Speech i. What is speech? story for children
“And how it speaks, Like a river murmurs ...”
Any person is a kind of world - with his feelings, knowledge and ideas. And it is vital for him to be able to transfer this knowledge and feelings to other people - to those who live, study, work next to him, as well as to future generations.
The whole history of civilization is the history of communication between people and human communities. It is important for a person to satisfy his eternal need to transmit and receive information. How to do it?
Nature contributed to this process. We are people, proud that our speech is articulate, unlike animals, which are not allowed to combine sounds at will, to pronounce words and sentences.
What is speech?
From the moment of birth, the child gradually masters speech. First, he says short, simple words, then phrases and sentences. The child grows - his speech develops. AT school course There are special classes for the development of speech.
Let's give the concept of speech.
Speech is the ability of a person to speak.
Speech is a certain technology for creating, expressing thoughts through language.
Speech is the act of using sounds performed by a person to convey information.
If you ask a psychologist what speech is, he will say that speech, first of all, is one of the highest mental functions of a person, in all its interrelations with important mental functions - thinking, emotions, memory.
Language and speech
Speech is directly related to language. The language is an original system of signs in terms of complexity and perfection, transmitting information both orally and in writing.
Language and speech are closely related concepts, but they are not the same thing. Language must be used for the purpose of communication - only then does speech arise. A language becomes incapacitated when people stop communicating in it.
Speech is a language in action, that is, a language used to express certain ideas, emotions, feelings.
The basic unit of speech is the word.
Save your speech
Life shows how great the commitment of young children to all sorts of shifters, nursery rhymes, tall tales, tall tales. Everyone knows the children's way of distorting speech, imitating adults, mimicking animals, chatting in secret languages, playing around with speech. But children can, their growing up is accompanied by an increased interest in the sound side of speech.
But pranks with speech at a later age are often inappropriate. Take care of your speech! Try not to use junk words in your speech. There is such a good discipline - "rhetoric". She teaches us speech behavior, teaches us to communicate. Rhetoric is our assistant in the right choice of verbal means, in solving communication problems.
Each language has its own characteristic intonation and pronunciation. In short, speech consists of two important elements:
- how we speak (tempo, volume, pronunciation, gestures)
- what we say (using our vocabulary)
Which foreigner do you think a Russian will understand faster:
- someone who speaks with a Russian accent and intonation, but with mistakes?
- or someone who uses competent Russian speech while maintaining the intonation and pronunciation of his mother tongue?
Of course, the first option! Why exactly? Because the speech perception channel develops earlier than others in humans. Being small children and not being able to speak, we still understand the speaker. Starting to develop speech, we speak with errors with our peers in kindergarten, on the playground, but they understand us, and we understand them.
Coming to another country, we remember the manner of speaking of native speakers. Having heard this speech in another place, for example, in another country or in our homeland, we, without knowing the vocabulary, can guess where this person comes from.
INTONATION.
1. Starting to learn Russian, be sure to set aside time to practice intonation. Listen to the melody of Russian speech Audio materials will help you with this. Start by listening to simple phrases first, then make the level harder. There are many podcasts on the Internet where the same phrase is recorded at different speeds (slow pace - medium pace - native speaker level). Try this option. Your task is to listen and repeat.
With one intonation, we Russians can turn an affirmative sentence into an interrogative one without even changing the word order in the sentence. For example:
We are going on vacation to Sochi. . -We are going on vacation to Sochi.
Are we going on holiday to Sochi? . Are we going on vacation to Sochi?
PRONUNCIATION
2. When you find audio materials suitable for your purposes, in parallel with intonation, try to work on staging the sounds of the Russian language. The recommendations for you are the same as when working with intonation.
Want to make your classes fun and easy? Then add a mirror. Look at yourself at the moment of repeating Russian sounds and intonation. It definitely won't be boring
3. Here it is important to note other elements of Russian speech - gestures, emotions when talking with an interlocutor.
Find videos - movies, live concert recordings, TV. How does the body language of Russians at the moment of speech differ from representatives of other nationalities? We gesticulate, shorten the distance with a person when talking, speak loudly, emotionally, etc. The rest, you will understand
NATIVE SPEAKERS
P.S.: This is if you decide to learn the language on your own, without a teacher
A primitive man from an animal began to be distinguished by the ability to think, speak and create images. Using symbols and sound signals, people created languages and writing. The ability to materialize thoughts through language and signs is called speech - oral and written. Speech and language is what helps people communicate with each other, unites or separates them.
