Famous heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it! General from the Cossacks
Alexander Khristoforovich was born on June 23, 1783 in the family of a nobleman. He was educated at the Jesuit school of Abbé Nokol. In 1798 Benckendorff began military service in the rank of non-commissioned officer of the Semenovsky regiment. Already in December 1798 he became an aide-de-camp with the rank of ensign. In 1803-1804, he was a participant in military operations in the Caucasus under the leadership of Tsitsianov. For distinction in the battles for Ganja, as well as in battles with the Lezgins, he was awarded the fourth degree and the fourth degree.
left in many feats of the most different people. In the middle of the year there are both simple peasant partisans, soldiers, officers, and even Russian clergy. Now we will talk about the Russian priest Vasily Vasilkovsky.
Our hero was born in 1778. In 1804 he graduated from the theological seminary, became a priest and was sent to serve in the Elias Church in the city of Sumy. The life of a priest was not easy. His wife died, the father was left alone with his young son. In the summer of 1810, Vasilkovsky was appointed regimental shepherd of the 19th Jaeger Regiment. The head of the regiment, Colonel Zagorsky, could not get enough of the new priest, noted his excellent education. Vasilkovsky was strong in physics, mathematics, history, geography, knew several foreign languages. In general, he was a talented and versatile person.
K, Stepan Balabin already had considerable combat experience:from 1778, that is, from the year of his entry into the service, and to 1785fought with "non-peaceful" highlanders for the Kuban. Participated in militaryexpeditions, in the protection of the state border, which passed alonglines of Russian fortifications in the North Caucasus. Was well acquaintedwith a camping life.
Stepan Fedorovich took part in and received the rank of centurion for military distinctions. He distinguished himself in the battle on the Kinburn Spit, in which the Janissary troops were almost completely destroyed by the Suvorov troops. He courageously and courageously accepted the battle, participating in hand-to-hand combat.
Stepan Fedorovich took part in the battles for the Bendery fortress in the GZD year, one of the strongest strongholds of the Ottoman Port in the Northern Black Sea region. Then the Don Cossack received a saber wound in the shoulder, but remained in the regimental formation.
In 1790, he walked in a Cossack assault column already in the rank of centurion. Then he was shot in the leg. The Cossack officer was awarded the Golden Cross “For Ishmael”, which was given to those who distinguished themselves by command on the St. In the same year, Stepan Fedorovich received the rank of army lieutenant.
The baptism of fire for Mikhail Arseniev occurred in the wars against Napoleonic France. His regiment for valor received special standards "For Distinction" with a ribbon and the inscription "For the Capture of the Enemy Banner at Austerlitz." Then the cavalry guards distinguished themselves in attacks on the fields of Gutstadt and Friedland. The chief of the regiment was Tsesarevich (heir to the throne) Konstantin Pavlovich.
In August 1807, Mikhail Arseniev was granted the rank of colonel of the guard. His service went well, and in March 1812 he was appointed commander of the Life Guards of the Horse Regiment, with whom he joined. Regiment, in which there are four squadrons; 39 officers, 742 lower ranks, was part of the 1st Cuirassier Division of the 5th Infantry Corps.
The Life Guards Cavalry Regiment became one of the heroes of Borodin's day, being among those troops who courageously defended the center of the Russian position. When Emperor Napoleon finally decided to break the resistance of the enemy army at any cost, he ordered the entire mass of his cavalry to break through the center of its location. French and Saxon warriors began to deliver "ramming" blows.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky - famous,.
Nikolai Raevsky was born on September 14, 1771, in the city of Moscow. Nikolai was a sickly boy.
Raevsky was raised by his mother's parents, he spent a lot of time in their house. Here he was educated, knew perfectly well French.
Nikolai Raevsky began his service in the Russian army in 1786, at the age of 14, in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.
A year later, in 1787, the war with Turkey began. Raevsky sends to the theater of military operations as a volunteer. Nikolai was assigned to the active Russian army, to the Cossack detachment, under the command of Orlov.
At the time, Raevsky showed himself to be a brave and courageous warrior, participated in many difficult battles of that military campaign.
In 1792 he was granted the rank of colonel in the Russian army. For participation in the Russian-Polish war of 1792, Raevsky was awarded the fourth degree and the fourth degree.
Matvey Ivanovich Platov is a famous Russian military leader, a participant in many campaigns, one of the heroes.
He was born in 1751, in the village of Starocherkasskaya, in the family of a military foreman. Matvei Ivanovich received the usual elementary education and entered the military at the age of 13.
At the age of 19 he went to the first war in his life with Turkey. In battles with the Turks, he showed bravery and courage, for which he was promoted to captain of the Russian army, became the commander of the Cossack hundreds.
The war continued - new battles, new exploits, new successes. Platov became a military foreman, commanded a regiment. But he was still very young, he was just over 20 years old.
In 1774, Matvey Ivanovich became famous in the Russian army. His soldiers were surrounded by the Crimean Khan, accompanied by transport convoys.
Platov set up camp, erected fortifications, and managed to repulse several dashing attacks of the enemy. Reinforcements soon arrived. After this event, he was awarded a gold medal.
Ivan Ivanovich Dibich is famous, one of the heroes.
Unfortunately, few people know the name of Dibich today, although there is one very remarkable fact in the biography of this remarkable person.
Ivan Dibich is a full holder of the Order of St. George, and there are only four of them in Russian history - Paskevich and Dibich.
Ivan Ivanovich Dibich was the son of a Prussian army officer who entered the Russian service. Dibich was born in the spring of 1785 in Silesia, where he grew up.
Ivan Ivanovich was educated in Berlin cadet corps. During his studies, Dibich proved himself to be an outstanding personality.
In 1801, Dibich's father achieved serious success in the service in the Russian army, becoming a lieutenant general. At the same time, the father attaches his son to the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, in the rank of ensign.
Soon a series of wars broke out with Napoleonic France. Ivan Dibich received his first combat experience on the battlefields near Austerlitz.
It was lost, but the courage and stamina of the Russian soldiers and officers in this battle could only be envied.
There are many examples in Russian history when women, on an equal footing with men, defended Russia from the hordes of the enemy with weapons in their hands.
It will be about a simple Russian woman - Nadezhda Andreevna Durova, who devoted her life to serving the Motherland.
The name of Nadezhda Durova is also reflected in art. In the film "Hussar Ballad" there is a heroine Shura Azarova, who at the beginning went to fight the French. The image of Shura was written off from Durova.
Nadezhda Andreevna was born in 1783 in Kyiv. Her father, Andrei Durov, was an officer in the Russian army.
Mother Anastasia Alexandrovna was the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner. When she was 16, she unconsciously fell in love with Andrei and, without the permission of her parents, married an officer. Ivan Paskevich is a significant figure in Russian history. He was able to do with his sweat and blood glorious way from an unknown warrior to one of the most authoritative and important people in the Russian Empire.
Ivan Fedorovich was born in 1782, in a family of noble Belarusian and Ukrainian nobles who lived in Poltava. Ivan had four younger brothers, who, like him, later became famous and respected people.
The brothers should be grateful to their grandfather, who in 1793 took his grandchildren to the capital of the Russian Empire. Two brothers Stepan and Ivan were enrolled in the Corps of Pages.
Ivan Fedorovich becomes the emperor's personal page. Soon, having the rank of lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, he was promoted to the adjutant wing.
