900 days and nights of enemy blockade. Summary of the lesson on the blockade of Leningrad "Nine hundred terrible days and nights
January 27, 1944, exactly 70 years ago, the sky over the hero city of Leningrad lit up salute. It was a salute to full release cities from the blockade, which lasted 900 days and nights, in honor of heroic defenders Leningrad, survivors of the blockade hell, as well as in honor of those who did not survive the blockade, who never had a chance to see their native city in the brilliance of festive lights. Then, on January 27, 70 years ago, colorful flashes were beautifully reflected on the ice of the silent Neva, on its granite parapets. And people, according to eyewitnesses, were crying. They wept for both grief and joy. After all, for the first time in 900 days of blockade, they openly, without fear of bombs and shells, were able to take to the streets of a wounded, but still living city. Yes, it was on that day that it collapsed, completely crumbled under the onslaught Soviet soldiers enemy blockade ring around the northern capital.
Blockade of Leningrad... Just two words, and how much pain, suffering, grief behind them. For 900 days and nights the city was suffocating in the enemy ring. Every day, death stared straight into the eyes of every Leningrader. From the very beginning of the war, Leningrad was one of the most important objects in the plans of the leaders of Nazi Germany. They intended to capture it before Moscow. One can imagine how even the very name of the city was hated by the Nazis. Already on August 30, 1941, they reached the Neva, and on September 4, the first shells exploded on the streets and squares of Leningrad. On September 8, 1941, having captured Shlisselburg, the Nazis launched the first massive attack on the city. This very day - September 8, 1941 - is considered the day the blockade began. From that day on, shelling and bombing did not stop for a single day. Then, in early September, the fascist strategists had no doubt that they would be able to capture the city by storm. They were looking forward to a quick victory, dreaming of how they would walk along Palace Square and feast at the Astoria Hotel. But it didn't happen. More than forty selected German divisions, trampling the pavements of Paris, Warsaw, Belgrade and other European capitals with their boots, unexpectedly ran into an insurmountable obstacle. Here, near the walls of Leningrad, the Nazi war machine, which had not known defeat until now, clearly stalled. And soon the unprecedented heroism and selfless courage of the defenders of the city forced the enemy to abandon the hope of taking the city of Lenin on the move. And on September 25, 1941, the Germans went on the defensive. Since that day, they have not been able to take a single step forward. It was then that Hitler decided to destroy Leningrad, to wipe it off the face of the earth. This was stated in the secret directive of the German headquarters. Here is her translation: “The Fuhrer decided to wipe the city of Petersburg from the face of the earth. After defeat Soviet Russia there is no interest in the continued existence of this great locality. It was proposed to close the blockade of the city and, by shelling from artillery of all calibers and continuous bombing from the air, raze it to the ground. This inhuman order of his Fuhrer German soldiers began to perform zealously. Methodically, street after street, district after district, the Nazis shelled one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, sowing death and destruction. Until now, on one of the houses on Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg, there is a sign with the inscription: “Attention! During shelling, this side of the street is the most dangerous! This tablet is a constant reminder to us, contemporaries, of what happened here during the years of the blockade, of the torments of Leningraders and an eternal appeal to the conscience of mankind as a constant accusation of fascism. The Nazis shelled the city with shrapnel, this was done on purpose in order to kill more people. More often shots were fired at night to catch the sleeping residents of the city by surprise. Sometimes shelling lasted for 18-20 hours in a row. Only in the first three months of the blockade - September, October and November 1941 - the air raid alert was announced 251 times.
But in the arsenal of the fascist monsters there was a weapon no less terrible - hunger. It was with his bony hand that they hoped to break the resistance of the warrior city. Indeed, food shortages began as early as September. And soon food, bread became sorely lacking. Already from the beginning of September 1941, rations were cut. In total, during the autumn - the beginning of the winter of 1941, the ration was reduced five times. In November, the terrible word "dystrophy" appeared. This month alone, more than eleven thousand people died of starvation. And on November 20, 1941, the norm for issuing bread reached 125 grams. How penetratingly and accurately the blockade poetess Olga Berggolts wrote about this:
One hundred twenty-five blockade grams
With fire and blood in half ...
Yes, and it was difficult to call that dark brown sticky mass, half composed of impurities, bread. Trying to drown out the pangs of hunger, people ate carpentry glue, glycerin, and boiled leather belts. Soon the scurvy began. And all this against the backdrop of the horrors of besieged life: there was no heating, there was no light, the water supply system failed, city transport stopped. Unprecedentedly cold, frosty was that first blockade winter of 1941-1942. During this winter alone, the city lost more inhabitants than the armies of the Americans and the British during the entire military campaign.
But the city lived! Moreover, the Leningraders worked to the last of their strength. Hungry, frozen, holding on to the walls of houses, barely moving, slowly but stubbornly, the heroic inhabitants of besieged Leningrad walked to their machines, to their jobs. Many did not reach - fell dead in the snow. The heart bleeds when you read the memoirs of the survivors of the blockade by a miracle. And there are also testimonies of those who did not survive in the blockade hell, but left us their will. The name of the little Leningrader Tanya Savicheva is known to millions of people. She wrote just a few lines in pencil in her notebook. But in these lines, in every word, there is a terrible tragedy not only for the Savichev family, but for the entire besieged Leningrad. A hungry, exhausted girl named Tanya day after day wrote in a notebook how her relatives were dying: grandmother, brother, two uncles, mother. And here is the last entry: “The Savichevs are dead. All died. Only Tanya remained. Large, childlike letters moving in different directions. And behind them - grief, tears, suffering, pain. It is impossible to speak and write about this without tears. And what monsters, nonhumans one must be to do such a thing. They managed to take Tanya Savicheva out of the besieged city, but they could not save her: the undermined body of the girl could not bear the hardships of the blockade.
