthy path for the Empress. The prince demanded that the road to the Crimea be “made with a rich hand, so that it would not be inferior to the Roman ones. I will call it Catherine's Way. In developing this theme, His Serene Highness ordered that Catherine's victorious procession from sea to sea be marked with special "road signs": each verst was marked with a special triangular obelisk "made of wild stone", and every ten versts a stone "mile" was erected - "a round proportionally hewn column with decoration like an octagonal capital. Catherine's Miles - an absolutely unique architectural monument - today they are the only building specially built in honor of the Empress's trip to the Crimea. For two hundred extra years Not a single “verst” was left, and only five “miles” remained in the Crimea. Transport Transport remained the most important problem. Over 200 carriages were made for the journey, some of which could be on skids or on wheels. Two carriages, designed personally for the Empress, turned out to be chic. Interestingly, one of the carriages that took part in the journey is now on display at the local history museum of Dnepropetrovsk. As you know, the travel route ran through Ekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk) founded by Potemkin. The carriage broke down here, and it was decided to leave it, since there was no shortage of spares. But the loyal subjects of Yekaterinoslav carefully preserved the royal "souvenir", which later became an exhibit of the museum. Journey of Catherine the Great to the Crimea.jpg Especially for the participants of the trip, an original diary guidebook “Journey of Her Imperial Majesty to the midday region of Russia, acceptable in 1787” was published (one of the copies of this unique book is kept in the Tavrika library). The purpose of the book is noted in the preface: "All the cities, famous rivers, towns, and noteworthy tracts, through this journey have to follow, a geographical and historical brief description is supposed here." Interestingly, each spread had a special blank page where the empress's companion could record their observations.
Doctor historical sciences Ilya Zaitsev gave a lecture at the Library of Foreign Literature on the history of relations between Russia and the Crimean Khanate from 1772 to 1783, when Crimea declared independence, and 10 years later became part of the Russian Empire. Lenta.ru recorded the main theses of the lecture.
On November 1, 1772, in the city of Karasubazar, the Russian ambassador to the Crimean Khanate Evdokim Shcherbinin and Khan Sahib Giray signed a peace treaty; On January 29, 1773, in St. Petersburg, this treaty was ratified by the Russian side. It began with the proclamation of "alliance, friendship and power of attorney between Russia and the Crimean Khanate" and guaranteed the independence of the Khanate from both the Russian and the Ottoman Empire. However, 10 years later, on April 8, 1783, Crimea became part of the Russian Empire.
This event is the first experience in the history of Russia of joining not just an Islamic territory, but a highly developed Islamic state. The conquests of Islamic kingdoms took place in the history of Russia before (one can cite textbook examples of Kazan and Astrakhan), but before the annexation of Crimea there were no cases of appeal to the Muslim socio-political doctrine at the state-legal level.
"Ideal" Islamic device
This doctrine does not imply any boundaries between the sacred and the secular, the secular and the religious, which is a very important difference from the European understanding of the state. The ideal Islamic state is a community of believers that follows the Sharia. From the point of view of fiqh, (the Muslim doctrine of the rules of conduct - approx. "Tapes.ru") the state is not a legal entity and a participant in any disputes, and God himself becomes the only source of sovereignty.
Here one cannot do without the figure of the Caliph, which will be the key to understanding the current situation. XVIII century situation in Crimea. The caliph is not a state person, as European researchers often believe, the caliph is the guarantor of Sharia in the community. When a person pays taxes or serves in the army, he does not fulfill obligations to the state, but demonstrates his attitude towards God. The Russian Empire faced such an “ideal” Islamic system when it came to solving the Crimean issue.
Karasubazar world
There were many treaties between Russia and the Crimean Khanate, but from a modern point of view, they were signed not between countries, but between individuals - for example, between the Crimean Khan and the Moscow Tsar. These were interpersonal agreements that, after the death of one of the counterparties, ceased to be valid, and they had to be signed again.
The Treaty of Karasubazar dated November 1, 1772 was the first interstate agreement signed in accordance with all European secular rules. On the part of Russia, he was assured by Yevdokim Shcherbinin, who had previously ruled Sloboda Ukraine, and on the part of the khanate, by the newly elected Khan Sahib-Giray. It was a peace treaty on good neighborly relations. It declared that “neither the Russian Empire, nor the Ottoman Porte and other outsiders, no one and no one has to interfere in anything, but, by the election and decision of the khan, it will be reported to the highest Russian court.”