The first military campaign in which Paskevich participated was the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. He was an adjutant to the commanders-in-chief of the Russian army, changing like gloves.
He was the son of a court councilor who lived in the Tver Governorate. Born in 1780. And he always had an example to follow.
The future hero received military skills in the Artillery and Engineering Gentry Cadet Corps, and four of his brothers were trained there.
After graduation, Alexander Nikitich served in horse artillery, and participated in the wars with France and Turkey. In them, he showed himself as a brave warrior of the Russian Land.
He received his first baptism of fire in 1807 in battles with the armies of Napoleon. For the courage shown in the battle of Heilsberg, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir. In the same battle, he receives a bullet wound.
The war with Napoleon became nationwide for Russia - ordinary people helped to stop the army of the “little general” of the army. The confrontation with the French gave rise to many heroes whose names are still known.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration
This Russian commander Georgian origin was the author of one of the plans for defense against the Napoleonic troops. However, the emperor did not accept him, which almost caused the defeat of the Russian army. She was saved from this by the same Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, who united two fronts into one.
Rice. 1. Bagration.
Pyotr Ivanovich supported Kutuzov's plan for a general battle on the Borodino field and was mortally wounded in this battle. The commander was taken to his estate, where he died.
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly
By origin, this Russian commander was a Scot. He also took the initiative to repulse the French attack, and even before open war broke out. On his initiative, many fortresses were built, but the emperor did not accept the most important one - on the distribution of instructions by the commander in case of an attack.
When Napoleon invaded Russia, de Tolly commanded the western army and, having united with Bagration, did not allow the French to completely defeat the army. However, he was soon removed from the post of commander - he was replaced by Kutuzov.
After the battle of Borodino, he received the Order of St. George, and after the death of Kutuzov, he completed his work to defeat the French army - it was under his command that the Russian army entered Paris. Emperor Alexander rewarded him with a princely title.
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Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov
In 1812, when the Patriotic War began, he was in a tense relationship with the emperor, who decided not to trust him with the overall command. Instead, Kutuzov was put in charge of the people's militia in St. Petersburg, which he became famous for, because it was the actions of the partisans that to a large extent undermined not only the forces, but also the morale of the French.
It was he who decided to give the enemy a fight on the Borodino field and then another, much more difficult - to leave Moscow. It caused a lot of criticism, but in the end broke Napoleon and caused ferment in his army. He died in 1813, before the complete defeat of the Napoleonic army, but even then it was clear that this was not to be expected for long. Buried Kutuzov in St. Petersburg.
Rice. 2. Kutuzov.
There were other heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, known not only for their exploits, but also distinguished themselves in a different way.
Denis Davydov
It was he who proposed to Bagration the idea of forming partisan detachments and took upon himself the implementation of this initiative. On September 1, 1812, their first raid took place, and on November 4, they captured several French generals. For his exploits, he received the Order of St. George, and after his retirement he began to write poetry.
Nadezhda Andreevna Durova
The only female soldier in the Russian army, by the time the war began, she had already served for six years, since 1806. Durova met the year 1812 with the rank of second lieutenant of the Ulansky regiment and participated in many iconic battles of the Patriotic War, including Borodino, where she was wounded but survived. In September 1812, she became an orderly at Kutuzov's headquarters. She retired in 1816 and wrote memoirs of her service, especially the events of the War of 1812.
Russia will never forget the "day of Borodin", the heroes of the war of 1812 and their exploits. Battles and wars are won not by guns, but by people. The list of heroes of the war of 1812 is truly huge. For a long time, these people were for the Russians the same standard of courage, military resourcefulness and fidelity to duty, which then became the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. In addition, military experience forced some of them to draw rather unexpected conclusions of a civilian nature for themselves - the careers of many brave winners of Napoleon ended in the Nerchinsk mines ... short biography heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 will be told below.
Suvorov hardening
The victory over the unique (and there is nothing to belittle a truly worthy enemy!) Napoleon's army would not have been possible if the Russian officers of 1812 had not received sufficient combat experience before that. Many of them were recruited under the guidance of the legendary A. V. Suvorov. So, M. I. Kutuzov was the right hand of the great commander during the legendary assault on Izmail. He, in the company of M. B. Barclay de Tolly, participated in the assault on Ochakovo and the capture of Akkerman. P. I. Bagration moved up the career ladder thanks to the personal support of Suvorov. And even D.V. Davydov, the “flying hussar”, was blessed by the generalissimo for military service - having visited the Davydov estate, Suvorov predicted Denis military career, although he was small in stature and not of a heroic build.
"Barclay, winter or Russian god"
This poetic stanza quite accurately reflects the unfair attitude towards M. B. Barclay de Tolly in Russian society for a long time. His role in the war was considered approximately on a par with the role of the "Russian god", that is, it seems to be, but it seems not.
This can be explained by the influence of the then nationalists, for whom he was primarily a "German". Contemporaries condemned the commander for constant retreats, willingly and indiscriminately taking the side of the hot P. Bagration and glorifying the military genius of M. Kutuzov. At the same time, few people noticed that Kutuzov calmly continued Barclay's tactics, not only retreating, but also giving Moscow to the enemy.
Commander-in-chief of the beginning
M. B. Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) came from Hanseatic Germans, his ancestry went back to the Scottish nobility. Nevertheless, in Russia he was considered a man of dubious origin. Having started service (real!) At the age of 15, he reached the rank of colonel 20 years later. The officer had to fight with the Turks, as well as against Kosciuszko. In the last pre-war years, he served as governor of Finland, and in early 1812 he became Minister of War. In this post, he tried to implement a series of reforms designed to improve discipline in the army and improve its leadership. The measures taken played a role during the war. In 1807, he first described to the Tsar a hypothetical (at that time) scorched earth tactic, which he considered appropriate in the event of a war with Napoleon and which was successfully used in the war with him.
When the French crossed the border, Barclay was the commander of the First (Western) Army in Lithuania. He did not want to stick to the original (little real) plan of warfare developed by General Ful, and began a fighting retreat. This was later blamed on him - the army wanted to give battle to the enemy and did not really think about how this battle would end (it would end badly, because that was Napoleon's desire - in a general battle to immediately defeat the Russians, whom he outnumbered, equipped and experience). But the retreating Barclay "burned the ground", exhausted the enemy with numerous fights, avoiding a pitched battle. And saved the army. Then Kutuzov did the same when he took command at the end of August. That's just his reasoning about the fact that the loss of Moscow is not the loss of Russia and it is more important to keep the army, the descendants considered it a sign of genius, and Barclay's similar reasoning was cowardice.
It was Barclay who, at the council in Fili, most decisively spoke out in favor of leaving the first capital, although the final decision belonged to Kutuzov.
Field Marshal with a bad temper
The biography of the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1745-1813), is also not so unambiguous. This man had vast military experience, participated in three Russian-Turkish wars, he was highly appreciated by A. V. Suvorov. Just before the start of the Patriotic War, in 1812, he completed a successful campaign against the Turks in Moldavia. He had many well-deserved awards, including a complete set of St. George's crosses (at that time - a huge rarity, although Barclay had the same set). Among the soldiers and officers, who were determined to wage a decisive war, Kutuzov was very popular.
At the same time, he was condemned for frank servility to the monarchs and their favorites, for promiscuity in personal relationships. Kutuzov also knew sensitive defeats (in particular, he was a participant in the battle of Austerlitz in 1805, which is considered the pinnacle of the military achievements of the French emperor). Tsar Alexander I did not like Kutuzov, and in August 1812 he was appointed commander-in-chief only under pressure from the "public".