The concept of language
Language as a part of speech originated in the days of the tribal system. The transmission of information through symbols and sounds became part of the culture of a particular tribe. When the tribes united, their languages mixed, complemented each other, and the community of people united by a single language was called nationality.
receiving further development and distribution, the language became the property of the nation. Today, there are peoples who have their own language and speech, the culture of speech of their country differs from the language of neighboring peoples. There are also countries that have different nations, but a single language. For example, in England and the USA, English is national language as Spanish in Mexico, Spain, Argentina and Chile.
Thus, language is a set of sound signals and written symbols inherent in a certain community of people and understandable to them. In every nationality, in addition to the main language, there are its varieties - dialects. They developed through the mixing of peoples and the interaction of their languages with each other.
Another concept inherent in language is dialect. For example, the Russian language and culture of speech: the northern Russian dialect is distinguished by a clear “okan” compared to the southern Russian dialect “akan”.
There is also the concept of language families, which include languages that have common roots, such as the Romano-Germanic group, the Turkic-Mongolian and others.
The concept of speech
Speech is a way of voicing thoughts through spoken language or writing. With the help of speech, people communicate and transmit information in the languages they speak. The concept of "speech" in psychology refers to psycholinguistics - the ability of a person to create mental images and transmit them using language.
Speech and language are always inseparable. At the same time, the language can exist and develop without the direct participation of a certain person, since it belongs to the entire nationality, even to those who have died long ago. Speech without knowledge of languages is impossible, but at the same time it characterizes the thinking of each individual person.
By the manner in which a person expresses his thoughts, by what his language and speech, the culture of speech, one can create his psychological portrait, level of education, belonging to a certain stratum of society. By how competently, consistently, colorfully or logically people express their thoughts, one can judge the type of their thinking.
The speech and language that a person uses has certain uses:
- the impact option helps to influence the actions, worldview and actions of other people;
- a message variant is used to transfer data between individuals or communities;
- a variant of expressing feelings and emotional perception of the surrounding reality;
- the designation option allows you to give definitions to objects and phenomena.
People can use several variants of speech at once in a form convenient for them.
Forms of speech
Scientists divide human speech into two forms.
1. External speech, which includes writing, sound signals and the materialization of thoughts. In turn, external speech is divided into oral and written. Oral is reproduced by the voice when using language sounds and is perceived by the ear of other people. It has 2 forms:
2. Inner speech is the pronunciation of thoughts within the consciousness of the individual. She refers to thought process person. As soon as he voices his thoughts, speech goes into the external category.
External speech is subdivided according to the types of information presentation.
Written speech is a system of graphic design of words using signs and symbols. When using written speech, the rules for writing and constructing words and sentences adopted in a given language are used.
Types of speech
Types of speech in Russian depend on what exactly the speaker wants to convey to the audience, regardless of whether he uses written or oral speech.
- The narrative type is used to convey a sequence of actions, events or phenomena. Texts that tell about something have a certain plot twist, a presentation of the main successive climactic events and a denouement. The narrative always has a development of the plot, its dynamic movement from the beginning to the end, while the main parts are the independent parts of the speech of the Russian language: the verb and words indicating the time and place of the event (yesterday, morning, here, etc.).
Narrative is used in both spoken and written language.
- Description - a way of conveying by signs and sounds the basic properties of objects, phenomena, events and actions. This type of speech has a beginning, body and ending. The beginning is the presentation of the object, the main part includes a description of its features and properties, and the end is the conclusion that follows from the listed qualities. The description uses verbs in the same tense, adjectives and participles.
The description is used both in texts of any style, and in oral speech.
- Reasoning is the ability to reveal cause-and-effect relationships in events and actions. It has the structure of the thesis, argument and conclusion. In this type of speech, the unity of time does not matter; it can be used to prove, explain and reason on various topics both in writing and orally.
Types of speech in Russian are rarely used in their pure form, most often they are mixed for better presentation of information.
Scientific style of speech
The speech and language that people use to convey information have their own styles, which depend on its content. Each of the styles has its own characteristics, manner of presentation, vocabulary and a special set of language tools for the correct presentation of information.
Speech styles in Russian depend on the scope of its application.
The scientific style is used to convey accurate scientific information and is used both in oral and written speech. His distinguishing feature- concise presentation of information, strict selection of language techniques and terms, deliberation of the selected statements. In this style, emotional images are rarely used for description, and the construction of sentences is characterized by brevity, distinctness, consistency, which are achieved by such parts of speech as a noun, participle, participle and verbal nouns.
A variation of this style is the popular science style, which has the features of the main one, but the terms and complex language character sets are replaced with vocabulary that is understandable to a large audience that does not have deep knowledge in scientific disciplines.
This style tends to give explanations of complex scientific facts using common vocabulary. The popular science style is used in the literature of a developing nature, accessible to the general reader or specialists who wish to go beyond highly specialized knowledge.
business speech style
The category "styles of speech in the Russian language" includes the so-called business (official business) style, the scope of which is documentation. Its scope is written speech. The main types of texts in a business style are official documents, business papers, statements, protocols, laws, decrees and much more.
