Children's story in Belarusian. Two Belarusian folk tales in Belarusian and Russian
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Subtitles
Formation of Belarusian children's literature through Belarusian children's folklore
The origins of Belarusian children's literature lie in oral folk art. Oral and poetic creativity in Belarus from ancient times contributed to the education of high social ideals, healthy moral principles and the artistic taste of the people. Children's folklore performed the same function. The term "children's folklore" appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. His concept meant that part of oral poetic creativity that was accessible, interesting and useful in an instructive way for the children themselves, and corresponded to certain features of their age perception. But the roots of children's folklore lie much deeper, and its genres are often associated with incantatory poetry. In children's folklore, three main groups can be distinguished, which have developed historically and are entrenched in folklore:
Thus the term "children's folklore" is very broad. After all, it combines all types of oral folk poetry created by adults for children, as well as the creativity of the children themselves. This also includes those works that, although they were originally created for adults, over time, one way or another, moved into the category of creativity for children.
The history of collecting and studying children's folklore begins in the first half of the 19th century. The earliest records are Jan Chechot and Aleksandr Rypinsky. In their works one can find, if not numerous, but examples of Belarusian lullabies and children's songs. P. V. Shein, E. R. Romanov, M. A. Fedorovsky, V. N. Dobrovolsky left very valuable and fairly complete collections of children's folklore. P. V. Shein included in his collections "Belarusian Folk Songs" (1874) and "Materials for teaching the life and language of the Russian population of the North-Western Territory" (1887) lullabies, fun, teasers, children's songs of various content, as well as descriptions of games with their corresponding songs and rhymes. These works included over 100 samples of creativity for children.
Also, children's folklore by E. R. Romanov was widely presented in the I-II editions of the “Belarusian Collection” (1886), dedicated to folk songs. And in the VIII edition, he placed over 70 descriptions of Belarusian games and entertainment, which are accompanied by songs. M. A. Fedorovskiy in the V volume of his work “Lud białoruski” (1958) provided rich song material: lullabies, children's songs and ditties, in addition - teasers and fun. V. N. Dobrovolsky in the work "Smolensk ethnographic collection" (1903) placed lullabies, children's songs, teasers, descriptions of games, children's sentences, invocations (barkers). Of the most complete collections children's folklore should be noted records S. P. Sakharov. His collection "Folk Art of the Latgale and Iluksten Belarusians" (1940) contains many songs, descriptions of games, round dances and other genres of children's folklore.
The origin of Belarusian literature for children. 16th century
With the advent of Belarusian book printing, educational books also became widespread. The first such books were the "Psalter" by Francysk Skorina (1517, " For small children, the cob of every good science ...”), Simon Budny’s “Catechism” (1562, a book for adults and a textbook for children), Lawrence Zizania’s “The Science of Reading and Understanding Slovenian Writing” (1596) .
17th century
The first pages of Belarusian (and Russian) children's poetry are associated with the name of Simeon Polotsky. Her birth was facilitated by the active pedagogical activity Simeon - after studying at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, he received the title of "didaskala" (teacher), after which he worked as a teacher of the fraternal elementary school at the Epiphany Monastery of Polotsk. In case of public and church celebrations, he asked his students to compose poems. He himself composed recitations - panegyric verses that were intended for public performance by one or several students, for example - greeting verses for the arrival of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Polotsk and Vitebsk were designed to be read by twelve "youths". Most of his poems in Polish and Latin can be attributed to the so-called " school poetry”, which was a presentation of the then university science in syllabic verses. During his stay in Moscow at the royal court, he founded the so-called "Upper (Court) Printing House"; among the first books printed in it was a textbook for children, A Primer of the Slavonic Language.
18th century
In the 18th century, such dramatic works appeared as school morality drama, interlude, comedy and nativity scene. Most school dramas were written in Polish or Church Slavonic, and did not have a strong influence on student perception. But thanks to them, interludes appeared, which were written mainly by the students themselves, who were familiar with local folklore and spoke the spoken language. The characters of such interludes were: a studiozus (student), a literary scholar, a fugitive student, a peasant, a Litvin, a gentry, a Muscovite, a Jew, a devil, a dragoon. Sideshows were popular among young students and stimulated literary creativity on the mother tongue. On the basis of the sideshow, a comedy arose, which took instructive religious content from the school drama, and satirical sound, humor, a fascinating plot, and fast development actions. All this was valuable material for the crib drama. One of the most popular crib performances was a scene about Matvey and the charlatan doctor, which was directly connected with the interlude "Matey and the charlatan doctor".