But the fact that the hero of the war of 1812, Kutuzov, from whom they expected a general battle and a massive offensive against the French, continued without hesitation Barclay's retreat tactics, saving the army, should be considered a genuine manifestation of genius. He decided to retreat even after the Battle of Borodino, which ended, strictly speaking, "in a draw."
The feat of the commander is not to rush at the enemy with a cry of "hurrah", but to organize the matter in such a way that the soldiers and lower officers do this not in vain.
Behind - Tula
After all, what, in fact, made Napoleon direct the main blow to Moscow, and not to St. Petersburg, which was both the capital and closer? Not at all some sentimental considerations in which he did not understand much. The emperor was a pragmatist - transport routes converged in the first capital, which could deliver reinforcements from the depths of Russia. And most importantly - a stone's throw from her was Tula, the main arsenal of Russia! The fall of this city could indeed be fatal.
But the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Kutuzov did not give Tulu to the emperor. He gave Moscow away, leaving in it (according to Barclay's clever idea) nothing really valuable for the war. And while the French emperor was waiting for the “keys of the old Kremlin”, Kutuzov used the Tula potential for his needs, received reinforcements, equipped the saved army, misled the enemy about his plans with the cunning Tarutinsky maneuver ... He now had everything he needed for a successful offensive, and Napoleon had no supplies, no reinforcements ... So the Russian campaign of the brilliant Frenchman, who had already beaten a Russian field marshal with a bad character, but who could not cope with the Russians in his homeland, ended ingloriously.
Later, Napoleon said that the Russian campaign was his only, but fatal mistake. But Kutuzov did not live to see the final defeat of the Napoleonic troops. He died on a campaign and bequeathed to take his body to his homeland, and to bury his heart in the town of Holbau - on the way of the passing army ...
War party leader
Was included in the list of heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 and P. I. Bagration (1765-1812). He was among those who most zealously defended the idea of an offensive and active opposition to the enemy. A distant relative of the Georgian kings, this general began military service as a private. P. I. Bagration participated in military operations in the Caucasus, the wars with Turkey, the Italian and Swiss Suvorov campaigns, the war with Sweden. At the beginning of the war, he commanded the 2nd Western Army stationed in Podolia.
Being a supporter of active actions, Bagration, nevertheless, in the first days of the war, withdrew his army with battles. His successful defense significantly slowed down the advance of the enemy. The battle near Saltanovka turned out to be especially productive. Further, the general joined forces with Barclay near Smolensk. Napoleon expected that the battle for this city would be the general battle he needed so much, but this did not happen. Two generals (who could not stand each other) in again proved that all unwanted guests of Russia were destined to die near Smolensk, but Napoleon did not take the city, but occupied it - Bagration agreed to another retreat in order to save the army.
Star hour and last fight general became battle of Borodino, where he was entrusted with the defense of fortifications on the heights of the left flank (the so-called Bagration flushes). The troops never surrendered to the enemy, but the commander himself was seriously wounded and died of gangrene a few days later.
A squadron of flying hussars
The war of 1812 is rightfully considered the era of the emergence of a scientifically organized partisan movement. Its difference from past cases is that now partisan detachments were created not spontaneously, but purposefully, they received tasks from the army command, support, and supplies. The predecessor of Kovpak and Medvedev was Denis Vasilyevich Davydov (1784-1839).
We can safely say that he had a Napoleonic complex - Davydov was small in stature, frail in build and had an unsightly appearance. But he decided to prove that all this does not interfere with being a hero, and became one. There is a legend that in November 1806, Field Marshal Kamensky lost his mind after the hussar Davydov broke into his room at night, demanding to be sent to the front. And he achieved his goal by becoming an adjutant to P.I. Bagration.
He created his partisan detachment a few days before the battle of Borodino (by the way, Borodino was Davydov's family estate, and the dashing hussar suffered significant losses due to the destruction of both the village and the estate). During September - December 1812, the "flying hussars" in collaboration with other detachments (both army and peasant) captured several dozen carts, a lot of military property and fodder, thousands of prisoners (only on November 3 they took three generals and 900 Frenchmen with a lower rank) , liberated Belynichi and Grodno. Until the end of his days, Davydov regretted that he did not have enough strength to capture Napoleon himself, although he somehow encountered the imperial dormez.
Then he happened to participate in the "battle of the peoples" near Leipzig, in the wars in Persia and the Caucasus, in battles with the Polish rebels of 1830. The hero of the war of 1812, Davydov, never enjoyed special favor with his superiors, he was known as a freethinker and impudent, he was the author of many satirical poems directed against the most respectable persons, a member of the Arzamas literary circle (Pushkin began with him), a friend of such "sovereign traitors", like Odoevsky, Kuchelbecker, Bestuzhev.
Hussar bard
With every right, D. V. Davydov can also be considered the initiator of the Russian bard movement. As a poet, he did not reach the level of Pushkin (although his friends were two whole representatives of this family, Vasily Lvovich and Alexander Sergeevich, uncle and nephew), but he was known as the author of poetic epigrams, romantic and drinking ballads and poems, which he himself performed with guitar. He also wrote a lot of prose, mostly memoirs of the guerrilla war.
Acquaintance with Davydov was proud of such pillars of literature as Zagoskin, Griboedov, Zhukovsky and Walter Scott. Pushkin also belonged to the number of his admirers.
General from the Cossacks
Similar in character to Davydov was M. I. Platov (1753-1818), the chieftain of the Don Cossacks, the founder of the city of Novocherkassk, a participant in all wars at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Near Borodino, the Platov Cossacks managed to save the flanks Russian army and did not allow the enemy to bypass it, and for the entire campaign they managed to capture 548 guns from the enemy, which is approximately equal to the forces of French artillery in the Battle of Borodino.
Platov also participated in the foreign campaign, the battles near Leipzig and Dresden. It is believed that it was his Cossacks who enriched the French language with the word "bistro", requiring the Parisian garcons to pour them "quickly".
Raevsky battery
But General N. N. Raevsky (1771-1829), although he was Davydov's cousin, did not look like him at all. He was an exemplary soldier, a representative of an ancient noble family, who believed in "faith, king and fatherland." He served in the guards, fought under the command of Potemkin, participated in the battles in the Caucasus. At the initial stage of World War II, Raevsky's corps turned out to be the main force in the battle of Saltanovka.
And on the Borodino field, the “Raevsky battery” turned out to be the most famous position. It was very beneficial for artillery. The French were determined to capture it. In the end they succeeded. But before that, the battery managed to become the "grave of the French cavalry."
What was it like for a law-abiding general when three Decembrists suddenly appeared in his family - a brother and two sons-in-law, and daughter Maria became one of 12 women who went to Siberia for their Decembrist husbands! By the way, Raevsky, who forcibly married his daughter to his comrade-in-arms, General S. G. Volkonsky (the groom was 20 years older than the bride, and she actually did not know him), was then categorically against her trip to Siberia!
Monuments to the heroes of the war of 1812
The war of 1812 received a high moral assessment when it had not yet been completed - for a long time Christmas (coinciding with the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia) was revered in the state as a kind of Victory Day. How many people know which temple is dedicated to the heroes of the war of 1812? In memory of its heroes, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built in Moscow. In St. Petersburg there is Alexander Square with a column. The monument to Kutuzov and Barclay was erected in the same place. There were memorials in Smolensk, a large complex was built near Borodino. In Nizhny Novgorod, there is now a monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia", which is decorated with the figures of many heroes of 1812.
