Personal life space - theoretical origins and definition of the concept. Personal and living spaces Find your own in the living space
background
Meanwhile, it is worth noting that this task in Hitler's main work was not set for the current time, but for centuries to come. And Adolf Hitler considered his main task to be the liberation from the Versailles Treaty, shameful for Germany, and the extermination of the Jews.
Key Documents
Numerous key documents demonstrate how consistently Hitler adhered to his war aims.
- Immediately after the seizure of power, Hitler presented his living space program at a meeting with the generals in the house of General Hammerstein-Equord on February 3 (from a note by General Kurt Liebmann):
- In a secret text on the four-year plan for armaments, in which Hitler demanded that german army and the German economy was ready for war in four years, they were told:
- On November 5, Hitler delivered a speech to the chief representatives of the Wehrmacht that the German spatial issue could only be resolved through war (Hossbach Memorandum).
- On May 23, Hitler said to the commanders-in-chief:
- November 23, 1939 Hitler said to the commanders in chief:
Related topics
- Blood and earth
- Ober Ost
- Reichskommissariat Muscovy, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Reichskommissariat Ukraine
see also
Sources
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:- life tree
- Life Tree
See what "Living Space" is in other dictionaries:
LIVING SPACE- a minimum of space that ensures the normal existence of the organism. Ecological encyclopedic Dictionary. Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989. LIFE SPACE average area attributable to ... ... Ecological dictionary
LIVING SPACE- English. life space; German Lebenstraum. 1. In psychological theory fields of the world of the psyche, ideas and experiences of the individual. 2. In the ideology of fascism, the space necessary for the full existence of the nation. Life opportunities (chances) Antinazi.… … Encyclopedia of Sociology
living space- n., number of synonyms: 1 place under the sun (3) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Living space- the minimum territorial scope that allows the people to achieve the realization of their historical and political aspirations (the term was introduced by Haushofer). Political Science: Dictionary Reference. comp. Prof. floor of sciences Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 ... Political science. Dictionary.
Living space- (German Lebensraum), Nazi (Nazis) watered, doctrine. Affirmed the need to capture more territory. for resettlement growing it. nation. The term was first used as a watered concept in the 70s. 19th century, and Hitler and Goebbels gave it ... ... The World History
living space- — EN living space Any room, structure or area used as a residence and associated with subsistence activities, including sleeping, relaxing or eating. (Source: RHW)… … Technical Translator's Handbook
living space- A neighboring territory, which is subject to the economic and political interests of a strong state ... Geography Dictionary
LIVING SPACE- A central concept in Kurt Lewin's theory of personality. Being influenced by the Gestalt direction, he defined the world of each individual as a dynamic living space, consisting of areas representing all states of affairs, people, ... ... Dictionary in psychology
LIVING SPACE- English. life space; German Lebenstraum. 1. In the psychological theory of the field, the world of the psyche, ideas and experiences of the individual. 2. In the ideology of fascism, the space necessary for the full existence of the nation. Life chances (chances) ... Explanatory Dictionary of Sociology
living space- (Lebensraum), the concept of German expansionist policy, introduced into use in the 19th century. Long before the First World War, German territorial demands concerned mainly colonies in Africa and Asia. After the conclusion of Versailles ... ... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
Books
- Family living space. Unification and division , S. K. Nartova-Bochaver , The book discusses the urgent issues of organizing the family's living space: territory, temporary regime, possession of family and personal things. The right of everyone is argued ... Category: Sex and family psychology Series: Expanding Horizons Publisher:
The term "living space" is used in various fields of knowledge. For example, in ecology, it denotes the territory necessary for one individual of a population; in politics - the minimum area that allows the state to realize its geopolitical and economic aspirations. What is the psychological meaning of the concept?
Term in psychology
From the point of view of psychology, this is not a physical place at all, which has certain restrictions on the area. The living space of a personality is only those elements material environment that are reflected in the human mind.
Expectations, goals, images of desirable or undesirable objects, real or apparent barriers to achieving goals - all this is included in the living space (also called psychological) and affects the behavior of the individual. Therefore, it is said that behavior is the main function of living space.
The author of the term is the German psychologist Kurt Lewin. Living space is one of the fundamental categories in his understanding, based on field theory. Levin proposed to consider a person based on his environment, but the environment is not material or social, but reflected in the consciousness of this person, for which the concept of living space was introduced.
To explain his theory, Levin used topological categories (topology is a branch of geometry that studies mutual arrangement figures and their elements). The living space was depicted as an ellipse, and a small circle inside it meant the personality itself.
What is a psychological field? Simplifying, it can be described as interdependent facts in the life of a particular person at a particular time. Although the emphasis is on the current situation, nevertheless, the field is connected with both the past and the future of the individual.
The past is knowledge, attitudes, feelings about the facts that currently affect the person, and the future is represented by plans and goals, but again, not abstract, but related to what is happening to the person now. It is important that all these aspects are perceived as simultaneous (although in fact, of course, they have different temporal reference) and have the same degree of influence on a person.
Considering time, Levin spoke about the zones of the present, immediate and distant past and future of the individual, and in space he singled out two planes - real and unreal. The first included a reflection of what is actually happening, and the second was based on the fantasies (fears, desires, and so on) of a person.