19th century
AT early XIX century, the appearance of each new work in Belarusian literature was a real social event. Therefore, the only one of the works of Pavlyuk Bagrim, who was lucky to reach us, is very valuable both for Belarusian literature in general and for children in particular. The only of his poems "Play, play, little guy ..." has survived thanks to the publication in the book "The Tale of My Time" (London, 1854) by the Polish writer Ignaty Yatskovsky. The poem stands out for its poetry and deep civic content. The hero of the poem, a child, regrets that he cannot remain small forever and not see the suffering of his relatives and friends. In his poems, Pavel Bagrim raised the theme of a destitute childhood, and also used folklore motifs and national color. For example, in the poem, the poet recalls the belief that if a bat sits on a child's head, it will stop growing.
The idea of the "sun of science" for children was expressed in the poem "Native Side" Janka Luchina. Acceptable for children's reading one can also consider the work of Jan Barshevsky. The most famous is his Polish-language prose collection of Belarusian folk stories and fairy tales in literary processing “Shlyakhtich Zavalnya, or Belarus in fantastic stories (Belarusian) Russian”, which was extremely popular in the 19th century. The Belarusian-language translation of the legend from the collection was published in the Vilna newspaper "Gomon". In the work, the author's craving for "terrible" fantasy and mysticism is very noticeable, which attracts a teenager greedy for fabulous miracles. AT modern conditions passion for the fantasy genre piece of art attracts Belarusian-speaking children with its mysterious mystery, a story about goblin, werewolves, sorcerers, mermaids. The writer's contemporaries were inclined to see in Barshchevsky's stories "Belarusian Hoffmannism" (named after the German storyteller Hoffmann), with its symbolic-fantastic form of showing the struggle between light and dark forces, nobility and greed.
The poetry of Jan Chechot also developed in a romantic direction, who was engaged in collecting folklore and personified folklore plots in the artistic word. The linguist and folklorist of the 20th century Konstantin Tsvirko noted that the work of such figures of that time as Barshchevsky, Jan Chechot, Vincent Dunin-Martsinkevich became " A harbinger of our national rebirth and, accordingly, children's literature. And behind them walked such masters of the word as Frantisek Bogushevich, Adam Gurinovich, Yanka Luchina. In the second post-reform period, the conditions for the development of Belarusian literature, according to some researchers, deteriorated significantly. The reason for this, in their opinion, was state pressure after the Polish uprising 1863-64 . It is alleged that Belarusian book printing was banned. An associate of General Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky Ivan Kornilov, who at that time headed the Vilna educational district, and other representatives of the tsarist government put their main task Russification of the region. However, the government orders of that time referred only to the prohibition of the Latin alphabet, and not the Belarusian printing in general. Also, according to other historians, Russification was directed against Polish culture and, according to the ideas of that time about the three branches of the Russian people, included Belarusian culture, and was not opposed to it. At the end of the 19th century, a Belarusian poem resounded on Belarusian soil - a poem by the democratic poet and educator Francis Bogushevich, through whose efforts the Belarusian word was put on a par with other European languages.
20th century
Early 20th century
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the Belarusian cultural and national revival, which spread after the revolution of 1905-1907. At that time, national schools began to open, the Belarusian press was legalized (newspapers such as Nasha Dolya and Nasha Niva began to appear). In 1906, the first book for teaching children in their native language "Belarusian" primer was published. (Belarusian) Russian" (author unknown) .
But at the same time, there was a shortage of fiction in the native language, especially for children and adolescents. For this reason, Alexander Vlasov (former editor of Nasha Niva) turned to the Minsk governor with a petition " allow the publication of the Belarusian-language month for children and youth "Luchinka"» . The first issue of this literary and popular science publication was published in 1914 (editor Alexander Vlasov). And his first number opened with Aunt's poem "Luchinka". This author defined the purpose of the magazine in the appeal “To the Belarusian village youth”, published in the second issue: “ Luchinka will try to look into every corner of our Belarusian Storonka, find out all its diseases, show them to You, Youth, explain how to cure Native Storonka from these diseases» . Aloiza Pashkevich (Aunt) raised the problem of educating the young generation to love the native word. Her educational activities played a certain role in the formation of literature for children. In 1906, her book of poems "The First Reading for Belarusian Children" was published, in which she touched on the theme of life in the Belarusian village. She also paid attention to folklore topics (fairy tales, proverbs, riddles, ditties), touched upon poetic issues (the book "A hotel for young children", 1906). Auntie became the founder of scientific fiction for children (she wrote articles for the pages of the Bird Talk magazine: The Lark, Migratory Birds, etc.).
