Historical tree of the Romanovs. The Romanov family: the history of life and death of the rulers of Russia
Some sources say that they come from Prussia, others that the roots come from Novgorod. The first known ancestor is the Moscow boyar of the times of Ivan Kalita - Andrey Kobyla. His sons became the founders of many boyar and noble families. Among them are Sheremetevs, Konovnitsyns, Kolychevs, Ladygins, Yakovlevs, Boborykins and many others. The Romanov family descended from the son of the Mare - Fyodor Koshka. His descendants first called themselves Koshkins, then Koshkins-Zakharyins, and then simply Zakharyins.
The first wife of Ivan VI "the Terrible" was Anna Romanova-Zakharyina. Hence the “kinship” with the Rurikovichs and, consequently, the right to the throne can be traced.
This article tells how ordinary boyars, with good luck and good business acumen, became the most significant family for more than three centuries, right up to the Great October revolution 1917.
The family tree of the royal Romanov dynasty in full: with dates of reign and photos
Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, not a single blood heir of the Rurik family was left, but a new dynasty, the Romanovs, was born. The cousin-nephew of the wife of John IV, Anastasia Zakharyina, Mikhail demanded his rights to the throne. With the support of the common people of Moscow and the Cossacks, he took the reins of government into his own hands and began a new era in the history of Russia.
Alexei Mikhailovich "The Quietest" (1645 - 1676)
Following Michael, his son Alexei sat on the throne. He had a gentle nature, for which he received his nickname. Boyar Boris Morozov had a strong influence on him. The consequence of this was the Salt Riot, the uprising of Stepan Razin and other major riots.
Fedor III Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)
The eldest son of Tsar Alexei. After the death of his father, he legally took the throne. First of all, he exalted his close associates - the bed-keeper Yazykov and the room attendant Likhachev. They were not from the nobility, but throughout their lives they helped the formation of Fedor III.
Under him, an attempt was made to mitigate punishment for criminal offenses and amputation of limbs was abolished as an execution.
Important in the reign of the king was the decree of 1862 on the destruction of parochialism.
Ivan V (1682 - 1696)
At the time of the death of his elder brother, Fedor III, Ivan V was 15 years old. His associates considered that he did not have the skills inherent in the king and the throne should be inherited by his younger brother, 10-year-old Peter I. As a result, the reign was given to both at once, and their older sister Sophia was made their regent. Ivan V was weak, almost blind and weak-minded. During his reign, he did not make any decisions. Decrees were signed in his name, and he himself was used as an exit ceremonial king. In fact, the country was led by Princess Sophia.
Peter I "The Great" (1682 - 1725)
Like his older brother, Peter took the place of king in 1682, but due to his infancy he could not make any decisions. He devoted a lot of time to the study of military affairs, while his older sister Sophia ruled the country. But in 1689, after the princess decided to single-handedly lead Russia, Peter I brutally cracked down on her supporters, and she herself was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. Within its walls, she spent the rest of her days and died in 1704.
Two tsars remained on the throne - Ivan V and Peter I. But Ivan himself gave his brother all the powers and remained the ruler only formally.
Having received power, Peter carried out a number of reforms: the creation of the Senate, the subordination of the church to the state, and also built a new capital - St. Petersburg. Under him, Russia won the status of a great power and the recognition of the countries of Western Europe. Also, the state was renamed the Russian Empire, and the tsar became the first emperor.
Catherine I (1725 - 1727)
After the death of her husband - Peter I, with the support of the guards, she took the throne. The new ruler did not have the skills to conduct foreign and domestic policy, she herself did not want this, therefore, in fact, her favorite, Count Menshikov, ruled the country.
Peter II (1727 - 1730)
After the death of Catherine I, the rights to the throne were transferred to the grandson of Peter the Great - Peter II. The boy at that time was only 11 years old. And after 3 years, he suddenly died of smallpox.
Peter II paid attention not to the country, but only to hunting and pleasures. All decisions for him were made by the same Menshikov. After the overthrow of the count, the young emperor was under the influence of the Dolgorukov family.
Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)
After the death of Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council invited Ivan V's daughter Anna to the throne. The condition for her ascension to the throne was the adoption of a number of restrictions - "Conditions". They stated that the newly-made empress did not have the right to declare wars, make peace, marry and appoint an heir to the throne, as well as some other instructions.