Only in November 1941, they were able to fix a thin artery, which did not allow the weakened pulse of the city, exhausted by the blockade, to die. It was the legendary Road of Life, passing through Lake Ladoga. Only in January 1943, during the most stubborn battles, the blockade was broken, Leningrad was reliably connected to the mainland. But for another year, the Nazis held the blockade, bombed and shelled the city.
There is a holy place for all Petersburgers in Leningrad-St. Petersburg. It is always quiet here... People are silent here... History speaks here... Heroism speaks here... This place is the Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery, where the valiant defenders of the city on the Neva, the city of Lenin, are buried in mass graves. If you are going to visit St. Petersburg, be sure to visit here, pay tribute to the memory of those who died during the siege of Leningrad. It is impossible to understand what the Leningrad blockade is without visiting the Piskarevsky cemetery, without feeling its heart-piercing silence.
70 years have passed since memorial day when a salute went up over Leningrad, signifying final withdrawal blockade. For 70 years, rains and snowfalls have been sweeping over the glorious city on the banks of the Neva, for 70 years the sun has been shining and twinkling over it starry sky. Years fly inexorably, moving away from us the time when Leningrad was a front, and each of its inhabitants was a fighter. But every year, the significance of the feat accomplished by the Leningraders during the days of the blockade, which thwarted the plans of the insidious enemy, becomes clearer and clearer. It was the unprecedented stamina, courage, selflessness of the defenders of Leningrad that brought the hour of the nationwide Victory over fascism closer. We, who live in the 21st century, admire and are proud of your feat, the defenders of Leningrad.
The materials provided by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise RAM were used in the design of the book. © "RIA News"
Leningrad blockade. Complete chronicle - 900 days and nights /
A. V. Suldin - Moscow: AST, 2015. - 192 p. (Greatness of the USSR)
ISBN 978-5-17-088004-1
© Suldin A.V.
Instead of a preface
The capture of Leningrad was integral part developed by Nazi Germany plan "Barbarossa" (war against the USSR). It provided for the complete defeat of the Soviet Union in 3-4 months. By November 1941, it was supposed to capture the entire European part of the USSR, and then in a few years to exterminate a significant part of the population (Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, as well as all Jews and Gypsies - at least 30 million people). But these plans were not destined to come true. Soviet people courageously met the enemy. An example of selfless service to the Motherland was the 900-day siege of Leningrad.
The unforgettable pages of the long days of this struggle will forever remain in the memory of the people. The miracle that struck the world appeared in all the splendor of glory. It seemed incomprehensible how the city, which was supposed to be weakening every day, not only did not weaken, but more and more rose in strength and power.
City named after Lenin, the founder Soviet state, was a symbol of socialism, which is why the Nazis so dreamed of wiping it off the face of the earth. Moreover, it was a direct route to the North. After all, roads lead from here to the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean, to the Arctic. The capture of the city on the Neva would turn the Baltic Sea into the German Sea, would deprive us of Baltic Fleet and would make it possible to advance on Moscow along the October railway, cutting off the North from the rest of Russia. But the whole country, together with the Leningraders, rose to defend the city - rose to give a mortal battle to the enemy. The time has come for a fierce struggle, which ended in the defeat of the Nazi hordes.
Our fathers and grandfathers, mothers and grandmothers courageously fought for the Motherland, so that it would be independent, powerful and prosperous. They are worthy of blessed memory. That is why the book reflects not only every day of the blockade. Participants of the war, both awarded the highest awards, and ordinary workers of the front and rear, took their place on the pages of the book.
In addition to the author's materials, the book uses information only from available open sources: publications in newspapers, magazines, memoirs, reference books, and various books. Great help in the preparation of the book was provided by information Agency EXTRA-PRESS, which for many years has been preparing materials for the media on historical topics. The author-compiler, not being able to name by name, expresses gratitude to everyone who helped him in his work. And he dedicates the book to relatives and close people: to his father, who, having just graduated from the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, already on June 22, 1941, went to the military registration and enlistment office and was immediately called up; mother, who fought in the MPVO troops; her sisters and brother; her parents (grandfather and grandmother), who, together with other Leningraders, shared all the hardships of the blockade, went through hunger, cold, fire ... This book is dedicated to all the inhabitants of glorious Leningrad and the soldiers who defended the city. They fought to the death, but did not let the enemy through.
Let us bow low to the veterans of that terrible battle! Everlasting memory the fallen!
Andrey Suldin
The next day after the attack of the Nazis (June 23), the commander of the Leningrad Military District, Lieutenant General M. M. Popov, ordered the start of work on the creation of an additional line of defense in the Pskov direction in the Luga region. On July 4, this decision was confirmed by a directive from the Headquarters of the High Command signed by G.K. Zhukov.
The naval and air forces of Germany acted from the territory of Finland against the USSR. On June 25, 1941, in the morning, on the orders of the Headquarters of the Air Force of the Northern Front, together with the aviation of the Baltic Fleet, they launched a massive attack on nineteen (according to other sources - 18) airfields in Finland and Northern Norway. Aircraft of the Finnish Air Force and the German 5th Air Force were based there. air army. On the same day, the Finnish parliament voted for war with the USSR. On June 29, 1941, Finnish troops launched a ground operation against the USSR.
