The hour of courage has struck on ours. Anna Akhmatova "Courage": analysis of the poem
There is probably no other nation in the world that has survived as many wars as the Russians had to experience. But despite this, we are free, our language is free. Thanks to the fact that our people showed courage in all the clashes and strife that took place in different periods Russian history, Russian is spoken by millions of people. It is to this very courage that the poem of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova, the great Russian poetess of the 20th century, who, together with the whole country, survived the greatest grief of that century, is dedicated.
The poem was written in 1942, just when the Great Patriotic War began. I think that everyone who reads this work cannot but embrace a sense of patriotism, pride in their homeland. In it, Anna Andreevna not only hopes that the people of our country will be able to protect her, she is sure of this, which she proves with the help of the verbs “save”, “carry”, “give”, “save”, thereby instilling this confidence in souls of all readers.
The poem sounds like an oath, it even ends with the word “forever”, which in meaning could be replaced by the verb “we swear”. In general, it is organized in one stanza, there are no microthemes in it, one thought can be traced throughout the content - a promise to preserve the Russian language, no matter what it costs us.
“It’s not scary to lie down under dead bullets, it’s not bitter to be homeless ..” - with these words, Akhmatova shows what sacrifices the people are ready to make in order to save our Russian speech.
The poetess writes in four-foot amphibrach, thanks to this size, the poem is not read quickly, while attention is focused on almost every word. This again emphasizes the significance of future events. Thus, the person who reads these lines is inspired, tuned in to fight. I think they actually served as good moral support for many people of a huge country in those difficult war years.
Akhmatova does not use too many figurative and expressive means, which makes the poem unusual, which indicates that it is written on a very serious topic. And yet, with the Russian language that Anna Andreevna so glorifies, it is impossible to express absolutely no feelings without emotions. Therefore, paths are highlighted in the text, thanks to which the author manages to show love for home country and everything connected with it, epithets play a special role in creating such an effect (“great Russian word"," free and clean ... "). Equally important is the use of personification (“courage will not leave”), metaphors (“the hour of courage has struck on our clocks”).
In several lines of the work, one of the stylistic figures- inversion (“what is now on the scales”, “courage will not leave us”). At the beginning of the poem there is a repetition of the words "now", "courage", which is usually used to draw our attention to certain, especially important points. For the same purpose, the author also uses an anaphora (“it’s not scary to lie dead under bullets, it’s not bitter to be homeless”). The last sentence is an exclamation, which, as it were, calls, encourages action.
The alliterative series of sounds [m], [n], [r] makes the poem, one might say, loud, with the help of this it sounds solemn, abrupt, a clear feeling is created that these inspiring words are addressed to the whole country, to each of its inhabitants.
Anna Akhmatova writes the first eight lines in cross-rhyming, alternating between feminine and masculine rhymes. The last two lines rhyme with each other using a masculine rhyme and sound like a conclusion, a conclusion. The poem ends with one capacious word - "forever".
This work of the greatest Russian poetess, I think, clearly contributed to the fact that the fighting spirit of our entire people rose during the war years. Anna Andreevna Akhmatova is a true patriot of our country, which she confirmed with her poem, her true love to native speech.
“The great Russian word,” she writes, showing us all the importance of our Russian language. We should all reflect and realize how important it is to preserve the value of these concepts in modern society just as our ancestors preserved it for us. We are obligated to carry it through the centuries, to pass it on to our descendants, to swear that we will “give it to our grandchildren and save it forever from captivity.”
Anna Akhmatova
M U F E S T V O
We know what's on the scales now
And what is happening now.
The hour of courage has struck on our clocks,
And courage will not leave us.
It's not scary to lie down under the bullets of the dead,
It's not bitter to be homeless,
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian Word.
We'll carry you free and clean
And we will give to our grandchildren and save from captivity
Forever.
My commentary.
Word.
Snowstorms sweep and the days of summer shine
Over this great beautiful land
The fields are growing, the gardens are blooming,
With the beauty of its wind in space in the spring -
Cities stand, full of majesty
On their eternal shores in domes.
Miraculous waves float from the heavenly latitudes
And speech is heard in human lips.
So the Word creates, filling the space
Love, kindness and earthly beauty.
But it can also destroy a strong brotherhood
Resentment and quarrel and even war.