But there is also a more original memory. So, near Alushta there is a monument to Kutuzov - the Kutuzovsky fountain, which is just a spring. According to legend, its water was used in 1774 to provide first aid to Colonel Kutuzov, who was wounded in the head in a fight with the Turks. And the capital's Kutuzovsky Prospekt, with its super-active traffic and eternal traffic jams, is one of the most famous streets in the world.
The Second Patriotic War erected a monument to Bagration - the operation to liberate Belarus from the Nazis was named after the general.
As already mentioned, the word "bistro" can be considered a French monument to Ataman Platov.
And near Borodino there is a monument to ... the French. It was put by Russia, agreeing (and rightly!) with the opinion of Napoleon that in 1812 the French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians - worthy of remaining invincible. So all of them are heroes of the war of 1812, and their exploits will forever remain on the pages of history ...
Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. There are many of these heroes, we will talk about some of them briefly.
The Russian army's victory created a wonderful constellation of the names of its participants - outstanding generals and privates. The gallery of heroism, courage and courage is the military glory of Russia and begins with the Emperor Alexander I.
Alexander I the Blessed (1777 - 1825)
The years of his reign are a difficult period in European politics, when Russia had to maneuver between the powerful Great Britain and France, striving for world domination.
Participating in the anti-French coalition of 1805-1807 allowed Russia to become one of the decisive players in European politics. After these events, the Russian empire turned from a regional country into a serious adversary.
The events of the Patriotic War of 1812 fully confirmed the strength of the Russians, and Emperor Alexander I personified the prestige of the country, unprecedented to this day.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813)
Sometimes even now, as in life, one can hear skeptical statements that Kutuzov was not the most outstanding strategist and tactician, they were better, smarter, smarter.
These critics of the actions of Mikhail Illarionovich forget that it was his figure of a military leader that personified the national self-consciousness in the troops. The officers and soldiers in the difficult hour of trials needed the Russian commander in chief and the merit of Emperor Alexander, that he was able to catch this patriotic impulse not only in the troops, but also in society, and appointed Kutuzov to command the Russian army.
Under his command, the Russian army was able to defeat the hitherto invincible army of Napoleon. He was the first full knight of the Order of St. George.
Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich (1761 -1818)
By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly had been in military service for more than 30 years and was considered a competent and courageous commander. He distinguished himself in several major military companies.
Michael Barclay de Tolly photo
At the beginning of 1812, he served as Minister of War, and with the outbreak of hostilities, he was at the head of the 1st Western Army. At the same time, the 2nd Western Army was transferred to his submission. Despite the military-literate actions of Barclay de Tolly during the retreat of the Russian army, the military, like the whole society as a whole, were dissatisfied with him as commander in chief.
Barclay was removed from general command, only one army remained under his command. During the Battle of Borodino, Mikhail Bogdanovich ruled with great skill and personal courage the right wing and the center of the Russian army. He was a full knight of the Order of St. George.
Nadezhda Andreevna Durova (1783-1866)
This little woman defended her Motherland. Back in 1806, she ran away from home and changed into a Cossack uniform. In the city of Grodno, she was assigned to a cavalry regiment. Serving Nadezhda was difficult, but she enjoyed it. Later, she wrote a letter to her father, asking him to forgive her. The uncle told one general about the nephew, and soon Emperor Alexander 1 himself found out about the brave girl.
At a meeting with Durova, the emperor handed her George Cross with admiration. It was in December 1807. In the Patriotic War of 1812, Nadezhda Andreevna participated in many battles, both near Smolensk and on the Borodino field. She was wounded, but remained in the ranks.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1765-1812)
Hereditary military man from the family of Georgian princes. Field Marshal Suvorov's favorite, distinguished himself in his European campaigns. A general who never lost a single battle.
Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration photo
He was distinguished by great courage and often showed heroism at critical moments of the battle - he personally led the attack, for which he received a very honorable nickname "The Lion of the Russian Army." He was respected by the common people for supporting the partisan movement.
During Borodino, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army and in this sector all French attacks were repulsed. The general himself was mortally wounded on the battlefield, but did not leave the position until it became clear that the Russian army had won.
Alexei Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861)
A talented general, a brave and strong-willed man, one of the most talented military leaders. Alexey Petrovich was the chief of staff of the 1st Western Army and was the organizer of the defense of Smolensk.
Alex Ermolov photo
He proved himself in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, preventing Napoleon from approaching the grain regions. By right he deserves to be a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Tormasov Alexander Petrovich (1752-1819)
Despite the fact that he served in the main military companies as an adjutant, he was a courageous and intelligent commander. This allowed him to prove himself excellently and successfully advance in the service.
Tormasov Alexander Petrovich photo
By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the Russian army in the Caucasus, but was appointed commander-in-chief of the 3rd Observation Army, which won the first significant victory in this company - captured the Saxon brigade of General Kleingel and at the same time successfully repelled the onslaught of two Napoleonic corps. Tormasov was the only one who received the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called for the Patriotic War of 1812.
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State University of Maritime and river fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarova
Faculty of Economics and Finance
department national history, political science and history
Abstract on the topic:" Heroes of the War of 1812"
St. Petersburg 2014.
Introduction
1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov
2. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly
3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich
4. Denis Vasilyevich Davydov
5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova
6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev
7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The Patriotic War of 1812 is a memorable, great event in the history of our country. Courage, valor, courage and love for the fatherland were clearly manifested in its course.
In 1811, Napoleon informed his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbé de Pradt, that: "In five years I will be the ruler of the whole world. Only Russia remains, I will crush it ..."
Napoleon's invasion was a great misfortune for Russia. Many cities were turned to dust and ashes.
Kutuzov M.I., who combined the remarkable features of the Russian spirit, did not accidentally find himself in the center of events. Nominated by the people, society, that year he became, in essence, a national leader.
But the expulsion of the French from Russia did not mean that the fight against Napoleon was over. He still kept almost all of Europe under his control and conceived the dominant plans. Russia, in order to ensure its security, continued hostilities and led the movement for the liberation of the European peoples from French rule. The victory in the Patriotic War was of no small importance, laying the foundation for the liberation of the peoples of Central and Western Europe.
In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people, together with other peoples of Russia, defended their statehood and independence. It was one of the significant upsurges of patriotic feelings of all segments of the country's population - peasants, soldiers, and townspeople. The fight against Napoleonic aggression caused the growth of national consciousness, gave impetus to the development of Russian culture.
1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov
Family and clan
Mikhail Kutuzov was born on September 16 (September 5 according to the old style), 1745, in St. Petersburg. The noble family of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs traces its origins to the combatant of Alexander Nevsky, Gabriel Oleksich, who defeated the Swedish commander Birger Jarl in the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The great-great-grandson of Gabriel Fedor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha ("Kutuz") and the nephew of Fyodor Alexandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananievich, had the nickname "Topper Leg" for his height, and the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs went from him.
Mikhail's mother, Anna Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of a landowner from Opochetsk, Pskov and guides, a retired captain of the Narva garrison regiment, died when her son was still very young. He was raised by his grandmother and later by his father.