After gaining power, Anna found support from the nobility, destroyed the prepared rules and dissolved the Supreme Privy Council.
The Empress was not distinguished by either intelligence or success in education. Her favorite Ernst Biron had a huge influence on her and on the country. After her death, it was he who was appointed regent for the infant Ivan VI.
The board of Anna Ioannovna is dark page in the history of the Russian Empire. During her reign, political terror and disregard for Russian traditions dominated.
Ivan VI Antonovich (1740 - 1741)
According to the will of Empress Anna, Ivan VI ascended the throne. He was a baby, and therefore the first year of the "reign" passed under the leadership of Ernst Biron. After the power passed to Ivan's mother - Anna Leopoldovna. But in fact, the government was in the hands of the Cabinet of Ministers.
The emperor himself spent his whole life in prison. And at the age of 23 he was killed by prison guards.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)
As a result palace coup with the support of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, the illegitimate daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine came to power. She continued her father's foreign policy and initiated the Age of Enlightenment, opened State University named after Lomonosov.
Peter III Fedorovich (1761 - 1762)
Elizaveta Petrovna left no direct male heirs. But back in 1742, she made sure that the line of the Romanovs did not end, and appointed her nephew, the son of her sister Anna, as her heir - Peter III.
The newly minted emperor ruled the country for only six months, after which he was killed as a result of a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine.
Catherine II "The Great" (1762 - 1796)
After the death of her husband Peter III, she became the sole ruler of the empire. She did not make a loving wife or mother. She gave all her strength to strengthening the position of the autocracy. Under her, the borders of Russia were expanded. Her reign also influenced the development of science and education. Catherine carried out reforms and divided the territory of the country into provinces. Under her rule, six departments were established in the Senate, and the Russian Empire received the proud title of one of the most developed powers.
Pavel I (1796 - 1801)
The mother's dislike had a strong influence on the new emperor. His whole policy was aimed at crossing out everything that she had done during the years of her reign. He tried to concentrate all power in his own hands and minimize self-government.
An important step in his policy is the decree banning the succession to the throne by women. This order lasted until 1917, when the reign of the Romanov family came to an end.
The policy of Paul I contributed to a slight improvement in the life of the peasants, but the positions of the nobility were greatly reduced. As a result, already in the first years of his reign, a conspiracy began to be prepared against him. Dissatisfaction with the emperor increased in various sectors of society. The result was death in his own room during a coup d'état.
Alexander I (1801 - 1825)
He took the throne after the death of his father, Paul I. It was he who participated in the conspiracy, but knew nothing about the impending murder and suffered from guilt all his life.
During his reign, several important laws saw the light:
- The decree on "free cultivators", according to which the peasants received the right to redeem themselves with land by agreement with the landowner.
- Decree on the reform of education, after which representatives of all classes could be trained.
The emperor promised the people the adoption of the constitution, but the project remained unfinished. Despite the liberal policy, large-scale changes in the life of the country did not happen.
In 1825 Alexander caught a cold and died. There are legends that the emperor faked his own death and became a hermit.
Nicholas I (1825 - 1855)
As a result of the death of Alexander I, the reins of government were to pass into the hands of his younger brother Constantine, but he voluntarily renounced the title of emperor. So the throne was taken by the third son of Paul I, Nicholas I.
The strongest influence on him had an upbringing based on the harsh suppression of personality. He could not count on the throne. The child grew up in oppression, endured physical punishment.
Study trips largely influenced the views of the future emperor - conservative, with a pronounced anti-liberal orientation. After the death of Alexander I, Nicholas showed all his determination and political abilities and, despite the mass of those who disagreed, ascended the throne.
An important stage in the formation of the personality of the ruler was the uprising of the Decembrists. It was brutally suppressed, order was restored, and Russia swore allegiance to the new monarch.
Throughout his life, the emperor considered his goal to suppress revolutionary movement. The policy of Nicholas I led to the largest foreign policy defeat in the course of Crimean War 1853 - 1856. The failure undermined the emperor's health. In 1955, an accidental cold took his life.