The eternal dilemma between the choice of the khan and his appointment by the Porte was rejected in this case. The Russian side insisted that in no case should the khan be approved by the Ottoman Empire - this should only be reported to St. Petersburg without prior notice.
The Crimeans did not fully understand and did not realize what kind of document they signed, since it was a purely European category, inaccessible to their understanding and in no way compatible with Sharia norms. Russia operated with European legal concepts and spoke in a secular language, while Crimea spoke from the point of view of religious law. By signing the document, the parties, obviously, meant completely different things.
This agreement, in addition to the already mentioned independence, had several important consequences: it confirmed the citizenship of Greater and Lesser Kabarda (vassals of the Crimean Khanate), which was then the subject of a dispute between the Ottoman Empire and Russia; in addition, the Crimean Khanate undertook not to help the opponents of Russia with its troops.
Kerch and Yeni-Kale (a fortress built in the very early XVIII centuries near Kerch) should have remained with the Russian Empire, since at the time of the signing of the treaty there were Russian troops on the Crimean peninsula led by Vasily Dolgorukov - they were imposed on the Crimean side by force. This agreement brought to naught all the achievements of the Crimean diplomacy.
The peace treaty included another important point: guarantees of the former possessions of the khan on the Kuban side and beyond Perekop (part of the Kherson region and land closer to Odessa). No economic activity was carried out there, but this land was important for the Crimea as the pastures of the Nogais - subjects of the Crimean Khan. The treaty also allowed free trade for citizens of both countries; a separate article stipulated the presence of the Russian consul and guarantees of his safety from the khans.
Since the 60s of the 18th century, Russia has sought the presence of a permanent representative of the Russian Empire under the Khan, but the Crimeans did not see the need to send their consul to St. Petersburg and did not understand why a Russian consul was needed in the Crimea. In addition, the Crimean Khan quite reasonably suspected that this mission of the Russians could turn into a hotbed of state decay. To some extent, it did.
ahead of time
A key role in the events of that time was played by Khan Shahin-Girey, brother of Sahib-Girey, who signed an agreement with the Russians. He held the position of kalga (the second most important person after the khan in the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate).
Portrait of I. B. Lumpy the Elder
To resolve issues related to the future status of the Crimea, Shahin Giray was sent to St. Petersburg, where he spent more than a year. Upon arrival, he refused for a long time to go to Nikita Panin (Russian diplomat, chief foreign policy adviser under Catherine II - approx. "Tapes.ru") and demanded that he come to him first, and then refused to take off his hat at an audience. At first, Catherine treated the future Khan well and even mentioned him in her correspondence with Voltaire, calling him the “Crimean Dauphin” (this title was worn by the heirs to the French throne - approx. "Tapes.ru"), "a nice fellow", with whom "the deal, apparently, will work out."
Becoming a khan, Shahin Giray began to carry out reforms that played a cruel joke on him and set him against most population of the Crimea. But if we look at the transformations of Shahin Giray through the prism of European society, we are faced with the image of a not entirely lost person - the creator of a program that was clearly ahead of its time.
He unified the tax system, tried to approve the classes of the Crimean nobility, built according to the Russian model (which was obviously impossible), carried out reforms in the army, focusing on Russian experience, and began to mint coins in a new way.
Before Shahin Giray, the Crimean army was a feudal militia headed by a bey (the highest military rank - approx. "Tapes.ru"), which was joined by Nogai nomads. The Ottomans loved to throw the Crimean army in their campaigns (both to the West and to Persia) into the thick of it. Shahin introduced a regular army and recruitment service, slightly different from the Russian one: he took one person from five yards.
To create a regular army, he used Russian advisers, who, of course, worked for money, and among them there were many rogues. When the khan decided to dress the entire army in Russian uniform, the army rebelled.
Shahin Giray also tried to change the tax system. Before the reform, it was simple: one poll tax was taken from non-Muslims, the other from jamaats, free Muslim community members, that is, non-serf peasants who cultivated common land. Both non-Muslims and the jamaat paid a fixed tax to their bey, in whose administrative subordination they were. Shahin, on the European model, introduced the same poll tax for everyone, and also streamlined fees for weddings, wine making, and so on. It was an attempt to reform the traditional Crimean way of life under European norms.