Sectors of space and internal conflict
The living space consists of many sectors, the boundaries between which are permeable, and the connection of one sector with another occurs with the help of locomotions (real or imaginary actions). The purpose of locomotion is to regulate tension in the living space, and locomotion in one sector is able to reduce tension in another. For example, dreams - unreal actions - can distract from real physical needs, if their satisfaction is now impossible.
The boundaries of space become clearer as the individual matures. So, in an infant, the delimitation of living space is at a minimum level, then the space itself expands, its real and unreal plans are differentiated. Interestingly, hope is seen as the intersection of these plans in the future, while guilt is seen as their divergence in the past.
In field theory, the term "valency" is also used, probably familiar to many from school course chemistry, where it is understood as the ability of atoms to attach to themselves a certain number of other atoms. And in our case, valency is the ability to reject or attract, but it is not an atom that has this ability, but a certain segment of the living space.
The repulsive sector has a negative valency, the attracting sector has a positive one, and the one that is insignificant at the moment for a person is neutral. For example, if a person wants to eat, the food will be positively valent, if he overate - negatively, and neutrally if the need for food is currently satisfied.
The concept of valency is important for understanding conflict in Lewin's theory. Internal conflict can be caused by three main valence oppositions.
- A person chooses between two sectors with a positive valence, that is, between two desired objects.
- In one goal, a positive valence and a negative one collide (a person wants to jump with a parachute, but at the same time is afraid of it).
- A choice between two negative valences (for example, a person does not want to do unpleasant work, but knows that otherwise he will be punished).
Conventionally, these types of conflicts are called "aspiration - aspiration", "aspiration - avoidance" and "avoidance - avoidance". Author: Evgeniya Bessonova
There are different ideas about these spaces in the literature, some of them are mentioned in the article "Living Space". Here are suggestions that do not pretend to reflect the current points of view.
In the personal space of a person, it is advisable to single out the material and spiritual parts. Personal spiritual space can be defined as all the knowledge of a person, his ideas about the world, about God, his attitude towards other people. The spiritual space is largely inaccessible from the side of society, from the outside it can be judged mainly by indirect signs. A person is able to hide his true knowledge, moods, inclinations. Therefore, the inner world of one individual is objectively and at his will essentially separated from the world of another person.
At the same time, the concealment, or even the complete absence of knowledge and wealth inner world do not contribute to mutual understanding in society and the influence of man on this society. On the contrary, you can share your experience not only without harm to yourself, but with benefit for everyone.
Despite the undoubted individuality of the spiritual space, to a large extent it is shaped by upbringing and environment. A citizen often considers beliefs and beliefs to be his family, but in fact they were imposed from the outside, and insufficient education and an uncritical attitude did not allow us to weed out everything random and extraneous.
Personal material space can include things and various resources (financial, housing, land, food), which are to some extent assigned to each citizen by legal or moral norms. Unlike spiritual, material resources are limited. If they got to one, they did not get to another. Anything that can satisfy the needs of one person will usually work for another. Any material property is potentially the property of any person, and therefore it has to be protected.
In the material space, the boundaries are not determined by the properties of things, but by social norms that can change, be violated, trampled. These rules are conditional. You can have a personal desk at the workplace, a personal bank account, a garden plot, your own room in an apartment for a family, but all this is at the same time the property of more common structures, which at any time can replay the rules.
Thus, the boundaries of personal space objectively exist, but they are rather arbitrary, relative, transient. But, probably, this is how it should be philosophically for any phenomenon.
The living space of a person, family, organization, state, the whole society is what is covered by their activities and, to one degree or another, is necessary for this activity. In particular, it covers the personal space of a person.
In the living space, one can also distinguish the spiritual and material parts. But here, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the second, since all spirituality is concentrated mainly in the heads of living citizens, in their personal spaces. And without people, books and works of art are nothing more than a boring chronology of Egyptian dynasties.
In the broadest sense, the material living space of each person coincides with the living space of mankind - with the planet Earth. Perhaps in the future it will expand to the scale solar system and the Galaxy, but so far the conditions there are clearly not conducive to expansion. Today it is not difficult to visit almost any country. But even if a citizen is an inveterate homebody, he is still aware of world events, which will certainly affect the life of even the most remote corners. Therefore, if we single out the living spaces of each citizen, then they are strongly intertwined and interdependent.
The living space of one person can be divided into different levels, associated respectively with his country, city, enterprise, family, and various public organizations. Each level has its own items, resources, symbols, rules of conduct.
Although this can be disputed, but with some reservations, I would include many other people in the living space of a person, and above all, his immediate environment. No matter how independent this environment may be, it is precisely this environment that recognizes the rights of the individual, reflects his ideas and protects his interests. In fact, a person lives as much as he lives in other people. If he is forgotten, and no one needs him, then he is no longer a person as a member of society.