And such future classics of Belarusian literature as Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas, Maxim Bogdanovich come to literature. In 1909, Yakub Kolas wrote the textbook "Second Reading for Belarusian Children", in which he poeticized nature in verse and described village life. Lays the folklore basis of Kolos in his instructive tale "Grandfather and the Bear" (1918). The folklore fundamental principle was also laid in the ornithological cycle of poems by Kondrat Leika (“Magpie”, “Stork”, “Crane”, etc.) - the founder of national drama for children. He wrote songs and lyric works for children, as well as fairy tales, Karus Kaganets (“The Crane and the Heron”, “The Top”, “Where the Cuckoo Came from”). Great attention to issues schooling paid by Vaclav Lastovsky (“Native Grains”, 1915; “Forget-Me-Not is the first book after the primer”, 1918; “The Sower is the second book after the primer”, 1918). In his works, folklore motifs were also traced ("Crow and Cancer", "About the Cuckoo", "Bunny", "Bottomless Wealth").
Maxim Bogdanovich also turned to folklore motifs, who taught children the basics of morality in his fairy tale "Green fly and mosquito - a big-nosed face" (1915).
20-40s of XX century
In the early 1920s, a children's periodical was launched. The first Russian-language publication for children after the revolution was the magazine "Zorki" (Russian "Stars"; 1921-1922). From December 1924, the “Belarusian Pioneer” (1924-29) replaced the Zorks; the newspaper “Pioneer Belarusi” is published (since 1929).
Expresses respect for the native language in the collection "Matchyna Mova" (Russian. "mother language"; 1918) Ales Garun. Mikhas Charot (“Swineherd”, 1924), Anatol Volny (“Two”, 1925) write their first youthful stories. Writers Andrey Aleksandrovich, Anatol Volny and Ales Dudar together create an adventure novel "Wolves" (1925), in which they reflect the struggle of young heroes for the freedom of their people. Dramatic works for children also appeared - the play "Shepherds" by Mikhas Charot (1921), "Beautiful Night" (1927) and "Father Frost's Christmas Tree" (1927) by Sergei Novik-Pyayun.
A periodical press appears on the territory of Western Belarus - the magazine "Zaranka" (Russian "Malinovka"; 1927-1931) begins its activity under the editorship of Zoska Veras, on the pages of which the native word Ales Harun, Constance Buylo, Yakub Kolas, Mikhail Mashara and others are popularized . A little later, the Western Belarusian magazines "Praleska" (Russian "Snowdrop"; 1934-1935), "Snopok" (1937), "Belarusian Chronicle" (1933-1939) are published.
Young Belarusian writers are working on creating a new image of the young heroes of the then modern times - the stories "Victory" (1930), "The Unusual Bear" (1930) by Ales Yakimovich, "The Trap" (1935) by Simon Baranovs. In his article "Problems of modern Belarusian children's literature" (1931), Alexander Yakimovich noted that the lack of literature for children at that time was due to ignoring the needs of the child himself as a reader, since, in his opinion, many writers of that time looked at this literature in a very simplified way, they say, children are illegible, and therefore they will use everything. He focused on the problem of the specifics of children's literature in his speech at the First All-Belarusian Congress of Writers (June 1934), at which he emphasized that literature for children is an equivalent part of all Belarusian literature, but with its own specifics. And the specifics are not in simplification, but on the contrary - in the selection of the most important and interesting material for children, which should have a bright design, taking into account the age and psychological characteristics of children. Yakimovich also published the first alphabet (poetic) in Belarusian Soviet children's literature "Listen - remember" (in 1948). And only much later, starting from the 70s, dozens of alphabets were written by Belarusian authors, in which the authors showed ingenuity, imagination, the ability to include game effects, adventures in their cognitive information.
Yakub Kolas also drew attention to the importance of children's literature. He spoke about the fact that children from childhood should be lured with a book, and arouse in them a steady interest in reading, that joining the book culture begins already with kindergarten. In his Native Language Methodology (1926), he emphasized that the process of joining a book culture is activated in primary school. And Vasil Vitka wrote that from the first days through the game it is necessary to involve children in the words of their native language, which is actively promoted by the use of works of Belarusian children's literature in the classroom and extracurricular activities. Jakub Kolas handles folk tales(“Dudar”, “How the cockerel saved the hen”, “Zaikin's hut”, etc.), and also creates poetic tales (“Rak-barbel”, 1926). In the youthful story "In the vastness of life" (1926), the author for the first time in Belarusian literature tried to develop the genre of youthful stories. His poem "Mikhasov's Adventures" (1934) impresses with the metaphorical language, its lyrical-epic beginning and description of nature. Yakub Kolas became a theorist of children's literature, and the traditions of his skill are also applied in contemporary literature for the young reader.
New high-profile names of Belarusian culture appear, enriching the artistic experience of children's literature with their works - Yanka Mavr (“Polesye Robinsons”, 1930), Mikhail Lynkov (“Mikolka the steam locomotive”, 1936), Kuzma Chorny (“Nastenka”, 1940). Poetry for children is created by Yanka Kupala (poem "Children's"), Yakub Kolas (poems "For Science", "Grandfather-Guest"), Zmitrok Byadulya (poem "Young Spring"). The genre of fairy tales in children's literature also begins to develop - in the works of Ales Yakimovich ("The Smith Vyarnidub", 1935), Mikhail Lynkov ("About the brave warrior Mishka and his glorious comrades", 1935), Z. Byaduli ("The Ant Palashka", 1939; "Silver Snuffbox", 1940).