On July 4, units of the Wehrmacht entered Leningrad region, crossing the Velikaya River and overcoming the fortifications of the "Stalin Line" in the direction of the Island. On July 9, Pskov (280 kilometers from Leningrad) was occupied. On July 19, by the time the advanced German units left, defensive structures with a length of 175 kilometers and a total depth of 10–15 kilometers had already been built at the Luga defensive line. Leningraders worked here day and night, mostly women and teenagers.
Construction of defensive structures. 1941
Children hiding from the bombardment. Summer 1941
Near the Luga fortified area, there was a delay in the German offensive. The enemy troops failed to capture the city on the move. This delay caused a sharp discontent of Hitler, who made a special trip to Army Group North to prepare a plan for the capture of Leningrad no later than September 1941. In conversations with military leaders, the Fuhrer, in addition to purely military arguments, brought up many political arguments. He believed that the capture of Leningrad would give not only a military gain (control over all the Baltic coasts and the destruction of the Baltic Fleet), but also bring huge political dividends. Soviet Union will lose the city, which, being the cradle October revolution, has a special symbolic meaning for the Soviet state. In addition, Hitler considered it very important not to give the Soviet command the opportunity to withdraw troops from the Leningrad region and use them in other sectors of the front.
On July 31, a major Finnish offensive began in the direction of Leningrad. By the beginning of September, the Finns crossed the old Soviet-Finnish border on the Karelian Isthmus, which existed before the signing of the 1940 peace treaty, to a depth of 20 km, and stopped at the turn of the Karelian fortified area. Communication between Leningrad and the rest of the country through the territories occupied by Finland was restored only in the summer of 1944.
On August 14-15, the Germans managed to break through the wetlands, bypassing the Luga UR from the west and, having crossed the Luga River near Bolshoy Sabsk, entered the operational space in front of Leningrad.
On September 4, 1941, General Jodl, Chief of Staff of the German Armed Forces, was sent to Mannerheim's headquarters in Mikkeli. But he was refused the participation of the Finns in the attack on Leningrad. Instead, Mannerheim led a successful offensive in the north of Ladoga, cutting the Kirov railway and the White Sea-Baltic Canal in the area of Lake Onega, thus blocking the route for the supply of goods to Leningrad.
On September 4, 1941, the city was subjected to the first artillery shelling from the city of Tosno, occupied by German troops.
On September 6, 1941, Hitler stops the attack of the North group of troops on Leningrad, which has already reached the suburbs, and orders Field Marshal Leeb to give up all Hoepner tanks and a significant number of troops in order to launch an attack on Moscow “as soon as possible”. In the future, the Germans continued to encircle the city with a ring, no more than 15 kilometers away from the city center, and proceeded to a long blockade. So Hitler, who introduced huge losses, which he will incur, having entered into battles in the city, doomed its population to starvation.
Andrey Suldin
Leningrad blockade. Complete chronicle - 900 days and nights
The materials provided by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise RAM were used in the design of the book. © "RIA News"
Leningrad blockade. Complete chronicle - 900 days and nights /
A. V. Suldin - Moscow: AST, 2015. - 192 p. (Greatness of the USSR)
ISBN 978-5-17-088004-1
© Suldin A.V.
Instead of a preface
The capture of Leningrad was an integral part of the Barbarossa plan (war against the USSR) developed by Nazi Germany. It provided for the complete defeat of the Soviet Union in 3-4 months. By November 1941, it was supposed to capture the entire European part of the USSR, and then in a few years to exterminate a significant part of the population (Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, as well as all Jews and Gypsies - at least 30 million people). But these plans were not destined to come true. Soviet people courageously met the enemy. An example of selfless service to the Motherland was the 900-day siege of Leningrad.
The unforgettable pages of the long days of this struggle will forever remain in the memory of the people. The miracle that struck the world appeared in all the splendor of glory. It seemed incomprehensible how the city, which was supposed to be weakening every day, not only did not weaken, but more and more rose in strength and power.
The city bearing the name of Lenin, the founder of the Soviet state, was a symbol of socialism, which is why the Nazis so dreamed of wiping it off the face of the earth. Moreover, it was a direct route to the North. After all, roads lead from here to the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean, to the Arctic. The capture of the city on the Neva would turn the Baltic Sea into a German sea, deprive us of the Baltic Fleet and make it possible to advance on Moscow along the October railway, cutting off the North from the rest of Russia. But the whole country, together with the Leningraders, rose to defend the city - rose to give a mortal battle to the enemy. The time has come for a fierce struggle, which ended in the defeat of the Nazi hordes.
Our fathers and grandfathers, mothers and grandmothers courageously fought for the Motherland, so that it would be independent, powerful and prosperous. They are worthy of blessed memory. That is why the book reflects not only every day of the blockade. Participants of the war, both awarded the highest awards, and ordinary workers of the front and rear, took their place on the pages of the book.