But the Faith that fills deeds with life,
Keeps the souls of Russians along their shores.
The era of the fault in the overtaken May
Gives in fate a chance for everyone to go over bridges
service to the world and people and God,
Build your state with good,
Beggar and mercy open the door,
To be in the House a servant to the real people
And remember that speech is a river from the ocean,
Flowing into our dense world endlessly,
Brings light from the Lord into God's ages.
And the Word of God was spoken to them personally.
The poetess calls the Russian Word the language of RUSI-the entire Russian people: the central part, the northern, southern-outlying (Ukraine as the Poles called it), the Belarusian land, the Don region, Siberian ...
<< Наверное, в мире нет другого такого народа, который бы пережил столько же войн, сколько пришлось испытать русскому народу. Но, несмотря на это, мы свободны, свободен наш язык. Благодаря тому, что наши люди проявляли мужество во всех столкновениях и распрях, что происходили в разные периоды российской истории, на русском языке говорят миллионы людей. Именно,этому мужеству и посвящено стихотворение Анны Андреевны Ахматовой, великой русской поэтессе 20 века, вместе со всей страной пережившей самое большое горе того столетия.
The poem was written in 1942, just when the Great Patriotic War was going on. I think that everyone who reads this work cannot but embrace a sense of patriotism, pride in the Motherland. In it, Anna Andreevna not only hopes that the people of our country will be able to protect her, she is sure of this, which she proves with the help of the verbs “save”, “carry”, “give”, “save”, thereby instilling this confidence in souls of all readers.
The poem sounds like an oath, it even ends with the word “forever”, which in meaning could be replaced by the verb “we swear”. In general, it is organized in one stanza, there are no microthemes in it, one thought can be traced throughout the content - a promise to preserve the Russian language, no matter what it costs us. “It’s not scary to lie down under dead bullets, it’s not bitter to be homeless ..” - with these words Akhmatova shows what sacrifices the people are ready to make in order to save our Russian speech.>> From www/soshinenyalka.ru>>
If fascism had won then, not only the language of the Russian Slavs living on a vast territory would have disappeared, but the demon-beast and the entire Slavic race would have been exterminated, since he knew that they were the seventh branch of the ARIES, to which he referred only Germans. In fact, the opposite is true. The German language originated from Russian. Now there is a lot of information on the Internet. Unfortunately, the worm of nationalism is tenacious and it has already manifested itself with the coloring of Nazism in political leaders aspiring to the West, to the civilization where Nazism was born. It is a pity that in Germany there were people who began to support the Maidan coup through violence, calling it a "revolution".
The hour of courage has struck for the Ukrainian nation - to realize where it is going. It's time to understand Europe's attitude towards the Slavs, its dual democracy. The most negative manifestation of the nation now is that many are again fleeing to Europe for their "well-being". Who will save independent Ukraine??? Who will build a new state, which is crushed at the very beginning by the classes of oligarchs? The aggression of the nationalists is pouring from their infected egreger of the Ukrainian language (information field). There are many services in the USA, the purpose of which is to model negative thought-forms in the Ukrainian language. This is done by emigrants and their descendants. Actions are born from thoughts as a result of an infected consciousness (domestic crimes), violations of the laws of life (theft), from gluttony, road accidents and sexual disorders (homosexuality, etc.) It is precisely with the language of the southern Russian people, which has undergone a great mental infection, that psychological technologists work, the technologists of the hybrid war that the West discovered. That is why Russophobia intensified.
At present, an enemy (neo-fascism) has appeared in Ukraine, which in itself carries hatred for the Russians. But the worst thing is that when conscript soldiers die or mock the people of power (an example of the humiliation of the governor of Volyn), people stand silently and seem to approve. Or when the armored personnel carrier caught fire under the standing ovation. But the tank guy barely escaped .... What is this ???
This is a mental collective infection through obvious (media) and not obvious influences, the techniques of which are known to parapsychologists. And the branches of influence stretch from far beyond our continent.
And the sad thing is that these people themselves say in ordinary life almost everything is in Russian, i.e. in the common Russian language, which is understood by all peoples. During the time of Ukrainization (the president was *), the Russian language was persecuted. Then there were changes in the Constitution. and everyone in public places should speak only Ukrainian. Here are the results of the NEWS VAN voting on April 20, 2017.