The new khan also carried out an administrative reform: in the newly acquired southern lands of the khanate, he made about 40 kaymakans (an administrative-judicial unit, which in turn was divided into kadylyks - districts headed by judges). Shahin-Girey introduced for the first time a system of payouts, which also did not please everyone. Spheres of activity that brought a certain income, for example, customs, drinking establishments, or any production, were given to a person who was able to contribute money to the treasury in advance. Of course, the amount of the ransom came out less than the timely payment, but the advantage of this scheme was the rapid replenishment of the treasury.
The reforms also affected the Khan himself. He was not afraid to shave his beard, ate meals sitting on a chair, used appliances and, which was absolutely fantastic, went out in a carriage. His activities, contrary to Islamic law, caused strong discontent among the population.
"Salvation" of Christians
A convenient moment for the overthrow of Shahin-Girey arose when the Russian government took out almost all Christians (Russians, Armenians and Greeks) from Crimea. It was supposed to be a blessing, but it turned out to be a tragedy. For a long time in Russia, it was believed that Christians should not live under Islamic rule, so Russian diplomats first tried to include a clause on the eviction of Christians from Crimea in the Karasubazar treaty, but the khan opposed, and this clause remained only in the drafts of the agreement. Then it was decided to evict Christians from Crimea on their own to the newly acquired lands in the Mariupol region by Russia. This operation was organized and commanded by Count Alexander Suvorov, representatives of the Greek clergy agitated for leaving the Crimea.
Image: public domain
The mobilization of Christians was carried out successfully, but when people arrived at a new place, it turned out that there was not enough money for housing construction, and the land they were allocated was unsuitable for gardening and growing grapes - people were evicted to the bare steppe. As a result of crop failure and bad weather conditions in the winter of 1778-1779, people died from hunger and frost. The exact number of deaths is unknown, a plausible figure is about 50 thousand people. This operation undermined the number of Crimean Christians who succumbed to propaganda.
By 1781-1782, a crisis erupted on the peninsula: the khan's reforms caused discontent among almost all the inhabitants of Crimea, they refused to obey his orders and went to the mountains. Initially, the rebels even turned to the Russian government with a request to remove the khan, but the Russian Empire did not want to support anyone other than representatives of the official authorities. All this time difficult questions interaction between the Crimea, Russia and the Ottoman Empire was decided by Count Nikita Panin, who led foreign policy Russian Empire, but in 1781 he resigned, and Alexander Bezborodko, who replaced him, had a completely different idea of the fate of the Crimea.
In 1782, it became clear that the khan could not cope with the unrest, and Bezborodko decided that it was necessary to act tough: Russian troops were brought to the peninsula. At the same time, the first written references appeared in St. Petersburg that it would be good to include Crimea in the Russian Empire, so as not to mess around with dummy khans, who, moreover, cannot control the situation on the peninsula. By the spring of 1783, a manifesto was prepared on the inclusion of Crimea into Russia. More than three hundred years of history of the Crimean Khanate ended here. Who is to blame for this - Shahin Giray or international politics? It is very difficult to answer this question unambiguously.
Death on Rhodes
The fate of the reformer Shahin Giray was tragic. After the publication of Catherine's April manifesto in 1783, it became clear that he would never return to the Crimea. The Russians thought for a long time what to do with it. After the annexation of Crimea, he lived in Russia for four years - in Voronezh, Kaluga and Kyiv, and then he asked to leave.
First, he went to the Bulgarian city of Karnabad, from there the Ottomans exiled him to the island of Rhodes, where many khans spent their last days. Shahin Giray lived for some time on the island, and then he was reminded of the oppression of Muslims in the Crimea and an attempt to defect to Russia, and in 1787 he was executed. According to legend, in the 20s of the 19th century, they dug a pit in Rhodes to build barracks for the Janissaries, and stumbled upon an old cesspool, in which they found the head of the former khan.
The annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire - the inclusion of the Crimean Khanate into Russia, which occurred in 1783 after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. On the annexed territory in 1784, the Tauride region was formed. Background. In the second half of the 16th century, the Moscow kingdom, trying to ensure the security of its southern territories and achieve access to the Black Sea, began the struggle for the Crimea. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russian troops captured the Crimean peninsula. Under an agreement with Khan Sahib II Girey (1772) and the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty of 1774 with the Ottoman Empire, the independence of the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire and its transition under the protectorate of Russia were declared, and the fortresses of Yenikale, Kerch and Kinburn were directly annexed to Russia .At the same time, the sultan was recognized as the supreme caliph, and this circumstance caused difficulties and wrangling between Russia and Turkey, since Muslims have a religious-ceremonial and civil-legal life are interconnected, due to which the sultan had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Crimea , for example, the appointment of qadis (judges). After the withdrawal of Russian troops, a widespread uprising took place in the Crimea. Turkish troops landed in Alushta; Russian resident in the Crimea Veselitsky was taken prisoner by Khan Shahin and handed over to the Turkish commander in chief. There were attacks on Russian detachments in Alushta, Yalta and other places. The Crimeans elected Devlet IV as Khan. At that time, the text of the Kuchuk-Kainarji Treaty was received from Constantinople. But the Crimeans even now did not want to accept independence and cede the indicated cities in the Crimea to the Russians, and the Porte considered it necessary to enter into new negotiations with Russia. Dolgorukov's successor, Prince Prozorovsky, negotiated with the khan in the most conciliatory tone, but the Murzas and ordinary Crimeans did not hide their sympathy for the Ottoman Empire. Shahin Giray had few supporters. The Russian party in the Crimea was small. But in the Kuban, he was proclaimed a khan, and in 1776 he finally became the khan of the Crimea and entered Bakhchisarai. Shahin Giray became the last Khan of the Crimea. He tried to carry out reforms in the state and reorganize administration according to the European model, to equalize the rights of the Muslim and non-Muslim population of Crimea, but the reforms were extremely unpopular, and in 1781 an uprising took place in Crimea, led by Shagin Giray's brother Batyr Girey and the Crimean mufti. The uprising was crushed, but after a series of executions, a new rebellion began, forcing Shagin Giray to flee to the Russian garrison in Kerch. In Feodosia, Mahmut Giray was proclaimed the new Crimean Khan. The uprising of Mahmut Giray was also suppressed, and Shahin Giray was restored to the khan's throne, but by February 1783, the situation of Shahin Giray again became critical, mass executions of political opponents, hatred of the Tatars for the ongoing reforms and policies of Shahin Giray, the actual financial bankruptcy of the state, mutual distrust and misunderstanding with the Russian authorities led to the fact that Shahin Giray abdicated and went with his supporters under the protection of Russian troops, and part of the local nobility hostile to Russia fled to the Turks.
Accession In 1783 Crimea was annexed to Russia. Accession was bloodless. On April 19, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed the "Manifesto on the Acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, the Island of Taman and the entire Kuban side under the Russian power", which "out of duty to provide care for the good and greatness of the Fatherland" and "suggesting a means to forever remove unpleasant causes that disturb eternal peace between the All-Russian and Ottoman Empires<…>no less, and in exchange for and satisfaction of losses, "the empress decided to" take under power "the Crimean peninsula, the island of Taman and the entire Kuban side. On December 28, 1783, Russia and Turkey signed the "Act on the Accession of the Crimea, Taman and Kuban to the Russian Empire", which canceled article (article) 3 of the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi peace treaty on the independence of the Crimean Khanate. In turn, by this act, Russia confirmed the Turkish belonging of the fortresses Ochakov and Sudzhuk-Kale. Peace came to the Crimea after a long turmoil. In a short time, new cities grew up: Evpatoria, Sevastopol, etc. The peninsula began to quickly turn into the most important cultural and commercial region of the Black Sea region for Russia, and the creation of the Russian Black Sea Fleet began in Sevastopol.
In 1784, the Crimea became part of the Tauride region with the center in the city of Simferopol. According to the decree “On the compilation of the Tauride region from seven counties and on the opening of offices in the cities thereof” (Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. XXII, No. 15924), the region was composed of 7 counties: Simferopol, Levkopol, Evpatoria, Perekop, Dnieper, Melitopol and Fanagoria. After the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, the Russian belonging of the Crimea was confirmed for the second time by the Iasi peace treaty, which secured the entire northern Black Sea region for Russia. By decree of Paul I of December 12, 1796, the Taurida region was abolished, the territory, divided into 2 counties - Akmechetsky and Perekopsky, was attached to the Novorossiysk province, (“... divided simply into counties, according to the number of inhabitants and the vastness of the area.”). In 1802, the Tauride Governorate was formed, which existed until the Civil War in Russia.