In addition to the author's materials, the book uses information only from available open sources: publications in newspapers, magazines, memoirs, reference books, and various books. The EXTRA-PRESS news agency, which for many years prepared materials on historical topics for the media, provided great assistance in preparing the book. The author-compiler, not being able to name by name, expresses gratitude to everyone who helped him in his work. And he dedicates the book to relatives and close people: to his father, who, having just graduated from the Leningrad Pedagogical Institute, already on June 22, 1941, went to the military registration and enlistment office and was immediately called up; mother, who fought in the MPVO troops; her sisters and brother; her parents (grandfather and grandmother), who, together with other Leningraders, shared all the hardships of the blockade, went through hunger, cold, fire ... This book is dedicated to all the inhabitants of glorious Leningrad and the soldiers who defended the city. They fought to the death, but did not let the enemy through.
Let us bow low to the veterans of that terrible battle! Eternal memory to the fallen!
Andrey Suldin
The next day after the attack of the Nazis (June 23), the commander of the Leningrad Military District, Lieutenant General M. M. Popov, ordered the start of work on the creation of an additional line of defense in the Pskov direction in the Luga region. On July 4, this decision was confirmed by a directive from the Headquarters of the High Command signed by G.K. Zhukov.
The naval and air forces of Germany acted from the territory of Finland against the USSR. On June 25, 1941, in the morning, on the orders of the Headquarters of the Air Force of the Northern Front, together with the aviation of the Baltic Fleet, they launched a massive attack on nineteen (according to other sources - 18) airfields in Finland and Northern Norway. Aircraft of the Finnish Air Force and the German 5th Air Army were based there. On the same day, the Finnish parliament voted for war with the USSR. On June 29, 1941, Finnish troops launched a ground operation against the USSR.
On July 4, units of the Wehrmacht entered the Leningrad Region, crossing the Velikaya River and overcoming the fortifications of the Stalin Line in the direction of Ostrov. On July 9, Pskov (280 kilometers from Leningrad) was occupied. On July 19, by the time the advanced German units left, defensive structures with a length of 175 kilometers and a total depth of 10–15 kilometers had already been built at the Luga defensive line. Leningraders worked here day and night, mostly women and teenagers.
Construction of defensive structures. 1941
Children hiding from the bombardment. Summer 1941
Near the Luga fortified area, there was a delay in the German offensive. The enemy troops failed to capture the city on the move. This delay caused a sharp discontent of Hitler, who made a special trip to Army Group North to prepare a plan for the capture of Leningrad no later than September 1941. In conversations with military leaders, the Fuhrer, in addition to purely military arguments, brought up many political arguments. He believed that the capture of Leningrad would give not only a military gain (control over all the Baltic coasts and the destruction of the Baltic Fleet), but also bring huge political dividends. The Soviet Union will lose the city, which, being the cradle of the October Revolution, has a special symbolic meaning for the Soviet state. In addition, Hitler considered it very important not to give the Soviet command the opportunity to withdraw troops from the Leningrad region and use them in other sectors of the front.
On July 31, a major Finnish offensive began in the direction of Leningrad. By the beginning of September, the Finns crossed the old Soviet-Finnish border on the Karelian Isthmus, which existed before the signing of the 1940 peace treaty, to a depth of 20 km, and stopped at the turn of the Karelian fortified area. Communication between Leningrad and the rest of the country through the territories occupied by Finland was restored only in the summer of 1944.
On August 14-15, the Germans managed to break through the wetlands, bypassing the Luga UR from the west and, having crossed the Luga River near Bolshoy Sabsk, entered the operational space in front of Leningrad.
On September 4, 1941, General Jodl, Chief of Staff of the German Armed Forces, was sent to Mannerheim's headquarters in Mikkeli. But he was refused the participation of the Finns in the attack on Leningrad. Instead, Mannerheim led a successful offensive in the north of Ladoga, cutting off the Kirov railway and the White Sea-Baltic Canal in the area of Lake Onega, thereby blocking the route for the supply of goods to Leningrad.
On September 4, 1941, the city was subjected to the first artillery shelling from the city of Tosno, occupied by German troops.
On September 6, 1941, Hitler stops the attack of the North group of troops on Leningrad, which has already reached the suburbs, and orders Field Marshal Leeb to give up all Hoepner tanks and a significant number of troops in order to launch an attack on Moscow “as soon as possible”. In the future, the Germans continued to encircle the city with a ring, no more than 15 kilometers away from the city center, and proceeded to a long blockade. So Hitler, who imagined the huge losses that he would incur by engaging in battles in the city, doomed its population to starvation.
✓ Hitler's troops captured Shlisselburg, cutting off the last land communication between Leningrad and the rest of the country. Communication with the "mainland" remained only through Lake Ladoga and by air. A 900-day blockade of the city began, during which (according to official data) 641,000 inhabitants would die of starvation. Only in 1985, by a decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR for citizens who worked during the blockade (from September 8, 1941 to January 18, 1943) at enterprises, in institutions of the city and awarded with a medal"For the Defense of Leningrad" benefits will be distributed, established for persons who during the war years were in full-time positions for free employment in units of the army in the field.
Enemy aircraft made the first massive raid on Leningrad: 6327 incendiary and 48 high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. The bombing caused 178 fires.