But the presenters of the channel cannot yet understand that the main reason why Ukraine as a state is undergoing such social, economic and political cataclysms is the intervention of external forces FROM THE WEST. Where did the entire Black Sea Shipping Company float at the dawn of independent Ukraine? To the west. The entire environment appropriated the people's money, put it as the basis of capitalization or brought it there ... And then, under all the other presidents, plunder and "grabbing" continued. THE STATE CANNOT BE BUILT UPON THEFT, DECEPTION AND INDIFFERENCE TO THE FATE OF THE PEOPLE. Now all former politicians, now oppositionists in Ukraine and many others who speak in the media and those who left Ukraine, the disgraced Yanukovych, Pinchuk, Kolomoisky, Firtash and a number of others) WERE IN POWER and were participants or witnesses of the plunder.
POLITICS IS THE ART OF GOVERNING THE STATE. And in Ukraine there is an ongoing struggle for power. There are no political parties in the country. violations of the laws of life. No one has changed a single chairman during the entire existence of the party, financed by the oligarchs of Ukraine living here or abroad (Pinchuk, for example, influences local and foreign politicians) Timoshenko's ambitions, demonically inflated either by Europe or the United States with with the help of the freshest new political technologists, raises it to a new adventurism. It is impossible to resist not to comment on HER FORUM, broadcast in the media by those who are still moving it forward as their own to the front line, and even with the "People's Front" by uniting. There is no conscience, instead her impudence, betrayal of the people of Ukraine. Its corrupt essence is visible more and more. Read the comment in the review of this article.
Personalities sometimes come to my pages who want to argue with me. I have to convince and only in a kind way. But they write poetry in Russian. although they cover themselves with religiosity and prayers. The strongest defense against the forces of evil is spiritual. It is carried out by a person through the SPEAKING OF THE THOUGHT OF THE HEART, in which the desire for good, mercy, mercy sounds. This is a prayer of the heart. Spirit .... Pray all, believing people, for the life of Mankind and planet Earth. People have come to a fatal point and are facing a choice. Geo-cataclysms of the planet occur because of the negative mental field of humanity. We noticed, probably, where there is an outbreak of psychism, there is some kind of cataclysm.
Please read here the work "RINGING DNIPRO BRIDGE" This work was included in golden book"COAST OF LIFE-1". It is called "THE WAY TO THE COAST OF LIFE". The author calls the Sacred Single Continent people of the vast territory of the Earth from the Baltic Pacific Ocean, formerly known as the USSR. THE SACRED ONE MATERIN is, first of all, PEOPLE, united in their consciousness and worldview, who are inherent in the desire for justice state system, to peace, friendship, mutual understanding, justice.
I began to write the work as a poem in the early days of the coup d'état, calling it the menippea. But when people began to die en masse in cruelty, there was no time for irony. The tragedy of the people was clearly looming. Here is a link to a psychoanalytic novel
The poem "Oh, the Great Russian Word" was written while participating in the action in Odessa "I speak Russian" in 2005
"As the material of literature
language SLAVIC-RUSSIAN
undeniably superior
all European."
A.S. Pushkin
Oh Great Russian Word,
You decorate our Slavic land
Good, Grace of the Father's House -
You burn with the Truth without fading away.
You fly in the universe like a flame,
Rushing to your Continent.
Responding to Russian name,
You change the face of the planet.
You create man and the earth,
You lead them into the radiant dawn.
Descending from the cosmic stele,
You live as a giant in matter.
There is no barrier, the border of that power,
To extinguish so that the Word can,
For in the image of the dear Mother
All gray haze will dissolve.
And the saints who speak Russian
A crown is put on by Heaven.
The path is beautiful but very narrow.
The Father helps them pass.
They vigilantly stand above the planet,
Boiling speeches in their native places.
Words of honor, love and greetings
They do not stop in healing lips ...
O Great Russian Word,
Blessed shining sound!
You are the basis of earthly matter,
Miracle worker of divine hands.
