Naval ensign of the Soviet Union. Flag of the Navy of the USSR - history of creation, meaning
Description
The flag is a white canvas with an aspect ratio of 2:3. A blue stripe is stretched along the bottom edge. A five-pointed star is placed on the left side of the white field, and a hammer and sickle on the right. Both symbols are red. The two lower edges of the five-pointed star lie on the same straight line with the handles of the hammer and sickle. The width of the blue stripe corresponds to the width of the white part of the cloth in a ratio of 1:6. The distance from the top edges of the symbols to the top edge of the canvas is 1/6 of the total height of the flag. The upper edge of the sickle is spaced from the upper edge of the blade at a distance equal to 1/5 of the total width of the blade.
Symbolism
The red star is the symbol of the Red Army. The hammer and sickle personified the union of peasants and workers and was one of the main Soviet state emblems. The blue stripe at the bottom symbolizes the sea.
Story
The flag in the form in which it is known now was approved on November 16, 1950. In fact, it is a slightly corrected version of the 1935 Soviet Navy flag, in which the emblems of the five-pointed star and the hammer and sickle were slightly larger.
The stern ensign of the USSR Navy was specially established. The resolution stated:
The naval flag is red, rectangular, in the middle of the flag there is a white circle (sun) with 8 divergent white rays to the corners and middle sides.
In the circle there is a red five-pointed star, inside of which there is a sickle and a hammer, one end turned up.
Dimensions: the ratio of the length of the flag to its width as 3 × 2; the circle has a size - half the width of the flag; the star has a diameter - 5/6 of the diameter of the circle; the width of the rays in the circle is 1/24, in the corners and midpoints of the sides of the flag - 1/10 of the width of the flag.
On October 12, 1923, the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council (RVS) L. D. Trotsky approved the draft album “Flags of naval commanders and ships of the Workers 'and Peasants' Fleet”.
November 7, 1923, on the fifth anniversary of the October Revolution, according to the order of the Revolutionary Military Council and the order of the fleet, this flag was raised on warships.
Only on August 29, 1924, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, this flag (along with others) was officially approved. At the same time, the description of the flag was slightly changed:
The naval flag of the USSR is a rectangular red flag with a length-to-width ratio of 3:2.
In the center of the flag is a white circle (sun), inside which is a red five-pointed star with one end up. Inside the star are placed a white hammer and sickle. The circle has a diameter equal to half the width of the flag, and the star is 5/6 of the diameter of the circle. From the white circle (sun) to the corners and midpoints of the sides - eight divergent white rays, the width of which is 1/24 at the circle, and 1/10 of the width of the latter at the edges of the flag.
After the creation on April 21, 1932 of the Naval Forces Far East, converted on January 11, 1935 to the Pacific Fleet, the question arose of replacing the Naval ensign, as it was very similar to the naval ensign of Japan, which could lead to possible problems.
On May 27, 1935, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, among others, a new Naval flag was established.
The naval flag of the USSR is a white cloth with a blue stripe running along the lower edge of the flag. On the white panel are placed: in the center of the left half (at the luff) a red five-pointed star, one cone facing upwards; in the center of the right half of the cloth there is a crossed red hammer and sickle.
The diameter of the star is equal to 2/3 of the width of the entire flag, and the largest diameter of the crossed hammer and sickle is 2/3 of the width of the white flag. The ratio of the width of the white panel to the blue stripe is 5:1. The ratio of the length of the flag to the width is 3:2.
On November 16, 1950, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR that was not published and was not included in the Code of Laws of the USSR, among other things, changes were made to the Naval flag. The proportions and placement of the star and the hammer and sickle have been changed.
On April 21, 1964, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, descriptions and drawings of the naval flags and pennants of the USSR of warships, ships border troops, auxiliary courts and officials of the Ministry of Defense and the State Security Committee of the USSR.
The naval flag of the USSR is a white cloth with a blue stripe running along the lower edge of the flag.
On the white panel of the flag are placed: in the left half of the panel (near the luff) - a red five-pointed star with one end up; in the right half of the cloth there is a crossed hammer and sickle of red color. The lower points of the handles of the sickle and hammer lie on the same line with the lower ends of the star.