During this raid, one of the most mysterious and tragic events in the entire Leningrad blockade occurred: the Badaev food warehouses burned down. Soviet historians assured that they burned down as a result of a raid: wooden warehouses, located in a heap. However, there were some very strange moments in this incident. All fires that night were quickly extinguished - except for Badaevsky: the warehouses burned for more than 5 hours. Why were the products, already under the blockade, stored so carelessly, why was their fire department not strengthened? The fire department of the city already numbered almost 12 thousand people (this is in addition to ordinary residents who were on duty every night on the roofs of their houses). On the other hand, the Badaev warehouses that caught fire were immediately cordoned off by the NKVD troops, who drove away the Leningraders who ran together to scrape together at least a little burnt flour with shots. Further, Soviet historians assured that the version that the fire in the Badaev warehouses was one of the main causes of the famine was not true. There were only 3 thousand tons of flour and 2.5 thousand tons of sugar in the warehouses - according to the then effective norms, one and a half day consumption of flour and three days of sugar for the city (1 thousand tons of burnt flour and 900 tons of burnt sugar were then used by the food enterprises of the city; in the hungriest winter of 1941– In 1942, the land of the Badaevsky warehouses, into which burnt sugar was absorbed, was dug up and even traded at the Leningrad flea markets - the earth was filled with water, filtered, and muddy sweet water was boiled and drunk). However, having learned about the fire at the Badaev warehouses, Stalin told Zhukov: "Large food supplies have perished." Leningraders were sure, and they spoke openly about it, that the warehouses were set on fire: perhaps by stealing workers, perhaps - the Germans were near the city by the NKVD troops, and the installation was as follows - neither a kilogram of grain, nor a liter of gasoline should go to the enemy.
Municipal formation Gulkevichsky district
municipal budgetary educational institution
average comprehensive school № 12
With. Maikop Municipal Formation Gulkevichsky District
Classroom hour on the topic:
"900 days and nights..."
Prepared by:
classroom teacher
10 "A" class
Goleva Marina
Vasilevna
2016
Any weapon can be defeated
except for the spirit weapon.
Napoleon
Target: expand students' understanding of the Great Patriotic War, talk about the blockade of Leningrad; to cultivate a grateful attitude to the feat of the defenders of Leningrad, respect for the older generation; awaken sympathy for the people who suffered the tragedy of the blockade; encourage critical reflection on various interpretations of military events, instill a sense of patriotism and citizenship.
Class hour progress
"The Great Patriotic War" - this is how we call the war in which our people defeated fascism. It was a war for the right to live, for the right to breathe, for the right to be called human. Therefore, everyone rose up against fascism - not only soldiers, partisans, but also old people, women, children. At the front and in the rear, the whole world brought the Great Victory closer.
It is no coincidence that this war is called the "Great Patriotic War" among our people. For four terrible years, the whole country was united by one grief, one pain, one hope, one faith - faith in Victory. Millions of people gave their lives for their Fatherland, for their home. They died so that we could live, study, love, listen to music, watch movies, so that we would be proud of our history, our people, our country. It was a great spiritual feat of the whole people. And our duty is to keep the memory of this feat.
Metronome sound. More than half a century ago, the sound of this device eagerly caught the whole world on the radio. For 900 days and nights it sounded on the air like the pulse of a beating heart. Some listened to it as great and beautiful music. Others - as a sentence, as evidence of a crime against humanity. They listened carefully. We followed the rhythm. Can you tell me where the radio studio was located, which sent the beat of this metronome on the air around the clock? (In Leningrad.) What did this peaceful knocking tell everyone? (These sounds meant that Leningrad was alive, its heart was beating, the city was fighting.)
The blockade of Leningrad is a tragic and heroic page of the Great Patriotic War. For 900 days and nights there was a formidable battle for Leningrad. It was led by soldiers, partisans, residents of the city on the Neva. Not a single city, not a single fortress in the entire history of mankind has endured such a cruel test. But the Leningraders survived, they saved their great city, they defeated the Nazis by the power of their spirit. On January 27, 1944, a solemn salute thundered in the city on the Neva in commemoration of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the Nazi blockade. Now January 27 is the Day of Military Glory of Russia. Today's class hour is the hour of memory of the defenders of Leningrad.
The Great Patriotic War began on June 22. The fascist command expected 6-7 weeks in advance during lightning war seize the vast territory of our country - to the Ural Mountains. In the "Plan Barbarossa" the capture of Leningrad was seen as a priority before the subsequent attack on Moscow. According to Hitler, the crushing of Leningrad would mean the destruction of one of the symbols of the state, which was supposed to undermine the "spirit of the Slavic people." In the plans of the Nazi command, 3 weeks were allotted for the capture of Leningrad. Already in September, the Germans broke through to Leningrad. But they failed to capture the city, and they decided to starve it out. Hitler hoped that hunger, systematic artillery fire and aerial bombardment would break the resistance of the Leningraders. Hitler ordered the city to be razed to the ground and requests for surrender not to be accepted. “In this war being waged for the right to exist, we are not interested in preserving at least part of the population,” read the directive of the German command.
These dry lines of the Nazi directive were a real verdict to the inhabitants of Leningrad: the city and its inhabitants must be destroyed. The Germans calculated everything with German precision. They knew how many people were left in the city (however, their calculations turned out to be underestimated), what were the food supplies. They destroyed the largest food warehouses from the air. The Nazis deliberately refused to storm and began to wait for the hungry inhabitants of the city to "devour each other and Leningrad would fall at their feet like a ripe apple." But the Nazi strategists did not take into account something. The city held out for 900 days and nights.
There were 2 million 887 thousand people in the blockade ring. Among them are about 400 thousand children.