Kutuzov's father, Illarion Matveyevich (1717-1784), military engineer, lieutenant general and senator. Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzov began military service under Peter the Great and served for at least thirty years in the engineering troops. For his mind and abilities he was called "a reasonable book." Under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, he drew up a project for the construction of the Ekaterininsky Canal (Griboedov Canal) to eliminate the deadly consequences of the floods of the Neva River. The construction of this canal was carried out under the Empress Catherine the Great, and I.M. Kutuzov was presented golden snuffbox studded with diamonds. He was personally known to Catherine already at the beginning of her reign.
February 3, 1765 received the Order of St. Anna 1st degree. Then he participated in the Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the command of Count Rumyantsev, and was considered "very knowledgeable, not only in military affairs, but also in civil affairs." kutuzov war french
At the beginning of 1744, Larion Matveyevich was sent to Stockholm.
This time, the baron was to take the post of Russian resident minister at the Swedish royal court, that is, to become an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. New Ambassador and his adjutant went to Stockholm not by ship, but by a detour through Konigsberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Copenhagen. The journey took almost a year, and during this time Larion Matveyevich learned and saw a lot. During his stay in Stockholm, Larion Matveevich received a letter in which his wife, Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, announced that they had a son named Mikhail. Returning home, Larion Matveyevich was greeted by joyful household members and, seeing his first-born, Mishenka, for the first time, took in his arms
Personal lifeM.I.Kutuzov
Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk Volost, Loknyansky District, Pskov Region.
The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov and sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander in chief in the fight against the Polish confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, friend of A. Suvorov).
April 27, 1778 Kutuzov married Ekaterina Ilinichnaya Bibikova. They had six children in a happy marriage. The son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy, and was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);
Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);
Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);
Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);
Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).
Elizabeth's first husband died fighting under the leadership of Kutuzov, Catherine's first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal had no offspring in the male line, the name Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P.M. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.
Kutuzov also related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.
Kutuzov's father showed a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son.
From childhood, Kutuzov was a capable boy, combining curiosity, resourcefulness and playfulness with thoughtfulness and good heart. Already at such a young age of twelve, he entered the artillery and engineering school. There he attended lectures by M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher.
Military service
Two years after graduation, on January 1, 1761, he received the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his personal request, was sent as a company commander to Astrakhan infantry regiment A.V. Suvorov. A year later, under the patronage of Empress Catherine, who knew I.M. Kutuzov, Peter III appointed Mikhail as an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Reval, Prince Holstein-Bergsky. In August 1762 M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to captain. In 1764, when visiting Reval, the Empress invited him to distinguish himself on the field of honor in Poland, where the future commander received a baptism of fire in battles against Prince Radziwill. Then he again served in Reval, participated in the drafting of a new legislative code, working in the justice subcommittee, and fought with the Polish confederates. Since 1770, Kutuzov has been fighting the Turks as part of the army of P.A. Rumyantsev. In 1772, the commander found out that Mikhail was mimicking him at officer feasts, got angry and transferred the merry fellow to the Crimean army of V.M. Dolgorukov. After this incident, the young officer became secretive and distrustful.
In July 1774, after the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kaiyardzhy peace, Devlet Giray landed with Turkish troops in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into the Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in the battle near the village of Shumas, north of Alushta, a three thousandth Russian detachment defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing force. On July 24, during the pursuit of the Turks, Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which "squinted", but his vision was preserved. After being cured, he again serves in the Crimea under the command of L.V. Suvorov, at the request of which on June 28, 1777 he was promoted to colonel. For participation in the suppression of uprisings Crimean Tatars in 1782 he was promoted to brigadier, and in 1784 to major general. Since 1787, the general has been participating in the second Russian-Turkish war as part of the Yekaterinoslav army of Prince G.A. Potemkin. In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where on August 18, 1788 he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet went almost through the old channel. In 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail, personally led by him the 6th column attacking the walls three times, finally broke into the fortress and defeated the garrison. Then he was appointed commandant of the captured fortress. In 1792, Kutuzov again fought with the Poles, and the following year, for his devoted service, he received an estate in the Volyn province with 2,667 souls of peasants and the post of governor-general of Kazan and Vyatka.
Catherine II highly appreciated the diplomatic abilities of the general, appointing him Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Constantinople. The newly minted diplomat successfully coped with his difficult duties, strengthening Russia's influence in Turkey and actively counteracting the intrigues of the emissaries of the French revolutionary government at the Sultan's court. Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1794, he became close to the favorite of the Empress, Count P.A. Zubov, and in early 1795 he was appointed commander of the troops and fleet on the Swedish border. Kutuzov became an experienced courtier, he was favored by both Catherine II and Paul I.
Kutuzov in 1797 was again sent to fight French diplomacy, but now as an extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) at the Prussian court. In December, he was appointed inspector of troops in Finland and chief of the Ryazan Musketeer Regiment, which from April 2, 1798 became known as the Musketeer General of Infantry Golenishchev-Kutuzov Regiment (this title was awarded to Kutuzov on January 4 of the same year). In 1799, he was appointed commander of the Russian troops in Holland, but due to the break in Russia's alliance with Austria and England, he returned to St. governor. On September 8, 1800, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the highest award. Russian Empire. At the end of the reign of Paul I, Kutuzov temporarily acted as governor of St. Petersburg, replacing the absent Count Palen.
Alexander I approved him in this position on June 17, 1801, but fired him a year later. Then Kutuzov lived in his estate Goroshki, Volyn province, doing housework. The commander began to be needed by the emperor, who was aggressive towards him, only in March 1805 during the war with France. Thanks to his command, it was still possible to save the Russian army, which found itself alone in the face of exceeding enemy forces after the defeat of the Austrians near Ulm, but after the union of the allied forces, he was actually removed from the leadership by Alexander I and therefore did not consider himself guilty for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops at Austerlitz.
In October 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv, and in 1807. went to war with Turkey as assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Danube army. Due to the intrigues of his boss, Field Marshal A.A. Prozorovsky, Kutuzov was obliged in 1809 to take up the post of Lithuanian military governor again. But it was difficult to do without a competent commander and diplomat, and in 1811 Kutuzov became commander-in-chief of the Danube army. In June, he finally defeated the Turks under the fortress of Ruschuk, repeating his success in early October and surrounding the Turkish army.
On October 29, he was granted the title of count. Kutuzov consolidated his military successes with the help of diplomacy, concluding on May 28, 1812, a much-needed peace treaty for Russia on the eve of the war with Napoleon.
Patriotic War of 1812
The Patriotic War of 1812 met Kutuzov in St. Petersburg idle. When, while the Russian armies in the west were led by Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militias. Only after the surrender of Smolensk to the French, Alexander I was forced to meet the demands of the public and the troops and appoint Mikhail Illarionovich commander-in-chief of the two armies, which by this time had united.
Enthusiastically greeted by the population along the way, Kutuzov arrived at the troops on August 17. Disagreeing with the proposal to immediately give the French a general battle, he led the army back for several more days and on the 22nd stopped at the village of Borodino, where preparations for the battle began. In the morning at dawn on August 26, the Russian army met with the army of Napoleon. Having lined up his troops in a deep battle formation, Kutuzov, with a sharp maneuver of forces and means, stopped all Napoleon's attempts to achieve a decisive advantage, he himself successfully counterattacked. at the cost huge losses the French managed to push the Russians on the left flank and in the center, but, recognizing the futility of further actions. By evening, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions. The Russian army lost 44 thousand people in this battle, the French lost about 40. Kutuzov not only destroyed Napoleon's dream of winning the war in one battle, but also retained an impeccable combat-ready, morally strong army.