Alexander II (1855 - 1881)
The birth of Alexander II attracted great attention from society. At this time, his father did not even represent him in the place of the ruler, but young Sasha was already destined for the fate of the heir, since none of the older brothers of Nicholas I had male children.
The young man received a good education. He mastered five languages, perfectly knew history, geography, statistics, mathematics, natural science, logic and philosophy. For him, special courses were held under the guidance of influential figures and ministers.
During his reign, Alexander introduced many reforms:
- university;
- judicial;
- military and others.
But the most important is considered to be the abolition of serfdom. For this move he was nicknamed the king-liberator.
Nevertheless, despite the innovations, the emperor remained faithful to the autocracy. Such a policy did not contribute to the adoption of the constitution. The unwillingness of the emperor to choose a new path of development caused the activation revolutionary activity. As a result, a series of assassination attempts led to the death of the sovereign.
Alexander III (1881 - 1894)
Alexander III was the second son of Alexander II. Since initially he was not the heir to the throne, he did not consider it necessary to receive a proper education. Only at a conscious age did the future ruler at an accelerated pace begin to prepare for the reign.
As a result tragic death father, power passed to the new emperor - tougher, but fair.
A distinctive feature of the reign of Alexander III was the absence of wars. For this, he was nicknamed the "peacemaker king."
He died in 1894. The cause of death was nephritis - inflammation of the kidneys. The cause of the disease is considered to be both the collapse of the imperial train at Borki station and the emperor's addiction to alcohol.
Here is practically the entire family genealogical tree of the Romanov family with years of government and portraits. Special attention should be paid to the last monarch.
Nicholas II (1894 - 1917)
Son of Alexander III. He ascended the throne as a result of the sudden death of his father.
He received a good education aimed at military education, studied under the guidance of the current tsar, and his teachers were outstanding Russian scientists.
Nicholas II quickly settled on the throne and began to promote an independent policy, which caused dissatisfaction with part of his entourage. He made the assertion of the internal unity of the empire the main goal of his reign.
Opinions about the son of Alexander are very scattered and contradictory. Many consider him too soft and weak-tempered. But his strong attachment to his family is also noted. He did not part with his wife and children until the last seconds of his life.
Nicholas II played a major role in church life Russia. Frequent pilgrimages brought him closer to the indigenous population. The number of churches during his reign increased from 774 to 1005. Later, the last emperor and his family were canonized by the Russian Church Abroad (ROCOR).
On the night of July 16-17, 1918, after the October Revolution of 1917, the royal family was shot in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg. It is believed that the order was given by Sverdlov and Lenin.
On this tragic note, the reign of the royal family ends, which lasted for more than three centuries (from 1613 to 1917). This dynasty left a huge mark on the development of Russia. It is to her that we owe what we have now. Only thanks to the rule of representatives of this family in our country, serfdom was abolished, educational, judicial, military and many other reforms were launched.
The diagram of a complete genealogical tree with the years of reign of the first and last monarchs from the Romanov family clearly shows how a great family of rulers turned out from an ordinary boyar family, glorifying the royal dynasty. But even now it is possible to follow the formation of the successors of the clan. At the moment, descendants are alive and well imperial family who could claim the throne. There is no "pure blood" left, but the fact remains. If Russia again switches to such a form of government as a monarchy, then the successor of the ancient family may become the new tsar.
It is worth noting that most of the Russian rulers lived for a relatively short time. After fifty, only Peter I, Elizabeth I Petrovna, Nicholas I and Nicholas II died. And the threshold of 60 years was overcome by Catherine II and Alexander II. All the rest died in pretty early age due to illness or a coup d'état.
The Romanovs are a great dynasty of tsars and emperors of Russia, an ancient boyar family that began its existence at the end of the 16th century. and still in existence.
Etymology and history of the surname
The Romanovs are not quite the correct historical family name. Initially, the Romanovs went from the Zakharievs. However, Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Zakharyev) decided to take the surname Romanov in honor of his father and grandfather, Nikita Romanovich and Roman Yuryevich. So the genus got the surname, which is still used today.
The boyar family of the Romanovs gave history one of the most famous royal dynasties in the world. The first tsarist representative of the Romanovs was Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, and the last was Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov. Although the royal family was interrupted, the Romanovs still exist (several branches). All representatives of the great family and their descendants today live abroad, about 200 people have royal titles, but none of them has the right to head the Russian throne in the event of the return of the monarchy.