On the pages of the Zorki magazine, poems for the children of Yanka Kupala are published (“Song and Fairy Tale”, “Frost”, “Son and Mother”, etc.). In addition to writing his own works, he is engaged in the translation of children's poetry (the poem "Christmas Tree" by Raisa Kudasheva, "Grandfather and Woman" by Jozef Krashevsky). In her poems, Kupala often uses folklore motifs (the poem "Children's"). Vitaliy Volsky also laid the foundation for folklore in his plays (“The Magnificent Pipe” and “Grandfather and the Crane”, 1939).
The editor-in-chief of the Zorki magazine was Zmitrok Byadulya. His works for children were notable for their drama and at the same time for their simplicity and brevity of description, the sharpness of conflicts and deep psychologism (“Little woodcutters”, “Where is the end of the world?”). In addition, he wrote articles on the development of children's literature and periodicals ("The matter of aging new school textbooks and publications of a children's magazine", "On the children's press", etc.). He also turned to the motives of oral folk art (the fairy tales "Ivanushka the simpleton", "Treasure", etc.).
Janka Mavr was marked by the versatility of his talent. His first science fiction story in Belarusian literature on Belarusian language"A Man Walks" (1926) gave rise to the fantastic and adventure genres of Belarusian literature. He continued to develop the genre of adventure literature in his stories In the Land of the Bird of Paradise (1928), The Son of Water (1928), and the novel Amok (1929). He also addressed the national theme ("Polesye Robinsons", 1930), and the problem of education (the story "TVT", 1934). Janka Mavr emphasized that writers need to make sure that children, today's and tomorrow's small readers, can say when they grow up that they owe everything good to books.
Children's Belarusian literature of the war time is distinguished by a patriotic orientation, inherent in all fiction military period (verses by Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas, Maxim Tank, Arkady Kuleshov, Petrus Brovka, stories by Kuzma Chorny, Mikhas Lynkov). During this period, an organic convergence of literature for the adult reader and children was felt. Separately from the works for children written during the war, it should be noted Yanka Kupala's poem "A Boy and a Pilot in War", Alexander Yakimovich's story "Pioneer Genya", a collection of poems by Edi Fireflower "Mikhasek", as well as the libretto of the children's opera "Janat".
But even after the war, military themes can be traced, which prevails in literature. In 1948, the book "We'll Never Forget" was published, which was compiled by Yanka Mavr together with Peter Runets based on letters-memoirs of children who directly survived those terrible years. In total, the authors of the book received about four hundred children's works. A number of works are published on the theme of "childhood and war" - the story "Andryusha" by Pavel Kovalev (1948), "The Youngest" by Ivan Sivtsov (1949), the poem "Song of the Pioneer Banner" (1949) by Eddie Fireflower .
50-70s of XX century
In the early 1950s, the war theme was also observed in the works of Belarusian writers. Poems by Kastus Kireenko (“Alenkin’s School”, 1951), Anton Belevich (“Go, my son”, 1953), Edi Ognetsvet (“Let’s be friends”, 1955), Anatol Astreiko (“The Adventures of Grandfather Mikhed”, 1956) are published.
At the same time, new works are also published on a peaceful theme. Develop school theme Yanka Bryl (“Summer in Kalinovka”, 1950; “Hello, School”, 1953), Alexander Yakimovich (“Moscow Speaks”, 1954), Pavel Kovalev (collection of stories “The Lost Diary”, 1954), Mikhail Danilenko (“Loyalty to the Word ", 1956), Elena Vasilevich ("Tomorrow to school", 1956), etc.
The post-war children's prose was significantly enriched by the science fiction story of Yanka Mavr "The Phantommobile of Professor Tsylyakovsky" (1954), which became a continuation of his development fantasy genre.
At the beginning of his creative way Vladimir Korotkevich turned to the past and the riches of folklore, which was witnessed by his “Tales and Legends of My Motherland”, which he sent for evaluation to Yakub Kolas in the summer of 1952. Korotkevich well understood the great educational value of the fairy tale and its role in the formation of love for the motherland, for the Belarusian language. Patriotic in content was his fairy tale "The Swan Skete", which tells about the events of antiquity, when the Tatars plundered the Russian lands. At the end of the tale, the writer gives two versions about the origin of the name "White Russia" - the white clothes of the people living in it became from the swan plumage, and it is also "white" because it was not under the Tatars. His fairy tale "The Dinner Queen" is also based on folklore, which tells about tragic history beauty Yalina and her husband, the dinner king. Korotkevich studied a lot, wrote down, and creatively used folklore, which he perceived as the spiritual treasure of the people.