Therefore, along with the development of the actual spaces in meters and resources in kilograms, the study of the ideas of other people, as well as the promotion of their ideas, if the individual considers them useful for himself and for society, is of paramount importance. When mutual understanding is established between people, then meters and kilograms will quickly go. But you won’t achieve anything alone, and even if you chop off a piece of resources for yourself by force, you won’t squeeze much out of it without outside help.
Thus, the living space of other people is actually a continuation of the space of one person. By influencing your neighbors, you can partly manage their economy and benefit from it. additional features and acquisitions. Often this mechanism is used for selfish purposes, and it is not so easy to break it. Against this background, social conflicts are unfolding, somewhere with implicit, and somewhere with explicit claims to dominance and to expand living space, not only physical and material, but also in the minds of citizens.
IN modern world the struggle for minds is of particular importance. Information is ubiquitous and relatively cheap in itself; it imperceptibly gets to the very depths of a person’s powerful tool manipulation of people and the redistribution of social wealth. Today, in front of sophisticated means of influence, the spirituality of a person is more unprotected than ever. Therefore, opening your soul to people, it is not out of place to protect your spiritual space and see if dangerous weeds of imposed ideas have settled in it, attractive at first glance, but leading to disunity of people and therefore destructive for themselves and for society.
So, the concepts of personal and living space, of course, do not occupy a central place in psychology and sociology, but if desired, they can reflect important aspects of personality and community development. N.V. Nevesenko
The unity of man and the world appears in the category of the life world, which removes the characteristic classical psychology opposition between "internal" and "external". The human being is always "being-in-the-world" (Heidegger, 2006). Husserl (2004, p. 155) calls the life world “the realm of the subjective”, returning the attention of scientists to this lost in abstractions scientific theories the world associated with the subject. The world for the subject is not the world in general, but his life world. All his connections and relations with the world are created by his life activity. The life world is the reality about which S.L. Rubinstein (1973) wrote about the immediate unity of essence and existence, internal and external. In exercising its vital activity, the subject creates a special subjective reality, a “quasi-objective dimension of being”, which is included “in the real action of the world, independent of the subject” (Zinchenko, Mamardashvili, 1977, p. 119).
Mastering the philosophical category "life world" requires its concretization and translation into the language of psychological science. In the process of searching for the ways of this concretization, we were guided by the ideas of D.A. Leontiev (1999), who singled out three aspects in the semantic reality - ontological, phenomenological and activity. The ontological aspect of meaning considers it as an element of the system of human relations with the world - his life world. By definition, D.A. Leontiev, the life world is “an organized set of all objects and phenomena of reality associated with a given subject by life relations” (ibid., p. 118). As a unit of analysis of the life world, life meaning. At the same time, "meaning becomes a psychological reality when it is considered in two other aspects - phenomenological and activity" (ibid., p. 124). The first of them is the image of the world in the mind of the subject, an essential component of which is personal meaning, the second is “semantic structures and the dynamics of activity (life activity) reflected in them” (ibid., p. 113). As we can see, there is a certain similarity between the phenomenological and activity aspects of meaning, identified by D.A. Leontiev, with the concept of K. Levin "living space" - "a person and the psychological environment, as it exists for him" (2000, p. 77).
The concept of "living space of a personality" is formulated by us on the basis of and when correlating the concepts of "living space" (K. Levin) and "proprium" (G. Allport). It is more private in relation to K. Levin's "living space". The last level of abstraction correlates with the philosophical category of the life world, representing its phenomenological and activity aspects. G. Allport, who developed the ideas of W. James about the inseparability of the personality and its environment from each other, singled out “proprium” in the personality structure - the central aspects that form its internal unity and represent “something warm and important - those areas of life that we we regard as peculiar to us” (Allport, 2002, p. 186). One of the functions of the proprium is the expansion of the ego, which occurs through identification with objects that a person calls "his" (they are important to him and loved by him). From Allport's point of view, one of the most important signs of a mature personality is the possession of a greatly expanded sense of self.
The life space of a personality includes that part of the life space where the individual primarily acts as a subject of independent activity, and not an object of someone else's influences. It includes everything that is closest, interesting, significant for the individual and is experienced by him as "his own" and controlled by him world. It arises and forms in the living space of the individual as a result of the realization of “one’s own (proprietary) aspiration” (ibid., p. 189), and its objects form the sphere of expansion of one’s self. The content of this concept is closely related to such essential personality characteristics as autonomy, independence, a certain independence from external influences, expresses and maintains its subjectivity and individuality. Personality, acting not as an object of influence, but as a subject, the author of his own actions, singles out and creates, or rather (in Husserl's words) - constitutes "his own" space in his life world. This space includes certain territories, artificial and natural objects the material world, people and their communities associated with them information spaces, the world of ideas, cultural and religious values - everything that seems important and valuable to a person at the stage of life that he is currently experiencing.
- this is the result of a certain structuring of the world, the allocation in it of some particularly significant and closely related to their own interests and aspirations area, perceived and experienced by the subject as "his" world. Therefore, it can be considered as an important component of the image of the world of the individual. In this regard, it seems important to correlate these two concepts.
VESTN. MOSK. UN-TA. SER. 14. PSYCHOLOGY. 2009. No. 2
N. A. Kondratova
Theoretical background and content of the concept of "living space of the individual"