Implementing a strategically advantageous plan of warfare, Kutuzov gave Moscow to the enemy on September 2, but already at that time the replenishment of the Russian army with reserves began, and partisan struggle unfolded behind enemy lines. Covertly maneuvering towards the village of Tarutino, Kutuzov blocked the French way to the south, where they could provide themselves with food and fodder. Realizing that a critical situation had befallen them, Napoleon sent an adjutant to Kutuzov with a proposal for peace negotiations, but he replied that the war was just beginning.
Leaving Moscow on October 7, Napoleon was on his way to Maloyaroslavets, where Kutuzov blocked his path and, after a bloody battle, ordered the French to retreat along the Smolensk road they had devastated. Having launched a counteroffensive, the Russian army launched strikes against the retreating French troops near Vyazma, Lyakhovo, and Krasnoye. Kutuzov's careful attitude towards his soldiers is characteristic: seeing the gradual depletion of the French army, he said: "Now I won't give even ten Frenchmen for one Russian." The famine and the ensuing Russian cold increased the morale of the French army, and after the Berezina, its retreat turned into a flight. Napoleon lost in Russia more than 500 thousand people killed, wounded prisoners, almost all artillery and cavalry.
On December 21, Kutuzov, in an order for the army, congratulated the troops on the expulsion of the enemy from Russia. For the skillful command of the Russian army in 1812, he was granted the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Prince of Smolensk. He was also awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, becoming the first full cavalier of the Russian Military Order.
Kutuzov met the decision of Alexander 1 to move the army further west without much enthusiasm: he was haunted by future human losses and the possible strengthening of France's European rivals. With the arrival of the king to the troops, he slowly withdrew from the main affairs in command, his health was weakening, and on April 16 in the city of Bunzlau (Poland), he died at the age of 67 years.
2 . Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay -de- Tolly
Family and clan
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 13, 1761, on the estate of Pamushis, Livonia province.
Johann Stefan, moved to Livonia in 1664 and settled in Riga. It was he who became the founder of the Russian line Barilaev. Johann Stefan Barclay de Tolly married Anna Sophia von Derenthal, the daughter of a Riga lawyer, who bore him three sons. Johann Stefan turned out to be not only the founder of the Russian line of his surname, but also the first of his kind, Barilaev, a Russian subject, since, together with all members of the Riga magistrate, he took an oath of allegiance to his new homeland - Russia. Johann Stephan's two sons became officers in the Swedish army. The eldest, Wilhelm, followed his father and in 1730 was elected a member of the Riga city magistrate. One of Wilhelm's sons, Weingold-Gothard, was born in Riga in 1726. He served in the Russian imperial army and retired as a lieutenant. The poor officer, who received only the rank of the eleventh class for military service, had neither peasants nor land and was forced to become a small tenant. In 1760 he began to live in Lithuania, on a small deaf manor Pamušys. Here, on December 13, 1761, his third son was born, who was named Michael. Thus, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was a fourth-generation Russian citizen and the son of an officer in the Russian army.
Since the boy's father's name was Weingold Gotthard and his middle name in Russian meant "given by God", in the future Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was called Mikhail Bogdanovich.
Education and the beginning of military service
In quite early age at the age of three, Barclay was sent to Petersburg to his uncle, the brigadier of the Russian army von Vermeulen, who gave him his first primary general and military education. At the age of 14, Barclay was appointed to serve in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment and after 2 years of hard study and excellent service became an officer. Since 1788, Barclay de Tolly fought in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, heroically showed himself in the army of G. Potemkin during the assault and capture of Ochakov. In 1790 he went to Finland, where he fought against the Swedes as part of the Russian army. When Russo-Swedish War ended, he led the battalion of the grenadier regiment in St. Petersburg.
During the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-1807, acting as part of L. Bennigsen's corps, Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battle of Pultusk, where he commanded an advanced detachment of five regiments. Barclay confirms his military talent during the ice campaign across the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish company in 1809, for which he was promoted to lieutenant general and was soon appointed commander in chief of the Finnish army and the Finnish governor general.
In January 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly assumed the post of Minister of War, energetically taking up the reform of the army and preparing for war with France.
Patriotic War of 1812
With the outbreak of the Patriotic War on March 19, 1812, Barclay led the 1st Western Army. He was an opponent of the operational plan of the Prussian General K. Fuhl, according to which the forces that were considered the main ones were divided into two parts, and the battle was expected to be held in a military camp near the city of Drissa. After the retreat and connection with the 2nd Western Army, P.I. Bagration Barclay skillfully led the actions of the Russian troops in the bloody battle near Smolensk. Despite the objections of Bagration and other generals, he gave the order to retreat, thereby setting the military and the broad masses of the civilian population against him. What they forgave Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly was not forgiven. With the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, the commander of the 1st Western Army also fell under his command. Mikhail Illarionovich ordered to leave the position at Tsarev-Zaimishche. Before getting permission to leave the active army, citing a serious state of health, at a meeting in Fili, he spoke in favor of leaving Moscow without a fight.
After treatment in Kaluga, on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The general took the fortress of Thorn, and then distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen. On May 19, he was appointed commander in chief of the combined Russian-Prussian army.
On August 18, 1813, the troops under his command defeated the enemy at Kulm, and in the Battle of Leipzig, commanding the center of the allied forces, he again managed to achieve victory with his skillful skill, for which he was elevated to the dignity of a count. For the capture of Paris in 1814 M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to field marshal general. The vicissitudes of fate undermined the health of the field marshal. In the spring of 1818, Barclay went to Germany for treatment on the waters. His path was through East Prussia. Here Barclay fell seriously ill and died on May 13, 1818. It happened not far from the city of Insterburg, on the poor Shtilitzen manor.
3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich
Family and clan
Bagration Petr Ivanovich was born in 1765 in the city of Kizlyar (Tver region) in the family of a retired colonel from an old family of Georgian princes.
Personal life
One of the main events of Bagration was connected with Gatchina.
Here in early September 1800 he married.
Bagration, during balls and masquerades, in a whirlwind of secular entertainment, was noticed by a young St. Petersburg beauty, Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. At eighteen, she shone with beauty at balls and was surrounded by a large mass of admirers. The beauty's attention to the famous General Bagration, shown in the summer of 1800, was not caused by serious feelings. Bagration was at that time thirty-five years old, he was not handsome, but he could attract attention. The military glory he won in tough battles created a romantic halo for him. Peter Ivanovich successfully distinguished himself from the courtiers: he was straightforward, honest, easy to handle and shy in women's society.
Education and the beginning of military service
Bagration P.I. received knowledge in the Kizlyar school of chief and non-commissioned officers' children.
He served in the military from 1782 to 1792. in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment, and then in the Kiev Horse Chasseurs and Sofia Carabinier Regiments in the ranks from sergeant to lieutenant colonel. From 1783-1786 took part in hostilities against the mountaineers in the North Caucasus, and in 1788 on December 6 (17) he distinguished himself in the capture of Ochakov. In 1798 - colonel, commander of the 6th Jaeger regiment, in 1799 - major general. In the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov in 1799, Bagration commanded the vanguard.