Three years have passed since the bloody Maidan in Kyiv, the war of the Ukrainian government against the people of Donbass is still going on. The last decision of BP, which was taken today, i.e. January 18, says that the aggression of the authorities towards the Russian speakers (in the Donbass, in the south ...) has not decreased. They repelled their internal aggression, calling Russia the aggressor already officially. Only the opposition bloc of Yu. Boyko opposed when it came to maintaining relations with Russia in the sphere of trade. Aggression of the members of the Verkhovna Rada in relation to the Donbass, to Russia was demonstrated by all parties except the Opposition Bloc. Now it is quite clear who is who. The most ideologically harmful and dangerous party is the Popular Front, not even Svoboda. The name of the party "People's Front" corresponds to their policy - the front against the people. Their leaders are drawn to fascism... Read the article The essence of BP speaker Parubiy was revealed when he spoke with approval of Adolf Hitler's democracy.
Read it, there is about the "People's Front" - this is a reality from life. I saw and heard personally and actually turned to the district prosecutor, there was a response. And I am grateful. No one in Odessa from this party went either to the local council or to the Verkhovna Rada ....
All power headed by the president betrays Ukrainian people for the sake of the West. They do not want peace, but here they were sent to the ATO and weapons from the USA for free. That's all, "Slavic-Russian people fight among themselves with our weapons." Here is HE HOUR OF COURAGE of the Slavic peoples ....
<< Донбасс расколол Украину
"In fact, we see that the United States gave sanction to resolve the conflict in the south-east of Ukraine by force, and not by the method of political settlement."
"The law actually formed a new reality in the process of settlement in the south-east of Ukraine, destroyed the structure on which the dialogue was built in Minsk - However, it is clear that the chosen path is false and will significantly complicate the situation in Ukraine."
"Russia remains committed to the Minsk agreements, calls on Kyiv to return to fulfilling its obligations. There is no alternative to Minsk-2," the Russian envoy to the contact group stressed. Next: >>
Again I ask you to read the information - "The Ringing Bridge of the Dnipro" in the book "THE WAY TO THE SHORE OF LIFE" ",
received ... from a subtle plane during prayer. The goal, obviously, is the creation of a peaceful SACRED ONE MATERIAL, where a civilization of spiritual people is born on a new mental turn, speaking the language primordial from space, IN RUSSIAN. There is already a lot of scientific information about this. I I receive it in poetic form (which does not carry distortion with a pure physical form and spiritual mood) Therefore, the spiritual enemies of a person (demons) know where and how to drive a stake of separation Slavs-to Russians peoples ... They are planning a confrontation between East and West, between the Orthodox and Catholic religions, between Christianity and Islam, Buddhism, Judaism ... The level of religious consciousness must pass, restore a person, further spiritually improving in the knowledge of the Truth and in salvation through his Christ, who is from the Father in everyone, regardless of belonging to a particular religion and worldview. Humanity should not allow religious wars on Earth. This is the worst thing for him ...
No one should remain indifferent to what is happening in the countries of the former USSR, because over the 70 years of their joint friendly life, the peoples have accumulated a huge spiritual world with the creation of life, although there were many atheists.
Conscience, honesty and integrity are the best qualities of human nature.
The situation at this time is so serious that the peace could be broken by a world war. I want to note that the fate of millions of people in history always depends on individuals. This is where the ups and downs of the flourishing of civilizations lie, as well as the misfortunes and tragedies of mankind. Currently, there are leading clans in whose hands money is concentrated ($ billionaires), which are served by psychotechnologists who manage their capital. They do various experiments on humanity. And they are controlled by dark, demonic forces. People and demons live, unfortunately, nearby Therefore, each person must be able to protect himself from demonism and not fall under its influence. Unfortunately, Ukrainian youth at large Maidan concerts falls under the hypnosis of vocalists, through whom the listeners, spectators are zombified during the openness of their hearts. Vokarchuk differs in this, who at his concerts raises negative emotions in people. His songs bring sadness or suffering...
We all face a choice: how to live, where and with whom to go, what and how to do...
THE HOUR OF COURAGE HAS BREAKED ON OUR CLOCK.
"ON THE STATE STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE"
We know what's on the scales now
And what is happening now.
The hour of courage has struck on our clocks,
And courage will not leave us.
It's not scary to lie dead under the bullets,
It's not bitter to be homeless,
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word.
We will carry you free and clean,
And we will give to our grandchildren, and we will save from captivity
Forever.