Publication date: 2015-02-03; Read: 448 | Page copyright infringement
The annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire - the inclusion of the Crimean Khanate into Russia, which occurred in 1783 after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. On the annexed territory in 1784, the Tauride region was formed. Background. In the second half of the 16th century, the Moscow kingdom, seeking to ensure the security of its southern territories and achieve access to the Black Sea, began a struggle for the Crimea.
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russian troops captured the Crimean peninsula. Under an agreement with Khan Sahib II Girey (1772) and the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty of 1774 with the Ottoman Empire, the independence of the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire and its transition under the protectorate of Russia were declared, and the fortresses of Yenikale, Kerch and Kinburn were directly annexed to Russia .At the same time, the sultan was recognized as the supreme caliph, and this circumstance caused difficulties and wrangling between Russia and Turkey, since Muslims have a religious-ceremonial and civil-legal life are interconnected, due to which the sultan had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Crimea , for example, the appointment of qadis (judges).
After the withdrawal of Russian troops, a widespread uprising took place in the Crimea. Turkish troops landed in Alushta; Russian resident in the Crimea Veselitsky was taken prisoner by Khan Shahin and handed over to the Turkish commander in chief. There were attacks on Russian detachments in Alushta, Yalta and other places. The Crimeans elected Devlet IV as Khan. At that time, the text of the Kuchuk-Kainarji Treaty was received from Constantinople. But the Crimeans even now did not want to accept independence and cede the indicated cities in the Crimea to the Russians, and the Porte considered it necessary to enter into new negotiations with Russia.
Dolgorukov's successor, Prince Prozorovsky, negotiated with the khan in the most conciliatory tone, but the Murzas and ordinary Crimeans did not hide their sympathy for the Ottoman Empire. Shahin Giray had few supporters. The Russian party in the Crimea was small.
But in the Kuban, he was proclaimed a khan, and in 1776 he finally became the khan of the Crimea and entered Bakhchisarai. Shahin Giray became the last Khan of the Crimea. He tried to carry out reforms in the state and reorganize administration according to the European model, to equalize the rights of the Muslim and non-Muslim population of Crimea, but the reforms were extremely unpopular, and in 1781 an uprising took place in Crimea, led by Shagin Giray's brother Batyr Girey and the Crimean mufti.
The uprising was crushed, but after a series of executions, a new rebellion began, forcing Shagin Giray to flee to the Russian garrison in Kerch.
In Feodosia, Mahmut Giray was proclaimed the new Crimean Khan. The uprising of Mahmut Giray was also suppressed, and Shahin Giray was restored to the khan's throne, but by February 1783, the situation of Shahin Giray again became critical, mass executions of political opponents, hatred of the Tatars for the ongoing reforms and policies of Shahin Giray, the actual financial bankruptcy of the state, mutual distrust and misunderstanding with the Russian authorities led to the fact that Shahin Giray abdicated and went with his supporters under the protection of Russian troops, and part of the local nobility hostile to Russia fled to the Turks.
Accession In 1783 Crimea was annexed to Russia.
Accession was bloodless. On April 19, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed the "Manifesto on the Acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, the Island of Taman and the entire Kuban side under the Russian power", which "out of duty to provide care for the good and greatness of the Fatherland" and "suggesting a means to forever remove unpleasant causes that disturb eternal peace between the All-Russian and Ottoman Empires<…>no less, and in exchange for and satisfaction of losses, "the empress decided to" take under power "the Crimean peninsula, the island of Taman and the entire Kuban side.
On December 28, 1783, Russia and Turkey signed the "Act on the Accession of the Crimea, Taman and Kuban to the Russian Empire", which canceled article (article) 3 of the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi peace treaty on the independence of the Crimean Khanate.
In turn, by this act, Russia confirmed the Turkish belonging of the fortresses Ochakov and Sudzhuk-Kale. Peace came to the Crimea after a long turmoil. In a short time, new cities grew up: Evpatoria, Sevastopol, etc. The peninsula began to quickly turn into the most important cultural and commercial region of the Black Sea region for Russia, and the creation of the Russian Black Sea Fleet began in Sevastopol.