The large Romanov family was called the House of Romanov. A huge and branched family tree has connections with almost all royal dynasties peace.
In 1856 the family received an official coat of arms. It depicts a vulture holding a golden sword and a tarch in its paws, and eight cut-off lion heads are located along the edges of the coat of arms.
Prehistory of the emergence of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs
As already mentioned, the Romanov clan descended from the Zakharievs, but where the Zakharievs came to the Moscow lands is unknown. Some scholars believe that family members were natives Novgorod land, and some say that the first Romanovs came from Prussia.
In the 16th c. the boyar family received a new status, its representatives became relatives of the sovereign himself. This happened due to the fact that he married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina. Now all the relatives of Anastasia Romanovna could count on the royal throne in the future. The opportunity to take the throne fell very soon, after the suppression. When the question of further succession to the throne arose, the Romanovs entered the game.
In 1613, the first representative of the family, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom. The era of the Romanovs began.
Tsars and emperors of the Romanov family
Starting from Mikhail Fedorovich in Russia, several more kings from this family ruled (five in total).
These were:
- Fedor Alekseevich Romanov;
- Ivan the 5th (John Antonovich);
In 1721, Russia was finally reorganized into Russian empire, and the sovereign received the title of emperor. The first emperor was Peter the 1st, who until recently was called the tsar. In total, the Romanov family gave Russia 14 emperors and empresses. After Peter the 1st, they ruled:
End of the Romanov dynasty. The last of the Romanovs
After the death of Peter the 1st, the Russian throne was often occupied by women, but Paul 1st passed a law according to which only the direct heir, a man, can become emperor. Since then, no women have ascended the throne.
The last representative imperial family was Nicholas 2nd, nicknamed the Bloody for the thousands of people who died during the two great revolutions. According to historians, Nicholas 2nd was a rather mild ruler and made several unfortunate mistakes in the internal and foreign policy which led to the tension of the situation inside the country. Unsuccessful, and also greatly undermined the prestige of the royal family and the sovereign personally.
In 1905, it broke out, as a result of which Nikolai was forced to give the people the desired civil rights and freedoms - the power of the sovereign weakened. However, this was not enough, and in 1917 it happened again. This time, Nicholas was forced to resign his powers and renounce the throne. But this was not enough: the royal family was caught by the Bolsheviks and imprisoned. The monarchical system of Russia was gradually collapsing in favor of a new type of government.
On the night of July 16-17, 1917, the entire royal family, including Nikolai's five children and his wife, was shot. The only possible heir, the son of Nicholas, also died. All relatives who were hiding in Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg and other places were found and killed. Only those Romanovs who were abroad survived. The reign of the imperial family of the Romanovs was interrupted, and with it the monarchy in Russia collapsed.
The results of the reign of the Romanovs
Although during the 300 years of the rule of this family there were many bloody wars and uprisings, in general, the power of the Romanovs benefited Russia. It was thanks to the representatives of this family that Russia finally moved away from feudalism, increased its economic, military and political power and turned into a huge and powerful empire.
The only son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, Natalia Naryshkina. Alexei Mikhailovich also had sons from his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, and when he died in - Peter was then four years old - a fierce feud arose between the Naryshkins and Miloslavskys over the succession to the throne. Fedor Alekseevich, one of the sons of Maria Miloslavskaya, ascended the throne. After Fedor's death, Ivan, from the Miloslavskys, and Peter, from the Naryshkins, were crowned to the kingdom, Ivan's sister Sophia was proclaimed the ruler under the juvenile tsars. The supporters of the Naryshkins took over, and Sophia was exiled to a monastery. Ivan V died in , and Peter remained the only autocrat.
Peter was brought up unsystematically; in his youth he was interested in carpentry and shipbuilding. Another of his hobbies was training soldiers and playing funny battles. The first experience of driving troops was for him the war with Turkey (-), which dominated the Crimea and the southern Russian steppes; Peter expected to win back access to the Black Sea. Although he captured the Azov fortress at the mouth of the Don () and laid Taganrog as the base of the Russian navy on the Sea of Azov, he nevertheless realized that Russia was not yet strong enough to firmly establish itself in the south.