Unprecedented hardships and suffering awaited them. The most terrible was the blockade winter of 1941-1942. There were no food and fuel supplies, there was no electricity, and almost the entire city was plunged into darkness. The houses were not heated. Water had to be taken from the holes, the sewerage did not work. Food rations have steadily declined. In November 1941, the workers received 250 g of bread a day, all the rest - 125 g. Those famous "125 blockade grams with fire and blood in half." From this meager piece of bread, Leningraders made several crackers, which were distributed throughout the day.
In the suburbs, under enemy fire, Leningraders mined undigged potatoes and vegetables from under the snow. To dull the hunger pangs, people ate castor oil, petroleum jelly, glycerin, wood glue, hunted dogs, cats and birds. Severe hunger was exacerbated by the onset of severe cold, the almost complete lack of fuel and electricity. During the day, the Nazis shelled the city from long-range guns, at night they dropped incendiary and high-explosive bombs from aircraft. Residential buildings, orphanages, hospitals, factories, museums, theaters collapsed, women, old people, children died. Artillery shelling, which always began suddenly, caused great casualties among the population. Leningraders lived in constant nervous tension, shelling followed one after another. Sometimes people spent whole days in bomb shelters.
All this dramatically increased the death rate among the population of besieged Leningrad. Starvation was the main cause of death. Mortality has become so massive that the dead did not have time to bury. Thousands of unburied corpses lay in houses and on the streets. Many Leningraders kept diaries during the blockade. The whole world shuddered after reading the diary of the Leningrad schoolgirl Tanya Savicheva, in which this girl wrote down the exact dates of the death of her loved ones. Tanya was taken to mainland but they couldn't save the girl.
“During the 900 days of the unprecedented siege of Leningrad and during the occupation of its suburbs, the Nazi invaders and their accomplices perpetrated monstrous atrocities and atrocities against the civilian population. They dropped 107 thousand high-explosive and incendiary bombs from aircraft and fired 150 thousand heavy artillery shells at Leningrad. The Nazis killed and tortured 29,721 peaceful Soviet citizens, wounded 33,782 civilians, drove 48,751 Soviet citizens into German slavery. As a result of the blockade, 641,803 people died of starvation.”
But even in these inhuman conditions, the city lived and continued to fight. New fighters went to the front, Leningrad factories repaired military equipment, fired grenades, mines, shells, thousands of residents were on duty on the roofs every day, extinguishing incendiary bombs, dismantled rubble, rescued people from under the rubble of collapsed buildings. The example of the people of Leningrad once again proved that a successful rebuff to the enemy depends not only on the combat readiness of the army, but also on the participation of the whole people in the struggle.
Cut off from the mainland, the defenders of Leningrad did not fight alone. They were connected by inseparable threads with the country, with the whole people. The blockaded city knew that attention, love, faith, support of the Motherland were directed to it! Communication with the mainland passed through Lake Ladoga. It is not for nothing that this highway was called the Road of Life.
In 1942, underwater pipes for supplying oil products and an electric cable were laid across Ladoga, connecting the city with the power plants of Volkhovstroy. In the winter of 1942, food began to flow along the Ladoga ice road of life, and supply rates increased. On the same road, children, the wounded, the sick were transported to the mainland - about a million people were taken out of the besieged Leningrad. The Germans failed to break the stamina and will of the city's defenders to resist, to defeat them by starvation.
Leningrad not only survived, but also won. And he was the only one among major cities Europe, where conquerors have never entered in its entire history.
“This feat has no equal” - this can be said about every day of every resident of the city in those days. Losing relatives and friends, Leningraders maintained fortitude, selflessly endured hardships. Moral dystrophy, which the German command so hoped for when blocking the city, did not follow.
The living legend of Leningrad was the poetess Olga Berggolts - "the besieged muse of Leningrad." She constantly, even falling into a hungry swoon, spoke with her poems on the radio, instilled courage and faith in the souls of people.
I say, us citizens of Leningrad
The roar of cannonades will not shake.
And if there are barricades tomorrow,
We will not leave our barricades.
And women with fighters will stand side by side,
And the children will bring us cartridges,
And all of us should bloom
Ancient banners of Petrograd.
Hands squeezing a charred heart,
I make such a promise
I, a city dweller, the mother of a Red Army soldier,
Killed near Strelna in battle:
We will fight with selfless strength
We will overcome the rabid beasts
We will win, I swear to you, Russia,
On behalf of Russian mothers.
August, 1941
The feat of the musicians was the performance of Shostakovich's symphony in the besieged city. And the whole world heard this music on the radio. The feat of scientists and employees of the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing was the preservation of the varietal collection of seeds - in total more than 100 thousand samples from 118 countries. And these are tons of grain that people dying of hunger have preserved! Thousands of such examples of perseverance and fidelity to duty can be cited.
In 1943, Olga Bergholz said on the radio: “By subjecting the city to the most terrible hardships, the enemy hoped that he would awaken in us the basest, animal instincts. The enemy expected that starving, freezing, thirsty people would cling to each other's throats because of a piece of bread, because of a sip of water, they would hate each other, they would begin to grumble. If they stop working, they will eventually surrender the city. But we not only withstood all these tortures. We have strengthened morally. We defeated them, we won morally - we, besieged by them!
On January 12, 1943, the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, the Baltic Fleet began to carry out Operation Iskra - that was the name of the operation to break the blockade of Leningrad. On January 18, 1943, the blockade of Leningrad was broken. A corridor 8-11 km wide was formed, and Leningrad received a land connection with the country. What happened was what every Leningrader dreamed of, who bore the brunt of the blockade on his shoulders, which the whole country was waiting for. But the final release came only a year later.