In 1784, the Crimea became part of the Tauride region with the center in the city of Simferopol.
According to the decree “On the compilation of the Tauride region from seven counties and on the opening of offices in the cities thereof” (Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. XXII, No. 15924), the region was composed of 7 counties: Simferopol, Levkopol, Evpatoria, Perekop, Dnieper, Melitopol and Fanagoria.
After the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, the Russian belonging of the Crimea was confirmed for the second time by the Iasi peace treaty, which secured the entire northern Black Sea region for Russia. By decree of Paul I of December 12, 1796, the Taurida region was abolished, the territory, divided into 2 counties - Akmechetsky and Perekopsky, was attached to the Novorossiysk province, (“... divided simply into counties, according to the number of inhabitants and the vastness of the area.”).
In 1802, the Tauride Governorate was formed, which existed until the Civil War in Russia.
Publication date: 2015-02-03; Read: 447 | Page copyright infringement
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Before the conquest of the Crimea, the Russian Empire went on for quite a long time. Even at the end of the XVII century. for this purpose, on the orders of the kings, two major military campaigns were carried out. In the first of them, which took place in 1687 p., Together with the 60,000th Russian army, 50 thousand Ukrainian Cossacks, led by hetman I. Samoylovich, participated. During the campaign against the "Crimea" in 1689, the united army numbered 100,000 men.
Russians and 40 thousand Ukrainians, which were ruled by Hetman I. Mazepa.
These grandiose military operations given various reasons ended in failure. But, as we can see, the resources of Ukraine, primarily human, in the struggle for access to the Black Sea, the Russian monarchs used in full. In the next, XVIII ct.s, after fixing on the shores of the Baltic Sea, Russia with new forces begins to fight with the Ottoman Empire for the right to be one of the masters of the Black Sea. War with Turkey 1735-1739 pp. It was noted that the Cossack regiments from the Left-Bank Ukraine (Hetmanate), Sloboda and Zaporizhzhya Sich were directly included in the Russian army.
According to the military register of 1739 Ukrainians, there were 32 thousand people. Although this war ended in failure for St. Petersburg, however, valuable experience was gained, because during military operations, Russian troops operating in the Crimea.
It was the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks in May 1736.
the first to cross the Sivash and, led by the ataman I. Malashevich, carried out reconnaissance in battle behind enemy lines. After some time, the Cossacks defeated the horde of Nuredin Sultan (one of the deputies of the Crimean Khan) and captured his banner, bunchuk and mace. During this battle, about 200 Sich soldiers died, and in total, almost 1,500 Ukrainian Cossacks laid down their heads during the entire war. In particular, during the receipt of Gezlev (modern.
Evpatoria) in June 1736 Mirgorod Colonel Pavel Apostol was mortally wounded. And in the battles for the Crimea, the famous Ukrainian chronicler, Gadyach colonel Grigory, died. On June 16, 1736, the corps of Major General Repnin, which included about a thousand Cossacks, even conquered the Tatar capital of Bakhchisarai. This is how highly the Russian commander B. Minich assessed the actions of the Ukrainians: "... because they were always ahead on the march in enemy land."
In subsequent years, the Zaporizhzhya Sich served as a border outpost of the Russian Empire in the confrontation with Istanbul over the Crimea. In addition, the Cossacks carried out constant reconnaissance of the combat readiness of the Turkish and Tatar forces and reported this to the Kyiv and St. Petersburg authorities.
Ukrainians also took a great part in Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 pp., which, in fact, ended with the conclusion of the aforementioned Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace.
On October 14, 1768, Turkey declared war on Russia, and already on October 31, the president of the Little Russian Collegium, P. Rumyantsev, ordered the ataman of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, P. Kalnyshevsky, “... arrange your entire army ... in military order that hour, so that you are not ready for a sudden militia".
According to modern research, during this war, the Ukrainian element accounted for 25% of the composition of the 2nd Russian army, which operated in the Northern Black Sea region, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Crimea, and 10% of the composition of the 1st army operating on the Turkish front. The main task Cossacks was an outpost service, which provided for reconnaissance and sabotage operations. During the fighting on the Danube, the Zaporozhye flotilla captured dozens of Turkish ships of various types, a large number of guns, weapons, ammunition, destroyed and captured thousands of Turkish soldiers.