Under the leadership of Bagration, the troops played no small role in the battles on the rivers Adda on April 16 (27), Trebbia on June 6-8 (17-19) and at Novi on August 4 (15), successfully and bravely fought at Saint Gotthard on 13-14 ( September 24-25, Chortova, Mosta.
During the war of the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805 he served in the army of M.I. Kutuzov, sent to help the Austrians. On November 4 (16), 1805, having at his disposal a small number of soldiers of only seven thousand, he covered the retreat of the Russian army to Moravia at Shengraben, repelled the attacks of Murat's fifty-thousandth corps. In the battle of Austerlitz on November 20 (December 2), 1805, he led the right wing, which steadfastly repulsed the onslaught of the French; tried to capture the Pracen height, but was driven back by Murat and Lann. After the battle, M.I. successfully covered the retreat of the main forces. Kutuzov.
played important role in the war of the Fourth Coalition with Napoleon. On January 26 (February 7), 1807, during the withdrawal of the Russian army, L.L. Bennigsen to Preussisch-Eylau thwarted the French task of cutting off the lines of communication with Russia. In the battles of Preussisch-Eylau on January 27 (February 8), Heilsberg on May 29 (June 10) and Friedland on June 2 (14), 1807, he proved himself brilliantly.
Bagration - a participant in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. He led the Aland expedition in 1809. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. from July 1809 to March 1810 he commanded the Moldavian army, from August 1811 he led the Podolsk army.
Patriotic War of 1812
During the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, in the conditions of the general retreat of the Russian troops, he made every effort to unite with the First Army M.B. Barclay de Tolly. From March 1812 he commanded the 2nd Western Army. In the first period of the war, with a skillful maneuver from Volkovysk to Smolensk, he led his army out of the blow of the prevailing enemy forces to join with the 1st Western Army, inflicting heavy losses on the French troops in the rearguard battles at Mir, Romanov and Saltanovka. In the battle of Borodino in 1812 he commanded the left wing of the Russian army, which main blow the French, and courageously defended the Semyonov flushes. September 12 (24) Bagration P.I. was badly wounded. He died in the village of Simy, Vladimir province, on the estate of his friend Prince B.A. Golitsyn, where he was buried.
4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov
Family and clan
Davydov Denis Vasilievich was born on July 16 (27), 1784 in the family of brigadier Vasily Denisovich Davydov (1747-1808), who served under the command of A.V. Suvorov, in Moscow. A descendant from an ancient noble family, leading its history from the first Kazan king Ulu-Magomed and Tsarevich Minchak Kasaevich, who swore allegiance Ivan III, inherited from his ancestors a passion for horses, a love for dashing cavalry fights, sudden attacks and long raids in horseback ranks at your own peril and risk. Denis's mother was the daughter of General-General Shcherbinin Evdokim Alekseevich.
Study and military activities
Little Denis was introduced to military affairs from an early age. Despite his small stature, on September 28, 1801, D.V. Davydov still managed to enter the Estandart Junker in the Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment. On September 9, 1802, he was promoted to cornet, and on November 2, 1803, to lieutenant. As part of the Guards Hussar Regiment, he participated in the campaign of 1807, where he received a baptism of fire and was almost captured by the French. Davydov was appointed adjutant to the commander of the vanguard P.I. Bagration. During the Swedish war of 1808-1809. he was with the detachment of his friend Ya.P. Kulnev, and then participated in the ice campaign to the Aland Islands. In the Turkish campaigns of 1809-1810. Denis Vasilyevich again accompanies Kulnev, participating in the siege of the fortresses of Silistria, Shumla and Ruschuk. On April 8, 1812, Davydov was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment. Soon begins the most striking episode of his military biography, the campaign of 1812.
Patriotic War of 1812
On August 21, 1812, in view of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, they were already hastily dismantling the parental house. Five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of his own partisan detachment. Bagration's order to create a partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino. On the first night, Davydov's detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants.
Because peasants were not well versed in military uniform, which was similar for Russians and French. In one of the sorties, Davydov with hussars and Cossacks captured 370 Frenchmen, while repulsing 200 Russian prisoners. His squad grew rapidly. The rapid successes of D.V. Davydov convinced Kutuzov of the expediency guerrilla war, and he was not slow to give it a wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. Member of foreign campaigns 1813-14, commanded a cavalry regiment and brigade. He was close to the future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, F.N. Glinka, A.A. Bestuzhev and others. After the war, the restless nature makes him often change jobs, and on November 14, 1823, he resigns.
Denis Vasilyevich Davydov died on April 22, 1839 in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province. He was 55 years old. The cause of such an early death is a stroke.
5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova
She was born on September 17, 1783 in Kyiv from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the wishes of her parents.
The Durovs were supposed to lead a nomadic regimental life. The mother, who wanted to have a son, disliked her daughter, and all her upbringing was entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. In such an atmosphere, the child grew up to 5 years old and adopted the habits of a nimble boy.
In 1789 A.V. Durov leaves military service and receives a post of chief in the city of Sarapul. October 25, 1801 he marries his daughter to the head of the Sarapulsky lower Omsk court, V.S. Chernov. In 1803, Nadezhda gave birth to a son, Ivan, but soon left the family.
On September 17, 1806, having changed into a man's dress, Nadezhda joined the Cossack regiment. On March 9, 1807, in Grodno, under the name of the nobleman Alexander Vasilyevich Sokolov, Nadezhda Durova was recruited as a private in Konno-polsky Lancers Regiment, reducing his age by 6 years and without mentioning marriage and the birth of a child. She bravely fought on the battlefields of Gugstadt, Heilsberg, Friedland.
Soon the parents managed to find the missing daughter. With a special courier, she was sent to St. Petersburg, where on December 31, 1807 she received the highest meeting with Alexander I. The emperor personally presented the order, gave the go-ahead to remain in the army and ordered, under the name of Alexander Andreevich Alexandrov, to transfer her to the aristocratic Mariupol hussar regiment. Only in the capital, having received a letter from Grodno, Durova learned about the death of her mother. Three years later, she transferred to the Lithuanian Lancers, either because of a romantic story about a colonel's daughter who fell in love with her, or for an everyday reason: the dear life of hussar officers. In the Battle of Borodino, Lieutenant Alexandrov received a concussion in the leg. After leaving Moscow, Nadezhda Andreevna is already serving as an adjutant to M.I. Kutuzov. The consequences of the shell shock soon showed, and until May 1813 she was on vacation in Sarapul. In the battles for the liberation of Germany, Durova distinguished herself during the sieges of Hamburg and the fortress of Modlin. At her father's request, in 1816 she retired with the rank of staff captain and settled in Sarapul. On March 21, 1866, she died, having bequeathed to call herself Alexandrov at the funeral, which, of course, was not.
6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev
The legendary hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Ya.P. Kulnev was born on the night of July 24 to 25 (August 5), 1763, in the small Belarusian village of Sivoshino, located on the road to Polotsk Lyutsin (now the Latvian city of Ludza), where the family of officer Pyotr Vasilyevich Kulnev went on official business.
Poor nobleman P.V. Kulnev began his service as a corporal in 1746, took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during the Polish campaign of 1769 he was seriously wounded and retired, and after 1775 until his death in 1795 he served as a mayor in Lucin . He married a German woman during Seven Years' War, Catholic Louise Grebippitz. They had seven children.