Returns to literature after a long break Vladimir Dubovka. His collections of fairy tales "The Magnificent Find" (1960), "Milavitsa" (1962), "Flowers - Sun Children" (1963), "Golden Grains" (1975) are published, which are notable for their moral and ethical issues and philosophical content. In addition to Dubovka, writers Sergei Grokhovsky, Ales Palchevsky, Stanislav Shushkevich, Ales Zvonak, Yazep Puscha are returning to their homeland after Stalin's repressions.
Reveals images in his books of poetry native land Aleksey Pysin (“Moths-Butterflies”, 1962; “Rainbow over the Reach”, 1964), shows the beauty of nature Evdokia Moose (“Shoeed Christmas Tree”, 1961; “The Tale of Weasel”, 1963; “Vyaseliki”, 1964) .
Raises the theme of the Great Patriotic War, showing the horrors of the occupation through the eyes of children, Ivan Serkov, in the trilogy: “Sanka and I are behind enemy lines” (1968), “We are tenacious guys” (1970), “Sanka and I are gunners” (1989).
In 1971, the landmark historical story by Ales Yakimovich "Kastus Kalinovsky" was published, and in 1976 - "A Hard Year". Writes Yakimovich and fairy tales based on folklore motifs("About brave hedgehog”, “Sparrow guests”, etc.), and also translates into Belarusian the fairy tales of Alexander Pushkin, Samuil Marshak, Korney Chukovsky.
Turns to the scientific and educational genre with elements of journalism Vitaly Volsky, who publishes such local history books as "Journey through the country of Belarusians" (1968), "Polesie" (1971), as well as such a cycle of natural science essays as "Duncan's Fate" (1978), "Hello, Birch" (1984). Colorfully describes the nature of Belovezhskaya Pushcha in the essay of the same name Vladimir Korotkevich (“ Bialowieza Forest”, 1975), who, in addition, reveals his talent as an innovative storyteller through traditional images and motifs in his collection Fairy Tales (1975). In the same period, his emotionally upbeat story about Belarus "The Land Under White Wings" (1977) was published.
The beautiful world of childhood opens up in the stories of Vissarion Garbuk (collection "Inadvertently and on purpose", 1969; "There are no such flowers", 1971; "City without parrots", 1983) and Vladimir Yurevich ("Taraskovy cares", 1966; "Where the sun sleeps ", 1970; "Fearless fear", 1986). Cognitive and educational potential through stories about nature was shown by Pavel Misko (“Autumn Day”, “Forest Gifts”, etc.). He raises moral and ethical questions through the stories " Good man”, “Calendar of conscience”. In his humorous novel "New Settlers, or Truthful, sometimes funny, sometimes scary book about an unusual month in the life of Zhenya Goosebumps." It teaches children a sense of responsibility and teaches them to control their actions and behavior. He raises the problems of friendship and human relationships through the fantastic novels The Adventures of Bulbobs (1977) and The Grotto of the Bottlenose Dolphin (1985). In addition, he translates into Belarusian the poems of Nikolai Gogol “Dead Souls”, the fairy tales of Peter Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”, individual works of Vladimir Tendryakov, Vladimir Lichutin, Yevgeny Nosov, Vasily Belov, Korney Chukovsky.
Dramaturgy does not stand aside - one after another, the heroic plays by Ales Makhnach "The Starling" (1963) and "Gavrosh Brest Fortress"(1969), Valentin Zuba "Marat Kazei" (1963) and "The Youth of a Knight" (1972).
80-90s of the XX century
Those socio-political changes in society that took place in the 80-90s of the 20th century influenced not only the development of Belarusian children's literature of this period, but also the principles for selecting works for reading in preschool educational institutions and schools. were excluded from recommendation lists for children's reading works that in the new conditions have lost their relevance, those that were determined by obsessive didacticism, simplification and whose literary qualities were far from art. But works for the children of Andrei Alexandrovich, Zmitrok Byaduli, Ales Yakimovich, Vladimir Dubovka, Yanka Mavr, Mikhas Lynkov, Kuzma Chorny, Vitaly Volsky, Vasyl Vitka, Stanislav Shushkevich and others have remained relevant to this day. Children's literature Soviet period became an important part of national writing, and its best achievements- an expensive treasure of the Belarusian people. At this time, Belarusian children's literature reached wider thematic limits, and the theme of the Motherland sounded fuller and deeper.
The works of Vasily Zhukovich (collection “The Hoot of Spring”, 1992), Vladimir Karizna “Play, flute, do not be silent”, 1998), Leonid Pronchak (“Girl-Belarusian”, 1993) stand out as a national feature.