Peter went on a trip to England, Holland and Germany; he was the first Russian monarch to appear abroad. The king was accompanied by a numerous and violent retinue, but the seriousness of his intentions was not in doubt. He worked in shipyards in England and in the Dutch port of Saardam; studied artillery in Prussia.
The Swedish king Charles XII fought in the depths of Europe with Saxony and Poland and neglected the threat from Russia. Peter wasted no time: fortresses were built at the mouth of the Neva, ships were built at the shipyards, the equipment for which was brought from Arkhangelsk, and soon a powerful Russian fleet. Russian artillery, after its radical transformation, played a decisive role in the capture of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) and Narva (). Dutch and English ships appeared in the harbor near the new capital. B - the king firmly fixed Russian influence in the Duchy of Courland.
Charles XII, having made peace with Poland, made a belated attempt to crush the Russian rival. He moved the war from the Baltic to deep into Russia, intending to take Moscow. At first, his offensive was successful, but the retreating Russian army deceived him with a cunning maneuver and inflicted a serious defeat at Lesnaya (). Charles turned south, and his army was completely defeated in the battle of Poltava.
War with Turkey and the end of the Northern War
The second war with Turkey (-) was unsuccessful: in the Prut campaign (), Peter, along with his entire army, was surrounded and forced to conclude a peace treaty, abandoning all previous conquests in the south. Hostilities were resumed in the north, where Swedish Field Marshal Magnus Gustafson Steinbock gathered big army. Russia and its allies defeated Steinbock in , and the Treaty of Nystadt was signed: Russia received Livonia (with Riga), Estland (with Revel and Narva), part of Karelia, Izhora land and other territories. B - Peter conducted a successful campaign against Persia, capturing Baku and Derbent.
Relations with the Church
Peter and his military commanders regularly praised the Almighty from the battlefield for their victories, but the relationship of the king with the Orthodox Church left much to be desired. Peter closed monasteries, appropriated church property, allowed himself to mock blasphemously at church rites and customs. His ecclesiastical policy provoked massive protests by Old Believers-schismatics, who considered the Tsar to be the Antichrist. Peter persecuted them severely. Patriarch Adrian died in , and no successor was appointed to him. The patriarchate was abolished, the Holy Synod was established, government agency church management, consisting of bishops, but led by a layman (chief prosecutor) and subject to the monarch.
Achievements in domestic politics
Military glory and the expansion of the territory by no means exhaust the significance of the reign of Peter the Great and his versatile activities. Under him, industry developed, and Russia even exported weapons to Prussia. Foreign engineers were invited (about 900 specialists arrived with Peter from Europe), many young Russians went abroad to study science and crafts. Under the supervision of Peter, Russian ore deposits were studied; significant progress has been made in mining. A system of canals was designed, and one of them, connecting the Volga with the Neva, was dug into. Fleets were built, military and commercial. To finance his projects, the king introduced many new taxes, including the poll tax (). Improved the system government controlled. AT
The Russian Romanov dynasty began to rule in 1613. Later, its representatives ruled over Poland, Lithuania and Finland, occupied the throne of Holstein-Gottorp and Oldenburg, were members and masters of the Order of Malta. The purebred line was stopped after the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, but then it was restored along the female branch. Rod was forced to relinquish power in 1917.
There are many controversial points in the biography of the Romanov family, most of which relate to the origin of the surname. Its first bearer was Patriarch Fyodor Nikitovich, who calls himself Filaret. He chose the name Roman as the basis, that was his grandfather's name. Fedor himself was from the Zakharyin family, it was from them that the great royal family could begin. Previously, members of the royal dynasty did not officially use surnames. They were called exclusively by their first and patronymic names, which can be read under the portraits.
In 1761, the descendant of the son of Anna Petrovna and Karl-Friedrich, who had the title of Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, began to rule in the state. This line of the Oldenburg dynasty was considered the youngest; it became known only at the beginning of the 12th century. Therefore, in the genealogical sources, all the kings descended from Peter III were called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovs. But this was not taken into account when naming the Russian Imperial House. The people called it the House of the Romanovs. The coat of arms of the boyar family was included in official legislative acts, and in 1913 the 300th anniversary of the ruling dynasty was solemnly celebrated.