Analysis of the poem "Courage" by Akhmatova
The fate of the poetess A. Akhmatova was very difficult. She became a participant and a direct witness to many turning points in Russian history. Akhmatova did not accept the revolution, but her love for her country did not allow her to become an emigrant. The Soviet government did not recognize the work of the poetess, her works were subjected to fierce criticism. Akhmatova's husband was shot on charges of high treason and "anti-Soviet", and her beloved son was exiled to Siberian camps. This finally turned the poetess away from the totalitarian regime.
The beginning of the Great Patriotic War significantly influenced the views of many people. Political convictions have faded into the background in the face of a mortal threat to Russia's very existence. Akhmatova did not remain aloof from the ongoing events. In the evacuation, she begins to work on the creation of the patriotic cycle "Winds of War", which includes the poem "Courage" (1941).
The work is dedicated to the human quality that was inherent in Akhmatova herself. Only courage allowed her to survive in unbearable conditions. The loss of the closest people was accompanied by acute loneliness and extreme poverty. The poetess literally survived, but continued to engage in creativity. Therefore, it is in courage that she sees the guarantee of the salvation of the Russian people.
The poem can be considered a direct appeal to creative people. Akhmatova emphasizes that physical deprivation and suffering are nothing compared to the loss cultural heritage. The Nazis understood the importance of national roots, so they sought to destroy and desecrate cultural property conquered peoples. Akhmatova declares that the loss of one's home and one's own life is not so important for the sake of preserving the highest heritage - "Russian speech" and "The Great Russian Word". Therefore, the shoulders of poets and writers have a huge duty to carefully preserve the Russian language in purity and integrity and pass it on to future generations.
The rich Russian culture should help the people survive in this deadly struggle. This has been proven time and time again in the past and will certainly be repeated in the future. Akhmatova believes that the greatness of a country is determined not by the level of its economic or political development, but by the presence of a special spiritual power. This strength, reinforced by the courage of people, is the powerful foundation of the people, which cannot be crushed.
"Courage" Anna Akhmatova
We know what's on the scales now
And what is happening now.
The hour of courage has struck on our clocks,
And courage will not leave us.It's not scary to lie dead under the bullets,
It's not bitter to be homeless,
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word.We will carry you free and clean,
And we will give to our grandchildren, and we will save from captivity
Forever.
Analysis of Akhmatova's poem "Courage"
The poetess Anna Akhmatova lived an amazingly bright life full of tragedy, ups and downs. She happened to catch a rhinestone for several eras, since one of the most odious and unpredictable representatives of Russian poetry was born 17 years before the revolution, she became a witness of Stalin's repressions, the Leningrad blockade and the restoration of the country after the Great Patriotic War. In 1941, while in evacuation, Anna Akhmatova began work on a poetic cycle called "The Wind of War", which included the poem "Courage". It should immediately be noted that the poetess has never been a supporter of Soviet power, quite openly expressing their monarchist views. However, the verses from The Wind of War are devoid of even the slightest hint of this.
The fact is that during this period the poetess rethought very many issues important to her and came to the conclusion that it was thanks to the Soviet regime that the unity of the Russian people took place, which was able to give a worthy rebuff to the Nazi invaders. No, Anna Akhmatova did not become an ideological communist. The arrest and execution of her husband, the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, as well as the Siberian exile of his son, accused of being anti-Soviet, were still too fresh in his memories. Therefore, the poem "Courage", full of patriotism, has nothing to do with Soviet power. And it should be considered not from a political, but from a civic position.
Having fully experienced the millstones of Stalinist repressions, during the war, Anna Akhmatova again felt needed and useful to her people. This was expressed in the fact that her poems, filled with faith in victory, at some point turned out to be in demand. In the past, there were strict censorship and all sorts of obstacles, thanks to which the poetess was deprived of the opportunity to convey her works to readers. And it was the war that radically changed this humiliating situation for Akhmatova.