Entertainingly writes for children Arthur Volsky, one of the founders of the Vyaselka magazine, co-author of textbooks on literary reading for elementary school "Buslyanka". During the years 1980-1990, he wrote quite a few books for children ("The sun is very close", 1984; "I'll get to heaven", 1984; "From A to Z - my profession", 1987, etc.). For the book "Carousel" (1996), the writer in 1997 was awarded the title of laureate of the Yankee Moor Literary Prize. It is also impossible not to mention another writer closely associated with Vyaselkay - Vladimir Lipsky, also a laureate of the Yanka Mavra Prize. His work is distinguished by the originality of the plot, fabulousness, and adventure elements ("Blot-wax and Yanka from Divngorsk", 1982; "About Andreika Dobrik and the devil Duronic", 1993; "Queen of White Princesses", 2000).
They interestingly and successfully combine the fantastic with the real in their works by Raisa Borovikova (“Galenchina “I”, or the Planet of Curious Boys”, 1990) and Alexander Savitsky (“Joys and Sorrows of the Golden Carp Bagel”, 1993).
The poetry of Rygor Borodulin stands out for its genre diversity, who masterfully played with words and punned (“Indykala-kudykala”, 1986; “Cobra in a bag”, 1990; “Trishka, Mishka and Shchipai rode a boat”, 1996). Its alphabets are also distinguished by their originality (“The alphabet is not a toy”, 1985; “The alphabet is a cheerful beehive”, 1994).
In the 1990s, the Belarusian-language religious Catholic magazine for children “Little Knight Bezzagannay” (Belarusian) was published. "Little Knight Immaculate"), an addition to the Catholic publication "Ave Maria", founded by the Minsk-Mogilev archdiocese. The main character in the magazine is a boy, The Little Knight of the Immaculate.
In the early 1990s, popular science essays on ancient Belarusian history by Sergei Tarasov, Vladimir Orlov, Konstantin Tarasov, Vitovt Charopka were published in the periodical press. In addition, books are published on this subject, which are adapted to the perception younger students.
I found two Belarusian folk tales in the book "Krynitsa" by R.M. Mironov. To make it interesting for my Russian-speaking readers and their children, I also translated these fairy tales into Russian. Happy reading :)
Not with i bark, but rozum.
Adz i n chalavek paisho u forest firewood sekchy. He cut wood, sow adpachyts on the stump.
Prykhodz i ts medzvedz.
Gay, chalavek, let's barukazza!
Paglyadzeў chalavek on myadzvedzya: kalmach bows, dze z i m barukatstsa! Scissleep paws - i spirit out ...
E, - kazha chalavek, - why do I barukatstsa with you! Come on, let's look at you, you're strong.
And how shall we look? - the bear is trying.
Uzya chalavek to the syaker, rasshchapi ў stump to the beast, kill ў at the split wedge and say:
Kal i razdzyaresh gety stump paw, mean, maesh si lu. Then I'll be with you barukatstsa.
Well, motherfuckers, don’t think, tyts paw ў split well. And for the chalavek ty hours, fuck with abukh pa kli nu - that i jumped out.
Rave the bear, galloping on three paws, but I can’t crush the stump, nor tear myself out of it.
But what, - kazha chalavek, - budzesh barukatstsa with me?
No, - enchyts myadzvedz, - I will not.
That's it, - said the chalavek. – Not only can I barukazza, but I can use roses.
Ub i ў yon kli n back at the stump; myadzvedz pulled out a paw to go ў gushchar without looking back.
From that hour yon i bai tstsa sustrakatstsa z chalavekam.
Right kukue zyazyulya.
It was a geta long ago, kali zazyulya pile sam`yu chalk. Lived adna zyazyulya z dzetsi: son i dacha. Matsi skin rani tsai flew far ў forest on charvyakov, kazyulyak, and dzyatsej pack gave ў huts of hell.
Glyadz i tse well, dzetki, no where to go! Whoa me! Yana punished.
Ale dzetz i didn’t hear a lot about matsi. Only yana palatsi shukatsya spazhyva, yana close the hut with a castle, and go for a walk yourself.
I eight adnoychy so roamed that they didn’t care, as if they had ruined the key of the hell of the hut. Only fall in the evening agledzeli.
Oh, why do we need a slave? - the sister-in-law was sleeping. - Hadzem, take the key! You i dzi ў that side, and I ў geta. Yak knows the key, so hoot to me, and I know - I will hoot for sure.
Razyshl i xia yans ў pink tanks. Sister hutka knew the key and pachala kli kats brother. Ale brother Adysh is far away and lost your way.
So eight i lyata already yes getaga hour syastrytsa in lyases, in gardens i ўsё shukae svaygo brother:
Ku-ku, brother i to! Ku-ku, I knew the key! Dze you? Ku-ku!
In Russian...
Not by strength, but by intelligence.