In the battles for the Crimea, the Cossack infantry was noted, directly guided by the ataman. On January 5, 1771, P. Kalnyshshevsky was awarded a gold medal with diamonds on the St. Andrew's ribbon for successful actions against the Turks. In addition to him, 16 more Ukrainian foremen were awarded.
In this war, which led to the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, Ukrainian resources were used on an even larger scale than in the previous one.
Field Marshal P. Rumyantsev, with the outbreak of hostilities in the Crimea, immediately took 100 thousand rubles from the Little Russian treasure in banknotes for "Tatar expenses." Recall that one paper ruble was then equated to silver. The money is huge! At the initial stage of the war, the office of the Little Russian Treasure sent 95,000,337 rubles 52 kopecks to the main provisions office for the needs of "six dragoon regiments, also the generals and the field pharmacy, and the Glukhov garrison regiment."
After that, the military machine of the empire repeatedly used Ukrainian finance. June 12, 1770 The Little Russian Collegium issues a decree on the provision of 4 thousand rubles for the needs of the formation of one of the divisions Russian fleet. And two years later, on March 22, Empress Catherine II ordered the Ukrainian authorities to again give the commander of the 2nd Army, Prince Dolgoruky, 100 thousand rubles.
According to the decree of the Ukrainian Senate, they were obliged to provide the necessary funds for the transportation of artillery to the theater of operations.
From the Little Russian Treasure, money was also constantly issued to Russian officers, with teams of recruits moving to the place of gathering of the main forces.
It should also be noted that Ukraine financed the acquisition of large quantities of oxen, horses and wagons for the army of the Russian Empire. During 1768-1772 pp. Through the efforts of the military expedition of the Little Russian Collegium, “for the armies, 5,000 pairs of oxen with the appropriate number of drivers and 2,500 trucks” were collected.
For the imperial artillery of the Ukrainian means, 1,269 pairs of oxen with carts worth 22,743 rubles 68 kopecks were purchased from the population. FROM Last year of the war, 19,888 rubles 50 kopecks were allocated for the purchase of horses by Russian officers.
Money from the Ukrainian budget was also used to reward ^ successful combat operations. For this purpose, 23,900 rubles were given to P. Rumyantsev himself.
In addition to money, provisions, working cattle, trench equipment were collected from the population of Ukraine. Repeatedly, peaceful peasants were involved in fortification works, transportation of food and fodder to the active army, organization of crossings of Russian troops through water barriers, etc.
Tens of thousands of Ukrainian villagers dried crackers and prepared hay for the army. The constant extortions of the Russian command forced the Cossack foremen at their congress at the end of 1768 to put forward a demand to the imperial authorities "On pay the debts of the Little Russian people." A detailed analysis of the peace agreements between Russia and Turkey was carried out in 1955 in her book "Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhysky peace of 1774 (its preparation and conclusion)" by the Soviet historian Elena Druzhinina.
In applications to scientific research placed original text treaty, which can be found in the publication "The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire". O. Druzhinina writes that about the rapid end of the war 1768-1764 pp. dreamed the same way both in St. Petersburg and in Istanbul. If for Russia this was caused by the deployment of the peasant war led by A.
Pugachev, then for Turkey - by changing the sultans in January 1774, after the death of Mustafa III, Abdul-Hamid I came to power, was an opponent of the continuation of hostilities.
"Points of eternal reconciliation and peace between the All-Russian Empire and the Ottoman Port" - that was the name of the peace treaty between Russia and Turkey, which was concluded on July 10 (21), 1774.
in the small village of Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi near the city of Silistria. From the Russian side, it was signed by Field Marshal P. Rumyantsev, and from the Turkish side, by the Supreme Vizier Musun-zade Megmet Pasha. The treaty consisted of an introduction, 28 articles and a secret addition.
Already in the preamble, it was indicated that the treaty should end the many years of war between the two states. Why are we focusing on this? And therefore, so that readers do not get the impression that the transition of certain lands to the power of the Russian Empire is voluntary.
All territorial concessions to Turkey in favor of the Russian monarchs were made by him as a result of local military losses.
What were these concessions? First of all, these are “fortresses: Yenikalo and Kerch ... from their pier and with everything in them, and from the county, starting from the Black Sea and following the ancient Kerch border to the Bugaku tract, and here the Bugaku in a straight line up even to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, remain into the full, eternal and inviolable possession of the Russian Empire.