This style is characterized by brevity of presentation, conciseness, specificity, sequence of words in a certain order.
In the official business style, abbreviations, speech stamps, and special terminology are often used. Texts in this style are impersonal, and from the parts of speech, verbs in the imperative mood, verbal nouns are most often used.
Also, this style has ready-made standard forms, for example, statements, acts or protocols.
Journalistic style
Journalistic texts, like styles of speech in Russian, are most often used for propaganda purposes. These include publications in newspapers, magazines, news on radio and television, leaflets and speeches to the public.
The main purpose of the journalistic style is agitation, a call to action, an impact on the minds and actions of other people. Texts written in this style are distinguished by the accuracy of the facts, their logical presentation, but at the same time they are emotionally colored and allow the use of the author's attitude to the information provided.
This style is rich in means of conveying the main idea, since it uses speech turns characteristic of other styles. It can be an accurate statement of figures and facts with evidence, as in a scientific style. Also, an artistic-emotional or evaluative style can be attached to them.
The construction of a sentence in a journalistic style can vary from a “dry” scientific presentation to a pictorial description, in which there are both phraseological units and foreign terms. Most often, incentive and exclamatory sentences are used.
Art style
The Russian language and the culture of people's speech are replete with linguistic means that are characteristic of the artistic style. This is the language of literature, the main purpose of which is the transfer of information through emotional description.
AT artistic speech metaphors, comparisons, sublime words and phrases are used in abundance. the main task of this style is to touch the emotions of the reader or listener. AT Everyday life people use art style to convey information that has touched their feelings and made an impression, such as describing the content of a movie, book, or event.
The artistic style is characterized by the presentation of information both based on real events and on the fiction of its author. Comparative turns, which he uses in this case, may have abstract form. For example, a lead bullet and lead clouds create images that are completely different in imagery in the reader's imagination. Often in this style there are in abundance the turns characteristic of the colloquial style.
Conversational style
This style exists only in the field of informal communication or correspondence. He is characterized by everyday, family, friendly topics of communication. Perhaps this is the most extensive type of style in the Russian language, as it contains topics characteristic of other styles, but with its characteristic vernacular and simplicity of presentation.
Conversational style is characterized by the use of not only speech turns, but also facial expressions and gestures. They are an integral part of it.
Depending on the emotional coloring, in the vocabulary of colloquial style, both jargons and profanity. By the way a person betrays his thoughts in a conversation, one can judge the level of his culture, upbringing and education.
Parts of speech of the Russian language
Each language goes through a path that includes the development of speech. The Russian language is no exception. To transmit information, parts of speech are used, which are divided into independent and service parts. A separate category includes interjections.
In one of the sections of the textbook "Russian language" - "Parts of speech" - the table very clearly explains everything with examples.
This topic is covered in more detail in the textbooks "Russian Language" by Nikitin, "Russian Speech" for grades 5-9.
Speech
Speech- a historically established form of communication between people through language structures created on the basis of certain rules. The process of speech involves, on the one hand, the formation and formulation of thoughts by language (speech) means, and on the other hand, the perception of language structures and their understanding.
Thus, speech is a psycholinguistic process, a form of existence of human language.
Description
The most important achievement of man, which allowed him to use universal human experience, both past and present, was verbal communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity. Speech is language in action. Language is a system of signs, including words with their meanings, plus syntax - a set of rules by which sentences are built. The word is a kind of sign, since the latter are present in various kinds of formalized languages. The objective property of a verbal sign, which determines theoretical activity, is the meaning of the word, which is the relation of the sign (the word in this case) to the object designated in reality, regardless (abstractly) of how it is represented in individual consciousness.
Unlike the meaning of a word, personal meaning is a reflection in the individual consciousness of the place occupied by given subject(phenomenon) in the system of activity of a particular person. If the meaning unites the socially significant features of the word, then the personal meaning is subjective experience its content.
The following main functions of the language are distinguished:
- a means of existence, transmission and assimilation of socio-historical experience
- means of communication (communication)
- an instrument of intellectual activity (perception, memory, thinking, imagination)
Performing the first function, the language serves as a means of encoding information about the studied properties of objects and phenomena. Through language, information about the surrounding world and the person himself, received by previous generations, becomes the property of subsequent generations. Performing the function of a means of communication, the language allows you to influence the interlocutor directly (if we directly indicate what needs to be done) or indirectly (if we tell him information that is important for his activities, which he will focus on immediately or at another time in the appropriate situations).