However, the poetess remained true to herself, clearly distinguishing between such concepts as “people” and “power”. Therefore, in the poem "Courage", she refers to the destitute, hungry and tired people, who, nevertheless, did not break under the weight of the military burden. “The hour of courage has struck on our watch, and courage will not leave us,” the poetess claims, and this line is the key in this work, restrained, capacious and striking in its harsh beauty. For Akhmatova, being with her people means sharing a common destiny with them. Therefore, in the poem "Courage" she identifies herself with him and speaks on his behalf. The poetess notes that she, like thousands of other people, “is not afraid to lie dead under bullets” in order to preserve the “great Russian word”. This is where she sees her main task poet and citizen, native speaker of the Russian language, who is obliged to pass it on to future generations "free and pure". Thus, Anna Akhmatova in the poem "Courage" very clearly outlined her goal and role in historical process. Even then, the poetess understood that it would be much easier to restore the factories and factories destroyed by the bombing than to return to people the spiritual wealth squandered and actually trampled during the war. Therefore, poetry is one of the few means that can make people learn to feel beautiful again. However, in fairness, it should be noted that in her work, Akhmatova after the war never returned to the lyrics, thanks to which she became famous in the 20s of the last century. Her poems became sharper, with a pronounced social coloring and accusatory overtones addressed to those in power.
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova's poem "Courage" was written in 1942. It was the height of the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, St. Petersburg (then Leningrad), where the poetess spent most of his life, was under blockade. However, despite the difficult events, I wanted to believe in the best.
The main theme of the poem
The theme of the poem is the courage of the people in the struggle for survival, the preservation of their identity and culture. The author urges the people to fight and keep faith in the future Victory, cherish the Russian language and culture, and not be afraid of difficulties. And most importantly, Akhmatova believes that the Russian language must be given to future generations ("... And we will give it to our grandchildren, and save us from captivity").
The main images of the poem are the great Russian word, personifying all the richness of our culture, and courage - fearlessness before death and trials. Also here is the image of grandchildren - future generations who will live after the war. And who will also have to protect native language and culture.
The poetess is sincerely proud of the Russian language, saying that it is "the great Russian word." She believes that it is in the linguistic and cultural community that the unity and identity of the people is found.
It is important that the poetess addresses in the poem - by the way, to Russian speech. And she writes not only on her own behalf, but on behalf of the whole people, “we know”, “on our watch”, “will not leave us”, “we will carry”. She feels herself a part of both the people and their struggle.
Akhmatova understands that that war, contemporary to her, is of particular importance not only for people of the 40s. XX century, but also for the future of Russia and, possibly, humanity. According to the author, the life and freedom of both the Russian people and their cultural heritage depended on its outcome. This can be seen from the first lines: "We know what is now on the scales..."
Structural analysis of the poem
The work is small, but full of poetic means - epithets ("great Russian word", "free and pure"), synecdoche ("Russian word)", metaphor ("we will give to our grandchildren and save us from captivity"). They all give "Courage" emotional coloring, recalling the value of native speech and the need to protect it even in difficult circumstances.
The size of "Courage" is a three-foot amphibrach + an iambic foot, interspersed with a three-foot amphibrach - in the first two stanzas. The last stanza - two lines of a three-foot amphibrach and an incomplete line from a one-foot amphibrach - the word "forever" is written in a separate line.
The first two stanzas are characterized by an alternation of male and female rhymes, the rhyme is complete. The last stanza is two lines with full male rhymes, and the third is represented by the final word, which does not rhyme with anything, which draws the reader's attention to it. It is this, standing out from the rest, that "gives out" the main meaning of the whole work: to keep courage and protect the Russian language is necessary for the sake of the future, for the sake of the eternal.
The poem consists of three stanzas. It contains two quatrains and one three-line.
This is a classic sample of civil lyrics.
Conclusion
Anna Akhmatova wrote her "Courage" not only for her era and under its influence. At all times - "forever" - one should take care of the Russian language. It was this idea that the poetess wanted to convey to the reader.
And we must preserve it not only for ourselves, now living, but also for future generations. And not only in memory of the victims of the Great Patriotic War, but also of all generations of our ancestors. After all, the language was created not one or two centuries.
A people is alive as long as its culture is alive, as long as there are people for whom it is native. Let's appreciate this treasure - our culture!
- The displacement is called the vector connecting the start and end points of the trajectory The vector connecting the beginning and end of the path is called
- Trajectory, path length, displacement vector Vector connecting the initial position
- Calculating the area of a polygon from the coordinates of its vertices The area of a triangle from the coordinates of the vertices formula
- Acceptable Value Range (ODZ), theory, examples, solutions