The dimensions of the flag: the ratio of the width of the flag to its length is one to one and a half; the width of the blue stripe is equal to 1/6 of the width of the flag; the distance from the upper end of the star to the upper edge of the flag, as well as from the lower ends of the star to the blue stripe of the flag, is equal to 1/6 of the flag's width. The upper end of the sickle is 1/5 of the flag's width from the top edge of the flag.
Naval ensign of Russia.
Red Banner Naval Ensign
The Honorary Revolutionary Naval Ensign for the ships of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet is the Naval ensign of the USSR, in the upper left corner of which there is a white crown.
The edge of the roof goes around part of the circumference of the white circle and runs in the middle of the two white rays of the flag, in the middle of the roof there is a drawing of the Order of the Red Banner.
By the Regulations on the Flag, adopted only on November 27, 1932, the Honorary Revolutionary Naval Flag was the highest Revolutionary award and was awarded, for outstanding services, to ships and their formations. When repeating outstanding merits, ships and their formations could be presented for awarding the Order of the Red Banner, which was attached to the Honorary Revolutionary Naval Flag.
The Honorary Revolutionary Naval Ensign for the ships of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet and their formations is the Naval Ensign of the USSR, on which an image of the Order of the Red Banner is placed over the red star.
The height of the Order of the Red Banner is 9/10 of the diameter of the red star. The ratio of the length of the flag to the width is 3:2.
The Red Banner Naval Flag is the Naval Ensign of the USSR, on which an image of the Order of the Red Banner is placed on top of the red star pattern. The size of the order in diameter (horizontally) is equal to 1/4 of the width of the flag.
On April 21, 1964, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the description of the Red Banner Naval Flag was slightly changed.
The Red Banner Naval Flag of the USSR - is the Naval Flag of the USSR, on which an image of the Order of the Red Banner is placed on top of the red star pattern. The size of the order in diameter (horizontally) is 1/4 of the width of the flag.
In this form, the flag existed until July 26, 1992, when it was replaced by the Order Naval Flag of Russia.
Ships awarded the Order of the Red Banner
In total, 63 warships (32 surface ships and 31 submarines) were awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
Shch-421 is the only submarine that did not have time to raise the Red Banner flag assigned to it.
Ships awarded other orders
Guards Naval Ensign
Guards Naval Flag of the USSR - represents the Naval Flag of the USSR with the Guards Ribbon located on it, tied with a bow, with fluttering ends. Guards tape is located above the strip blue color, symmetrical about the middle vertical line of the flag. The length of the guards ribbon in a straight line is 11/12, and the width is 1/20 of the width of the flag.
In this form, the flag existed until July 26, 1992, when it was replaced by the Guards Naval Flag of Russia.
Guard ships
- Gunboat "Red Star" - 30 August 1945
- Gunboat "Proletary" - 30 August 1945
- Cruiser "Red Caucasus" - April 3, 1942
- successor - large anti-submarine ship "Red Caucasus" - since November 25, 1964
- successor - missile cruiser "Moskva" - since December 4, 1997
- successor - large anti-submarine ship "Red Caucasus" - since November 25, 1964
- Cruiser "Red Crimea" - June 18, 1942
- Minelayer "Marty" ("Oka") - 3 April 1942
- Minelayer "Okhotsk" - 26 August 1945
- Monitor "Sverdlov" - August 30, 1945
- Monitor "Sun Yat Sen" - August 30, 1945
- Submarine "D-3" - April 3, 1942
- Submarine "K-22" - April 3, 1942
- "K-22" - since January 25, 1963
- successor - nuclear submarine K-335 "Gepard" - since December 4, 1997
- "K-22" - since January 25, 1963
- Nuclear submarine "K-133" - April 14, 1966
- successor - nuclear submarine K-295 "Samara" - since December 4, 1997
- Submarine "L-3" - March 1, 1943
- Submarine "M-35" - May 31, 1943
- Submarine "M-62" - July 22, 1944
- Submarine "M-171" - April 3, 1942
- Submarine "M-172" - July 25, 1943
- Submarine "M-174" - April 3, 1942
- Submarine "S-33" - July 22, 1944