After the October Revolution, the surname of the Romanovs was legally assigned to all members of the royal house. Only children and other relatives of Prince Dmitry Pavlovich were excluded. He was the only one from the entire dynasty who recognized the power of Kirill Vladimirovich, the emperor in exile. The prince married an American Audrey Emery, their descendants received the title of princes and the surname Romanovsky-Ilyinsky.
Other rulers also entered into morganatic marriages, but they did not change the surname of the imperial family.
Emperors and kings
According to history, the Romanov family appeared at the beginning of the 14th century in the state of Prussia, from where they came to Russia. Although, according to other sources, the ancestors of the royal family were natives of Novgorod. The first representative of the nobility is Andrey Kobyla, he served with Prince Proud Simeon. The second branch went from Fedor Koshka, his children received the surname Koshkin-Zakharyin, and his grandchildren wore only its second part. And Yuri laid the foundation for the Zakharyin-Yuryev family.
Anastasia Romanovna from this family married Ivan the Terrible, which brought her ancestors closer to the royal family. It was this intersection with the imperial branch that gave Zakharyin-Yuriev the right to inherit the throne.
Historians note 1613 as the date of the accession of the Romanov dynasty. The grandson of Anastasia's sister, Mikhail Fedorovich, had a chance to reign during this period. It was his descendants who held power in their hands until 1917. There were five kings:
- Michael;
- Alexey Mikhailovich;
- Fedor Alekseevich;
- Ivan V;
- Peter I.
The latter occupied the dynastic throne from 1721. After him began the chronology of emperors. Then Catherine I ruled, but her origin remains unsolved for historians to this day. It is impossible to confidently assert that she is a full member of the ruling family. When she died, the throne was taken by the grandson of the first spouse - Peter II. With his death, the branch of Mikhail Fedorovich completely stopped.
The coming to power of the children of Peter the Great was suspended due to palace intrigues. The throne was received by his own niece - Anna Ioannovna. Her heir was John Antonovich, the only member of the Mecklenburg-Brunswick-Romanov dynasty. He was overthrown during his lifetime by Peter's daughter, Empress Elizabeth. She never married, she had no descendants. Therefore, the woman gave the crown to her nephew, the son of Anna Petrovna. Elizabeth herself became the last representative of the royal family who did not enter into relations with foreign rulers.
Board in the XVIII-XIX centuries
The wedding of Anna Petrovna with the titled Duke of Holstein-Gottorp marked the beginning of the Romanov dynasty, mixed with a foreign family. Their son Peter III was officially recognized as a member of the ruling family. This was reflected in the family and imperial coat of arms.
The ruler married Elizabeth II, the couple had a son, Paul I. From him, power was transferred in one line sequentially due to the fact that he issued a decree on inheritance exclusively through the male branch. In 1797, his son, Alexander I, who had no offspring, received the throne. His brother renounced the throne, which was the main reason for the Decembrist uprising. Therefore, another son of Paul, Nicholas I, became the next ruler. Then Catherine the Great came to power, after her all the heirs, how many there were, already received the title of Tsarevich in order.
After that, Russia was ruled by Alexander II and his descendants, of which there were three. The first died at the age of 21 from consumption. The second son - Alexander III - transferred the throne to Nicholas II. But he renounced his right and was shot. For the next 16 hours, the state was ruled by Mikhail Alexandrovich, a titled prince. But he also refused the throne.
The family tree of the Romanovs greatly increased with the onset of the 19th century. During this period, a special law was adopted on the establishment of the royal family. He was able to regulate the rights, duties and all the benefits of the members of the dynasty, the material aspects of their reign.
For distant relatives of the family, the title of princes of imperial blood was established.
A complete list of all surnames associated with royal family in the female line:
- Leuchtenberg;
- Oldenburg;
- Mecklenburg.
The first branch went from the daughter of Nicholas I - Mary, who married the Duke of Leuchtenberg. The era of the Dukes of Oldenburg began with Peter Georgievich and Ekaterina Pavlovna. And Ekaterina Mikhailovna became the wife of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitzky, a third line came from their romance.