In 1770, Yakov and his younger brother Ivan entered the land gentry corps. In 1785 they were released with the rank of lieutenants and were accepted into the Chernigov Infantry Regiment, from where Ya.P. Kulnev in the same year transferred to the Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. In his first military campaign (in 1789 against the Turks), he distinguished himself at the siege of Bendery and was noticed by Prince G.A. Potemkin. But, however, the praises of the great commander A.V. were of much no small importance for the young officer. Suvorov during the Polish campaign of 1794, when during the storming of Prague on the outskirts of the Polish capital of Warsaw, Kulnev was one of the first to penetrate enemy fortifications, for which he was promoted to the rank of major.
Ya.P. Kulnev fought valiantly during the French campaigns of 1805 and 1807. On May 24, 1807, Lieutenant Colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment took part in the battle of Gutstadts, the next day his regiment made a successful attack on two enemy columns, on May 29 fought at Heilsberg, on June 2 near Frndland. In the last battle, his regiment was surrounded, but thanks to the courage and courage, resourcefulness of the officer, the hussars broke through the encirclement.
The war with Sweden began in 1808. In the spring, Kulnev's detachment acted very unsuccessfully and was forced to retreat in front of the prevailing enemy forces, suffering significant losses. In August, Kulnev led the vanguard of the army of General P.V. Kamensky. On the night of August 21, after the Battle of Kuorgan, Kulnev noticed a secret retreat of the Swedish troops and immediately moved to pursue the enemy. Thanks to his determination and courage, the enemy was completely defeated. On December 12, Yakov Petrovich was promoted to major general. During an ice campaign in the spring of 1809, his detachment reached the Swedish coast near Cape Grisselgam, just 100 miles from Stockholm. For courage and determination, Kulnev was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.
In February 1810, he became the head of the vanguard of the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army P.V. Kamensky in the war against the Turks. On August 26, the enemy was defeated in the battle of Batin.
However, after a skirmish with the commander-in-chief, he left the active army and in January 1811 was appointed chief of the Grodno hussar regiment, located in the Vitebsk province.
Kulnev wanted to marry and received consent, but the bride, whose last name is unknown, demanded that he resign. However, the courageous general did not want to leave the service at such a difficult time for the Fatherland.
The first victories of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kulnev. Leading the vanguard of the corps of P. X. Wittgenstein, who covered St. Petersburg, he inflicted several defeats on the French, captured up to 1 thousand prisoners, including General Saint-Genis (Genier) , the first general captured by the Russian troops in 1812. Covering the withdrawal of the main forces, Kulnev held back the corps of Marshal Udiyo, many times superior in number to his detachment.
7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich
Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, famous Russian general and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Mikhail was born on October 1 (12), 1771 in a family of emigrants from Herzegovina Andrei Stepanovich and the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner Maria Andreevna Miloradovich. At a young age of nine, on November 16, 1780, he was enlisted in the army and was soon transferred to the Izmailovsky Guards Regiment with the rank of ensign.
Education M.A. Miloradovich received abroad, where in 1778 he was sent along with the tutor I. JI. Danilevsky, the father of the famous military writer A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.
For 4 years he studied at the University of Königsberg under the guidance of the philosopher I. Kant, then for 2 years in Göttingen. Later Miloradovich lived in France for 3 years.
The outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war in 1788 found a young second lieutenant in the Izmailovsky battalion, where he participates in hostilities in the territory of modern Finland. On January 1, 1790, he was appointed lieutenant, and on January 1, 1796, captain.
Emperor Paul I, who was the chief and colonel of the Izmailovsky regiment, favored Miloradovich, who already in 1798 was appointed major general and appointed chief of the musketeer regiment. The military unit in 1799 was sent to Italy, where he was met by A.V. Suvorov with joy, as the son of his colleague. Miloradovich did not let down the commander, for the courage and courage shown in the battle near the village of Lekko (April 14), he was awarded the Order of St. Anna I and degree.
On April 29, two horses were wounded under him at the battle of Basagnano. With a banner in hand, he led the attack.
Distinguished M.A. Miloradovich in the battle of Novi and during the assault on Saint Gotthard.
A.V. Suvorov appointed him an army general on duty. M D. Miloradovich, during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, became friends with the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.
In 1805, a separate brigade of Mikhail Andreevich covered the retreat of the army of M.I. Kutuzov. The 4th column of Miloradovich, in the battle of Austerlitz, advanced in the center of the Russian troops, was in the rearguard for three days, repulsing the endless attacks of the French.
Since 1806, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1809 he was appointed general of infantry. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Miloradovich was engaged in the formation of army reserves, with which he arrived on August 18 at the disposal of M.I. Kutuzov. At the Battle of Borodino, he commands two corps on the right flank, and then moves to the center, where he repels countless French attacks. Soon he had to replace the wounded P.I. Bagration as commander of the 2nd Army.
During the retreat to Moscow, he commanded the rearguard, constantly engaging in skirmishes with the enemy, because of which he was unable to participate in the famous council at Fili. Marshal Murat promised Miloradovich to stop the movement of his troops so that the Russians could freely leave the capital without fighting on its streets. With fighting, the troops retreated to Tarutin.
M.A. Miloradovich, having led the vanguard, during the counteroffensive of the Russian army, which consisted of two cavalry and three infantry corps, with a forced march, the troops approached Maloyaroslavets and saved the corps of D.S. Dokhturova.
On October 22, the troops defeated the French near Vyazma. In early November, with a skillful flank maneuver, they bypassed Napoleon's army near the village of Krasnoye, which ensured the victory of the main forces.
On August 18, in the battle of Kulm, he led the troops, replacing the wounded A.I. Osterman, and on October 6 near Leipzig led the Russian and Prussian guards.
Miloradovich was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
August 19, 1818 St. Petersburg military governor-general. After the death of Alexander 1, M.A. Miloradovich began to actively support the candidacy of Konstantin Pavlovich as a candidate for the Russian throne. His actions, especially the oath to Konstantin, objectively played into the hands of the conspirators, and an attempt on December 14, 1825, during a speech on
Senate Square to persuade the soldiers to return to the barracks ended with a pistol shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. The mortally wounded general died at 3 am on December 15 (27) and was buried in St. Petersburg on December 24.
Conclusion
The Patriotic War of 1812 was a difficult period for Russia. But neither the retreat nor the bloody battles broke the spirit of the Russian army. Many similar fates were given by the heroic Patriotic War of 1812. To those who went over to the side of the enemy, in a difficult time for the country, of course, there was contempt for the Russian people, but no manifestos could prevent this. Those who surrendered to the enemy were not punished in any way, which once again speaks of the strength and greatness of the soul of the Russian people. They defeated the enemy who encroached on our Motherland.
The people who rose to fight for the freedom of their homeland were the main hero of the war of the twelfth year.
Bibliography
1. Efremova L.V., I.Ya. Kraivanova, O.P. Andreeva, T.D. Shuvalova, O.N. Papkov: Borodino Panorama, Moskovsky Rabochiy Publishing House, 1985.
2. Zhukov E.M. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. (Used volumes: 10, 4, 2), State Scientific Publishing House " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1962.
3. Levchenko Vladimir: Heroes of 1812. Collection. Young Guard, 1987.
4. Opalinskap M.A., S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov: History of the Russian state. Biographies. 19th century first half. Moscow, Book Chamber Publishing House, 1997.
5. URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/BAGRATION_PETR_IVANOVICH.html
6. URL: http://smol1812.a-mv.ru/index.php/geroi-vojny-1812-goda
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