The blockade continued for 900 days and nights. The Germans created powerful fortifications around Leningrad, which they called the “ring of steel”. To them, this defense seemed insurmountable.
In January 1944, the decisive battle for Leningrad began. On a way Soviet troops there were thick wire fences, solid minefields, high ramparts, several lines of pillboxes and bunkers. But nothing could stop our fighters who were striving to liberate Leningrad from the blockade.
On January 27, 1944, in honor of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the blockade, a solemn artillery salute from 324 guns thundered on the banks of the Neva.
In 1960, a monument was unveiled at the Piskarevsky Memorial Cemetery. On a high granite pedestal is a six-meter bronze figure of a woman with a branch of Glory, personifying the Motherland. Sadly solemn words are carved on the stone of the memorial wall-stele: "No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten."
What helped the Leningraders? How did they manage to survive and what did the fascist strategists not take into account? The answer to this question can be found in the "Blockade Book" - this is the name of the book of memoirs of Leningraders who survived the blockade. This book was created by famous Soviet writers A. Adamovich and D. Granin. The authors cite diaries, letters, stories of Leningraders who selflessly and modestly fulfilled their patriotic duty. We saw extraordinary examples of fortitude, examples of nobility, beauty, fulfillment of duty, but also - unheard of suffering, excruciating deprivation, death. Here are excerpts from the Blockade Book.
You need to understand what the word "work" means in besieged Leningrad. “Every movement was slow. Hands slowly raised, fingers moved slowly. Nobody ran, walked slowly, hardly raised their legs. And in this state, it was necessary to repair the guns, go up to the attic to put out the "lighters", clear the rubble. “In order to understand what it cost the Leningraders, it is necessary, first of all, to understand the extent and strength of the blockade famine, its extent not only in breadth, but also, as it were, deep into a person. It is necessary to understand how hunger affected a person’s behavior, what tests both the psyche, and the soul, and faith were subjected to, and not just a person in general, but a specific one, because everyone had their own, their own fight with hunger, and it proceeded differently . Only by comprehending hunger, imagining its strength, studying its scope, its effect, can one feel what the Leningraders have done. Without this, one cannot understand the true value of the courage of the defenders of the city. The Nazis tortured Leningrad, Leningraders with hunger. Mothers were tortured with pity for children and husbands dying before their eyes, and soldiers with pity for fading mothers, wives, children, hoping that Leningraders would falter and open the gates to the city.
What could be opposed to such torture?
“Pretty soon, many felt the saving power of partnership, tried to unite, to be together. They adapted rooms in the working rooms, put beds, adjusted heating, life. They crowded together, gathered in workshops, in departments, huddled together, looking for warmth, help. Yes, and it was easier to work that way, not to go from home and home on foot in bad weather. Naturally, the first to move to the barracks were the lonely and those whose families were evacuated. It was worse when the family lived in the city and it was impossible to leave the mother, wife, children alone.
“One of the blockade survivors formulated this miracle as follows: “Everyone had their own savior.” And indeed so. Not only in the sense that many survived only because at the most difficult moment someone picked someone up on the street, returned the lost card, shared the last one. There was also a more complex relationship.
People survived because they were kept on their feet by a feeling of love, duty, devotion - to a child, to a dear person, to their native city. Saved by saving. And even if they died, then on their own last trip someone was lifted. And they survived - so because someone needed them even more than themselves. Discover others, discover yourself better side. The blockade life, of course, also exposed the most secret, hidden human vices, which in ordinary peaceful life were often masked by beautiful speeches, assurances, the ability to please, to be the soul of society, and similar abilities. But the opposite also happened. Behind the silence, sullenness, harshness, impoliteness suddenly revealed such a willingness to help, such a force of tenderness, love, sympathy!
These passages from the Blockade Book allow us to imagine at least a little bit the horrors of the blockade. What is your impression of these facts? What do you know about the blockade?
(Students' statements)
Residents of many European capitals do not understand the stubbornness of Leningraders. Maybe it would be more humane to surrender the city to the Germans?
(Students' statements)
What did the German military leaders not take into account when they blockaded Leningrad? (They did not take into account the high culture and intelligence of Leningraders)
What is the feat of the Leningraders? (About a million Leningraders died in the blockade, but there was a moral, spiritual victory on the side of the defenders of the city. Intelligence, humanity turned out to be stronger than cruelty and inhumanity)
In the dirt, in the darkness, in hunger, in sadness,
Where death, like a shadow, dragged on the heels,
We were so happy
They breathed such stormy freedom,
That the grandchildren would envy us.
February diary.
January-February 1942
How can one explain the enigmatic words of Olga Berggolts?
“You can defeat any weapon, except for the weapon of the spirit,” said Napoleon. And this was proved once again by the defenders of Leningrad. For our people, the war of 1941-1945. was truly the Great Patriotic War. And the blockade of Leningrad showed that only the unity of the people, its spiritual fortress can lead to Victory. The children of the blockade, like everyone else whose childhood, youth, and health were taken away by the war, now need our help, respect, and gratitude. Don't forget about it.
Vladimir Putin came to St. Petersburg this week for the celebrations marking the 75th anniversary of the breaking of the blockade.
Tears freeze in the cold wind. Petersburg cries over memory. 75 years have passed since the breaking of the blockade, but for many there is nothing more important in life than that day.
900 days and nights of achievement. Leningrad. The greatest crime against humanity, and we simply do not have the right to forget about it.