Life of the Romanovs after 1917
According to historical tables, which indicate the years of the reign of the Romanov dynasty, during the entire period of its existence, 65 people were born, belonging to the royal family. Of these, 18 were destroyed by the Bolsheviks. There were 32 men in the family, 13 representatives of the dynasty were shot in Yekaterinburg, St. Petersburg and Alapaevsk in 1918-1919. Only 47 people were saved, but they had to go into exile and go abroad.
Until the 1930s, most members of the ruling family still expected the fall of the Soviet system and the return of the monarchy. But the development of the USSR could not be completed, so they had to flee. In November 1920, the Russian princess Olga Konstantinovna was the regent of the Greek state, so she took in almost all the surviving members of the dynasty. In 1942 they were offered to take the throne in Montenegro, but this did not happen. To this day, the Association of members of the Romanov clan operates. It includes all the offspring of the sons of Nicholas I:
- Alexandrovich;
- Konstantinovich;
- Nikolaevich;
- Mikhailovich.
The Alexandrovich branch, from which three representatives still live, could come from Emperor Alexander II. His great-great-granddaughter Maria Vladimirovna has a descendant Georgy Mikhailovich, and her great-grandson Kirill Vladimirovich appeared from her daughter Maria Kirillovna. Princes Yuryevsky and Romanovsky-Ilyinsky belong to the same line.
The establishment of the second branch began from Prince Konstantin Nikolayevich. But she stopped in the male line in 1973 with the death of Vsevolod Ioannovich, and his sister died in 2007. The Nikolaevich branch could begin from Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder. In 2016, the last men died, but the women of the clan are still alive - Elizabeth, Tatyana and Natalya. The remaining representatives of the dynasty, according to the sequence of obtaining the throne, are assigned to the line of Mikhailovich, the youngest was born in 2013.
Although the reign of the great family has come to an end, its descendants still live. The genealogical tree and the scheme of the Romanov dynasty with dates of reign can still be seen in the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra and the Peter and Paul Cathedral, where members of the royal family are buried.
Romanovs. Family secrets of Russian emperors Balyazin Voldemar Nikolaevich
The origin of the family and surname of the Romanovs
The history of the Romanov family has been documented since the middle of the 14th century, from the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Simeon Gordoy - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who, like many boyars in the medieval Moscow state, played a significant role in government.
Kobyla had five sons, the youngest of whom, Fedor Andreevich, bore the nickname "Cat".
According to Russian historians, “Mare”, “Koshka” and many other Russian surnames, including noble ones, came from nicknames that arose spontaneously, under the influence of various random associations, which are difficult, and most often impossible, to reconstruct.
Fedor Koshka, in turn, served the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, who, speaking in 1380 in the famous victorious campaign against the Tatars on Kulikovo Field, left Koshka to rule Moscow instead of himself: “Observe the city of Moscow and protect the Grand Duchess and all his family” .
The descendants of Fyodor Koshka occupied a strong position at the Moscow court and often became related to members of the Rurik dynasty then ruling in Russia.
By the names of men from the family of Fedor Koshka, in fact, by patronymic, the descending branches of the family were called. Therefore, the descendants bore different surnames, until finally one of them - the boyar Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - occupied such an important position that all his descendants began to be called Romanovs.
And after the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia - became the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the surname "Romanovs" became unchanged for all members of this family, who played an outstanding role in the history of Russia and many other countries.
In 1598, the Rurik dynasty ceased to exist - the last of the dynasty, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich, died without descendants. After many years of Troubles, in 1613 the Zemsky Sobor was convened to elect a new tsar.
They elected Mikhail Romanov, who became the founder of a new dynasty that ruled Russia for three centuries - until March 1917.
From Mikhail Romanov in 1645, the throne passed to his son, Alexei Mikhailovich, who was the father of sixteen children. Thirteen of them were born by his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, three by his second wife, Natalia Naryshkina.
Since the subsequent narrative cannot do without a number of details that are necessary in order to make it clear when and why the Romanov dynasty embarked on the path of concluding many marriage alliances with German ruling houses, the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich will already be covered taking into account this circumstance.
The key moment in the history associated with many subsequent events is the second marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich to Natalya Naryshkina. And that's where we'll start the next chapter.
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