Speech properties:
- The content of speech is the number of thoughts, feelings and aspirations expressed in it, their significance and correspondence to reality;
- The intelligibility of speech is the syntactically correct construction of sentences, as well as the use of pauses in appropriate places or highlighting words with the help of logical stress;
- The expressiveness of speech is its emotional saturation, the richness of language means, their diversity. In its expressiveness, it can be bright, energetic and, conversely, lethargic, poor;
- The effectiveness of speech is a property of speech, which consists in its influence on the thoughts, feelings and will of other people, on their beliefs and behavior.
see also
Literature
- Vygotsky L.S. Thinking and speech.
- Zhinkin N.I. Speech as a conductor of information.
Links
- Nikolaev A. I. The meaning of the concepts of "speech" and "language" in literature
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:- Intelligence
- Language
See what "Speech" is in other dictionaries:
speech- speech, and, pl. h. and, to her ... Russian spelling dictionary
speech- speech/ … Morphemic spelling dictionary
Speech- Speech is a concrete speaking that takes place in time and is clothed in sound (including internal pronunciation) or written form. Speech is understood as the process of speaking itself ( speech activity), and its result (speech works, ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
SPEECH- SPEECH, speeches, pl. speeches, speeches, women 1. only units The ability to use the language of words. Speech is one of the features that distinguish humans from animals. The development of speech. Speak (book). 2. only units Sounding language, language at the moment of pronunciation. ... ... Dictionary Ushakov
speech- n., f., use. very often Morphology: (no) what? speech, why? speech, (see) what? speech what? talking about what? about speech; pl. what? speech, (no) what? speeches for what? speeches, (see) what? speech what? speeches about what? about speeches 1. Someone's speech is called ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev
speech- a form of communication that has developed historically in the process of the material transforming activity of people, mediated by language. R. includes the processes of generation and perception of messages for the purposes of communication or (in a particular case) for the purposes of regulation and ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
speech- and there is a system of reflexes of social contact, on the one hand, and on the other hand, a system of reflexes of consciousness par excellence, i.e. to reflect the influence of other systems. ... speech is not only a system of sounds, but also a system ... ... Dictionary L.S. Vygotsky
SPEECH- SPEECH. Voice speech is the highest form of symbolically expressive functions; more elementary manifestations of these expressive functions are affective exclamations, facial expressions and gestures. In contrast to these latter, having ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
Language - sign system, REh, the ability to speak.
Speech - historical formcommunicationpeople throughlinguisticstructures created on the basis of certain rules.
The science of the Russian language is calledlinguistic Russian studies , or, for short, simplyRussian studies .
2.Language function.
COMMUNICATION FUNCTION The most important function of language is communicative. Communication means communication, exchange of information. In other words, language arose and exists, first of all, so that people can communicate.
A speaking person is a thinking person. And the second function of the language, closely related to the communicative one, is the function mental(in other words - cognitive, from Latin cognitio - 'knowledge'). Often they even ask: what is more important, what is more primary - communication or thinking? This is not the way to put the question: these two functions of language condition each other. Speaking means expressing your thoughts. But, on the other hand, these thoughts themselves are formed in our head with the help of language.
The third function of language iscognitive(its other name is accumulative, that is, accumulative). Most of what an adult knows about the world came to him with language, through language.
Another extremely important function of the language– nominative, or denominative. The fact is that naming is an integral part of knowledge. A person, generalizing a mass of specific phenomena, digressing from their random signs and highlighting the essential ones, feels the need to consolidate the knowledge gained in the word. This is how the name comes about. Consequently, the whole system of concepts that a modern person possesses rests on a system of names. Names are not only proper names, but also common nouns.
Regulatory the function combines those cases of using the language when the speaker aims to directly influence the addressee: to induce him to some action or forbid him to do something, to force him to answer a question, etc.
Sometimes, together with the regulatory function, they also consider the functionphatic*, or contact-setting.Meaning that a person always needs to enter into a conversation in a certain way (call out to the interlocutor, greet him, remind him of himself, etc.) and exit the conversation (say goodbye, thank you, etc.). But does establishing contact come down to an exchange of phrases like “Hello” - “Goodbye”? The phatic function is much wider in its scope, and therefore it is not surprising that it is difficult to distinguish it from the regulatory function.
PRIVATE FUNCTIONS OF THE LANGUAGEIn addition to the language functions discussed above, other socially significant roles of language can be distinguished.1. Magic - helps to create the necessary environment. Let us recall the funeral or festive rites of different tribes. Various songs and dances different peoples. The language of fortune-tellers for communicating with otherworldly forces. Everywhere uses its own specific language. 2. Auto-assistance - self-hypnosis.3. Instrumental - the transmission of thoughts with the help of images and sounds.A means of communication between artists and composers (with the help of sounds and images they convey their feelings to the public).4. Symbolic - indirect or hint.