A man went into the forest to cut wood. Chopped wood, sat on a stump to rest.
The bear comes.
Hey man, let's fight!
The man looked at the bear: a strong kalach, where to fight him! Squeeze with paws - and the spirit out ...
Eh, - says the man, - why should I fight with you! Let's see if you have power first.
How are we going to watch? - Asks the bear.
The man took an ax, split the stump from above, drove a wedge into the crevice and said:
If you break this stump with your paw, then you have strength. Then I will fight with you.
Well, bear, without thinking, put your paw into the crevice. And the man, in the meantime, fucked with a butt on a wedge - he jumped out.
A resident of the village of Goshchevo, in the Ivatsevichy district of the Brest region, initiates the transfer of a local school from Belarusian to Russian as the language of instruction. Yulia Popko, a mother of two children, is convinced that children do not need their native language, as it will only create obstacles for them in the future.
The initiative was supported by the majority of parents
Julia is a graduate of the Faculty of Belarusian Philology and Literature, as well as journalism State University named after Maxim Tank. The teacher of the Belarusian language by education aspires from the next school year to introduce the Russian language in Goshchev's school. The resident of the village, who herself once studied in a local educational institution in Belarusian, substantiates her actions by the fact that the exact sciences should be in Russian. They say that it is actually very difficult for children to learn in Belarusian:
“I am not at all against the Belarusian language, on the contrary, only for it. But in September my child goes to the first grade to school. But already in preparatory group children are faced with a serious obstacle: they do not understand what the teachers are telling them. The fact is that in the family, among themselves, children do not speak Belarusian and do not hear the language. I would not have raised this issue if after school educational establishments were in their native language. But this is nowhere to be found. Even if children go to study at our local lyceum in Ivatsevichi, there is no teaching in Belarusian there either, children are not given such an opportunity, there are not even textbooks. Therefore, after the village school, which has always been Belarusian, children look at Russian-speaking study guides in mathematics, physics as foreign. And at the same time, urban children successfully solve problems, while rural children first translate, and only after that they begin to solve problems.”
About 100 children go to school in Goshchevo. Photo svaboda.org
Caring for children or fighting with their complexes?
Julia refers to her personal experience and says that once she herself faced many obstacles. Despite the fact that the woman studied at the university at the Faculty of Belarusian Language and Literature, only a few subjects were taught in her native language:
“Our children are already offended because they do not see the same things that city children see. And the language barrier is a significant and huge problem. Children cannot find friends. They are often called collective farmers and so on. As for the language, I think the Belarusian language is very beautiful and harmonious, I love it very much. But, unfortunately, she is forced to go against her convictions for the sake of her children.
Therefore, Yulia believes that the transfer of the local school to Russian-language education will make life easier for her children. This initiative was supported by many other parents of schoolchildren studying in Goshchevo:
“We have already collected the signatures of forty-eight parents. And these are the parents of 65 students of the school, which currently has about 80 children. At the same time, I have not yet got to everyone, as some were at work. And also did not visit those whose children are studying in graduation classes. Moreover, the majority of parents supported my proposal, agree with me. My initiative is to perhaps not even suddenly introduce the Russian language, but gradually. For example, from the first class. After all, I understand that the department of education may not immediately have textbooks for the school in Russian.
Secondary school in the village of Goshchevo, Ivatsevichi district. Photo svaboda.org
The village is no longer a stronghold of Belarus
The year before last, in the Ivatsevichi district, the village school in Staiki also became Russian-speaking. Teachers of the Goshchev school say that they took such a step due to the threat of transfer high school in the basic, as there were very few students. The Department of Education makes this decision when there are fewer than 100 students in the school. The initiative to translate education in the rural school into Russian was supported by both parents and teachers. In Goshchevo, the situation is different. The principal of the school Aleksey Kholodovich accepted the initiators of the proposal. But the meeting was in the nature of a private conversation, since he did not register signatures and a letter from his parents. In essence, there was only a private conversation on this subject. Although the director admits that the views of his parents are close to him:
“To be honest, I am not against the initiative. People have the right to express their opinion and discuss. Another thing is how the initiative can be in line with the law. It's not that simple, and I asked people not to rush."
At the same time, the director noted that next year the school will gather about 100 students. Therefore, this question is not yet relevant for the school, since there is no threat of transfer from secondary to basic school. In turn, Yulia Popko, who wants to Russify the school, says: if the director does not help in the implementation of her initiative, then she will immediately turn to the head of the district education department.
Against the Russification of the school
In addition to the parents of schoolchildren and teachers and the district department of education, the decision to transfer from Belarusian to Russian language of instruction at school is also made with the consent of public opinion villages. And this is where the thoughts are quite different. Many residents of Goshchevo, especially the older generation, do not understand how a school in the village can be Russian-speaking, since this has never happened before. In turn, young residents of Goshchevo, on the contrary, tend to Russify the school. True, the majority of older residents in the village. But will their voice outweigh the defense of the Belarusian language?..