In the harsh days of January, the President visits these graves every year. Piskarevsky cemetery - half a million Leningraders, a meeting place for their descendants. This time Yevgeny Shcherbakov is waiting for Vladimir Putin at the Motherland, his father fought along with the president's father on the Nevsky Piglet.
"Our fathers fought together. There are photos and documents", he says.
At one of the mass graves, the president lingers alone. His brother is buried here. In 1942, he was not yet two years old.
"For example, Viktor Vladimirovich Putin, see? He lived, lived: the embankment of the Obvodny Canal, the date of death is here, June 42nd. Buried at the Piskarevsky cemetery. This is the president's brother. And so anyone can find their relative
In the Prince Vladimir Cathedral, the surname native person can be found in a special computer. It was installed in that part of the temple, which in April 43rd suffered from an enemy raid. Easter was celebrated that day.
"It is written here: you tested us, O God, you melted us down, as silver is melted down. It's from the Bible. If you look at war as a punishment, then you need to constantly look only for enemies. And if for testing, that's all that the Lord sends to every person or family or country. If this is a test, then we must go through these tests as hardening, or something", - says the rector of the Prince Vladimir Cathedral, Archpriest Vladimir Sorokin.
They didn’t talk about it for a long time, but in the fall of 1941 people reached out to the churches. A legend went from mouth to mouth: the Metropolitan of the Lebanese mountains, Elijah, prayed for Russia. And he had a vision: the city would be saved.
The voice of the blockade is the sound of a metronome. The voice of the Leningrad victory is the ringing of bells. It seemed that the "godless five-year plan" had cleared the city of them. But the parishioners of one of the churches managed to save the bells: they were buried right in the courtyard. As soon as it became known that the ring squeezing the city was no more, the bells were dug out and returned to their place. Replacing each other, believers called for more than a day. Blagovest flew over the Neva as a symbol of the fact that the city survived. The city has survived. The city won.
Cold, bombed-out churches. Technical oil instead of frankincense. Prosphora were molded from their own bread rations. Wine was replaced with beetroot juice. The blockade service in itself is a test of the Almighty, but before that the clergy were purged by militant atheism.
Metropolitan Alexy (after the war he would become patriarch) was expelled from the city for four years. Archpriest Mikhail Slavnitsky lost his eldest son at the front. The daughter died of starvation and disease. However, he believed in the Fatherland to the last.
"His relatives found next to his bed, the bed of the deceased, this same icon with the medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" put there. That is, for him it was the most expensive item, with which he did not part until the last minute.", - says Olga Ivanovna Khodakovskaya, head of the archives of the St. Petersburg diocese and curator of the museum of the history of the St. Petersburg diocese.
"Road of Life", "Spark", "Nevsky Piglet" - operations that are included in textbooks on military history. Days and nights of blockade Soviet army did not abandon attempts to break through to Leningrad at any cost.
"We must use every occasion to remind of this in order to, so that we ourselves never forget about it, so that the whole world remembers it, and so that nothing like this will ever happen in the fate of our country, and in the world as a whole,", says Vladimir Putin.
Therefore, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the breaking of the blockade in Neva Dubrovka, the Frontier panorama was opened. Here, time stopped on January 13, 1943.
Putin will tell the participants of those battles about his impressions. Soldiers of the Leningrad and Volkholkhov fronts are the first guests of the panorama. And also young people who cannot even imagine this.
"Right here, in households, as they say, unfortunately, the remains of our soldiers are still being found. And what made a special impression on me now: with weapons in their hands, turned towards the enemy, they did not retreat anywhere, death caught them with weapons in their hands in battle, when they went forward, they attacked. It is precisely this attitude towards the Motherland, towards the Fatherland, that is in the nature of our people. And this is what we must fix for many, many years to come for all future generations. Because this, in fact, is what Russia has always stood on - on self-sacrifice, on love for the Fatherland, especially in difficult, difficult years of trials, if they fall to the lot of our country, and, unfortunately, there were such trials quite a few", Putin says.
As they say, one shell does not hit the same place twice, but here 4 air bombs fell on one square meter.
Four and a half thousand lives in 12 days. Staro-Panovo was wiped off the face of the earth along with the ancient church. The new one has a museum in the form of an army pillbox.
And the further those days, the more important it is to keep this memory. On the day the blockade is lifted, New film"Frontier". Nevsky Piglet today and in the 43rd. The hero will go into the past and learn a lot about the feat of his ancestors. Such films are an example of patriotism, Putin says, and veterans of that war add: the main thing is that the front-line roads were not passed in vain.
"After all, we have already despaired that we will have a good army, but now - joy. In Syria, we made a fuss. And we are all happy, because the population, the elderly have such a spirit, we are worried about Russia. Vladimir Vladimirovich, we love you, all veterans, honestly, we love you from the bottom of our hearts. For us, you are such a support that holds Russia. It's not just that we are being scolded in all directions, but we are now adequately defending our interests. And we're watching, we all know", - says the veteran of the Great Patriotic War Vyacheslav Panfilov.
"Thank you very much, Vyacheslav Vasilyevich. I also want to thank again the guys who made this panorama. I want to thank the filmmakers, directors, screenwriters, actors. We are doing the right thing, very necessary for the country and even for the whole world, without any doubt' Putin replied.
How many inhabitants Leningrad lost is still not known exactly, but this price was too high for something like this to ever happen again.