In addition, the Kinburn castle and the city of Azov with the surrounding lands departed to the possessions of the Russian Empire. That's all the territorial acquisitions that Russia received after a grueling six years of war.
As for the Crimea, it was declared a "free and independent region", which the "Tatar nation" should have. “The Russian Empire will leave this Tatar nation ... all cities, fortresses, villages, lands and marinas in the Crimea and Kuban, acquired by its weapons,” the third article of the treaty noted.
The fact that Turkey refused to keep its fortresses and military garrisons in the Crimea was also a great victory for Russian diplomacy. Thus, according to the provisions of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace of 1774, the Crimean Khanate was declared an independent state.
Of course, the main consequence of the Russian-Turkish treaty of 1774 was the refusal of the Ottoman Empire from the protectorate over the Crimean Khanate, which it had exercised since 1475.
The proclamation of Crimea as a "free and independent region" was only a clever diplomatic plan of Russia. This was done only in order to: firstly, enable Turkey to adequately exit the war and at the same time abandon the Crimea, and, secondly, to completely seize the khanate, which remained without Turkish support in the future. At the same time, one of the indirect The consequences of the conclusion between the Russian and Turkish empires of a peace treaty in the village of Yuochuk-Kaynardzhi was the liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich by Catherine II.
Projects for the destruction or transfer to another place of this Ukrainian “island of freedom” arose in court circles as early as the middle of the 18th century. However, the military force of the Cossacks was still needed to fight the Turks. When the threat from Istanbul disappears, the question of the abolition of the Sich immediately arises.
This was done in early June 1775 with the help of a 40,000-strong Russian army under the command of Generals A. Prozorovsky and P. Tekelia, who were returning from the theater of operations.
It is also interesting that in the manifesto of Catherine II about the destruction of Zaporizhia, along with the misdeeds of the Cossacks, the main of which was the construction by them “in the middle of the Fatherland of a completely independent region under their own frantic control”, the large role of the Cossacks in the victory of Russia over Turkey was also noted - “a considerable part of the Zaporizhzhya army in the past is now how glorious, so happy war with the Ottoman Port, said with our armies excellent experiences of courage and bravery ... ".
However, the merits of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 did not become an obstacle to the destruction of the Sich and the conclusion of its leadership. The ataman P. Kalnyshevsky spent a quarter of a century in the Solovetsky Monastery, the military clerk I. Globa died in exile in Turukhansk, and the Zaporozhian judge P. Golovaty died in Tobolsk. This is how the Russian Empire repaid the Ukrainian for participating in the struggle against the Turks and Tatars for the right to own Crimea. It is obvious that the treaty signed in the village of Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi became the first international legal document that testified to the attempt of the Russian Empire to seize the Crimea.
But only in April 1783, Catherine II signed a rescript on its inclusion in the empire. obeying military force Russians, in July of the same year, the last Crimean Khan Iagin Giray abdicated. The Crimean Khanate ceases to exist as a state, and the Tauride Region of the Novorossiysk Territory is formed on its lands.
It included the Crimean and Taman peninsulas and the lands between the Dnieper, Horse Waters and Berda.
After the end of the war for Crimea, the Russian authorities continued to use Ukrainian human and material resources to establish their presence there.
In February 1780, Catherine II orders “to release from the available income, which are in the department of the Little Russian Collegium, to the disposition of our lieutenant general and the fleet, General-Zechmeister Hannibal on the building necessary for our Black Sea fleet 208,640 rubles.” This money, which was collected mainly by the Ukrainian population, was used in the construction of a seaport in Sevastopol.
Tens of thousands of peasants and former Cossacks from Ukraine used for various construction works in the Crimea. The Russian Empire, using during the war for the Crimea in 1734-1739 pp.
Ukrainian military force soon cancels the Hetman's device, which leads to the loss of political autonomy of the Left-Bank Ukraine and its transformation into an ordinary province. Empress Catherine II acted in the same way after the end of the war of 1768-1774 pp., when the Zaporozhian Sich was liquidated, which took an active part in the struggle against the Turks and Tatars.
This is the Ukrainian account in the history of the long-term confrontation between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. By the way, the wars for the Crimea between the then superpowers continued into the 19th century. Let us recall at least the so-called. Crimean War 1853-1856 pp., during which a considerable Ukrainian fought again as part of the Russian army.