Andrei Zhvalevsky and Evgenia Pasternak are Belarusian writers, authors of numerous works about children and adults.
Having united in 2004 in a creative union, they have been working together for more than 10 years.
Especially for Child BY Andrey Zhvalevsky made a selection of Belarusian works about school and schoolchildren
For some reason, relatively little is written about school in modern children's and adolescent literature. It's strange - a person at this age spends two-thirds of his life in school ...
Although, maybe that's the point? School is so annoying that even in a book you want to run away from it to divergents, vampires or dragons.
One way or another, but to find, for example, five “school” books in modern Belarusian teenage literature is another problem. But I tried.
Photo source: karotkizmest.by
Ales Badak
"Adzinoki vasmiklasnik hocha we knowizza"
A difficult story. Starts as a trite memory "how I spent my childhood" but then modernity is suddenly woven into history, skeletons from the cabinets begin to pour in ...
And when it turns out that the tragedy of the past is tied into one knot with the problem of today, it becomes quite interesting. If only the number of lyrical digressions could be slightly reduced. Once in five.
— Here adzin vasmіklіk khatseў nastaўnіtsu z dapamogai Іnternet blackmail, — saying my adnaknіk on the phone, asking me to come to speak at the school.
- Wow, - I laugh, - blackmail with the latest technology! You see, the cotton is healthy. Can you, young, if you grow up, become familiar with pragramists?!
- It's not that simple. The nastavnitsa wrote a statement on the wall.
Photo source: fairyroom.ru
Maria Bershadskaya
"The sea that is not on the map"
A rare thing in world literature is a collection of poems for teenagers. It was originally supposed to be called love lyrics 5 B"".
I think it's a very accurate title. And the poems themselves are light, funny ... and about love. Because at the age of 14 this is the most important feeling. As, however, in 24, 34, 44 ...
The most beautiful sound in the world
Phone beep and heart beat.
"New message received"
And the earth stops spinning
And the tram does not rumble, and the poodle
doesn't bark
And the fourth snowball you throw
follow me
He's been following me for a thousand years.
And while I'm reading
He
Doesn't fly.
This book also has wonderful illustrations by Masha Yakushina.
Valery Gapeev
"Lesson i pershaga kahannya"
And this book had a different original title - "Lessons of the uncomplicated sex." But, as they say now, "for obvious reasons" the name was changed to a more neutral one.
And still, the author had to prove that he was not a camel, since condoms are actively involved in history. No, no, nothing like that! The story is just about the fact that our teenagers are many times cleaner and more innocent than we think about them. Amazing story, even now make a movie.
No ab chym didn’t think about it. Khatselasya is simple іstsі, іsts tseplymі prysadamі і goshkatsya at the soul getaé light pachuzzo.
Andrei Zhvalevsky, Evgenia Pasternak
“Like look shorter” (“Shakespeare never dreamed of”)
Today is a hit parade of books with a double title!
But with this collection of stories, everything is simple - at first it came out as “Shakespeare never dreamed of”, and then, after serious revision, it was published by another publishing house with a different name.
Funny and sad stories from the life of a typical 7 "A". Some are taken entirely from life, such as the story of the magic toilet.
Milka narrowed her eyes.
- What, two hours after the movie was busy?
- What did you think?
- It's young...
Classmates noisily sucked in the air. It seemed to me that for a while they forgot to breathe at all.
- What was the movie about? Polina asked quietly.
“I have no idea,” I answered honestly. - Not before that!
And I went inside the school happy, as a girl should be after a first date.
Lyudmila Rubleўskaya
"The adventures of Prantsish Vyrvich, the scaler and the sword"
I thought for a long time whether to mention this book. On the one hand, it is not entirely about school ... not at all about modern school, is a historical adventure novel, like The Three Musketeers.
On the other hand, Prantsish is still a scholar, in the first book of the series he is still studying at the Jesuit Collegium ... And in general, I really love this book!
An excellent (though not easy) Belarusian language. Bright, lively characters. Brilliant adventure. In a word, the best Belarusian book for teenagers in my humble opinion.
“Hey, you gitzal!” Scaler! I tell Taba, not a puddle. Paddydzi. Lava fartuna!
Yeah, fartuna ... So chirvanatvars hit the fist at the dog adoryts.
Ale Prantsy's ascyarozhna is near, you are ready to be hellish.
- What, did you learn from the Jesuit? - slizganuў padarozhny pozіrkam pa Prantsysevay apprentices. - Shlyakhtsits?
- Shlyakhtsits! - ganarysta adkazaў Prantsy, paklaushy hand with sykgnets on ўyaўnuyu shablyu.
What children's books about school do you and your children like?