- Submarine "S-56" - February 23, 1945
- successor - nuclear submarine K-56 - from January 25, 1963
- successor - nuclear submarine K-152 "Nerpa" - since December 4, 1997
- successor - nuclear submarine K-56 - from January 25, 1963
- Submarine Shch-205 - March 1, 1943
- Submarine Shch-215 - July 22, 1944
- Submarine Shch-303 - March 1, 1943
- Submarine Shch-309 - March 1, 1943
- Submarine Shch-402 - July 25, 1943
- Submarine Shch-422 - July 25, 1943
- K-116 »
- successor - nuclear submarine K-119 "Voronezh"
- K-116 »
- Patrol boat "SKA-065" ("MO-65") - July 25, 1943
- Patrol ship "Metel" - 26 August 1945
- Patrol ship "SKR-2" ("EK-2") - 22 August 1945
- Minesweeper "Defender" - March 1, 1943
- Minesweeper "T-205" ("Gaffel") - April 3, 1942
- successor - base minesweeper T-205 "Gafel" - since March 27, 1963
- Minesweeper "T-278" - August 26, 1945
- Minesweeper "T-281" - August 26, 1945
- Destroyer "Thundering" - March 1, 1943
- successor - missile ship "Thundering" - since December 17, 1957
- successor - squadron destroyer "Thundering" - since August 18, 1988
- successor - missile ship "Thundering" - since December 17, 1957
- Destroyer "Savvy" - March 1, 1943
- successor - missile cruiser "Varyag"
- Destroyer Stoikiy ("Vice-Admiral Drozd") - April 3, 1942
In total, by September 1945, 18 surface ships and 16 submarines were awarded the title of guards.
Submarines "M-172", "Sch-402" and "S-56" were previously awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and after assignment guards rank they raised the Guards Red Banner flag.
Guards Red Banner Naval Flag
Guards Red Banner Naval Flag of the USSR - is a Guards Naval Flag, on which an image of the Order of the Red Banner is placed on top of a red star pattern. The size of the order in diameter (horizontally) is 1/4 of the width of the flag.
On the naval ensigns of ships awarded other orders of the Soviet Union, an image of the order with which the ship was awarded is placed on top of the red star pattern.
Guards Red Banner Naval Flag of the USSR - is the Guards Naval Flag of the USSR, on which an image of the Order of the Red Banner is placed on top of the red star pattern. The size of the order in diameter (horizontally) is 1/4 of the width of the flag.
Note. On the naval ensigns of ships awarded other orders of the Soviet Union, an image of the order with which the ship was awarded is placed on top of the red star pattern. The size of the order in diameter (horizontally) is 1/4 of the width of the flag.
In this form, the flag existed until July 26, 1992, when it was replaced by the Guards Order Naval Flag of Russia.
Guards ships awarded the Order of the Red Banner
Flag of the Soviet Navy in philately
The flag of the USSR Navy is depicted on postage stamps of the USSR, published in a series dedicated to the Armed Forces of the USSR (RKKA, Soviet Army).
Below are the stamps from the commemorative issues:
- Series of postage stamps
Stamp of USSR 1241.jpg
30 years Soviet army (1948)
1958 CPA 2121.jpg
1958 CPA 2124.jpg
40 years of the Soviet Armed Forces (1958)
The Soviet Union 1968 CPA 3604 stamp (Red Star and Flags of Army, Navy and Air Forces).jpg
Soviet Armed Forces, 50 years old (1968)
see also
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Notes
An excerpt characterizing the Naval ensign of the USSR
- No word from Mac? Kozlovsky asked.- Not.
- If it were true that he was defeated, then the news would come.
“Probably,” said Prince Andrei and went to the exit door; but at the same time to meet him, slamming the door, a tall, obviously newcomer, Austrian general in a frock coat, with his head tied with a black handkerchief and with the Order of Maria Theresa around his neck, quickly entered the waiting room. Prince Andrew stopped.
- General Anshef Kutuzov? - quickly said the visiting general with a sharp German accent, looking around on both sides and without stopping walking to the door of the office.
“The general is busy,” said Kozlovsky, hurriedly approaching the unknown general and blocking his way from the door. - How would you like to report?
The unknown general looked contemptuously down at the short Kozlovsky, as if surprised that he might not be known.
“The general chief is busy,” Kozlovsky repeated calmly.
The general's face frowned, his lips twitched and trembled. He took out a notebook, quickly drew something with a pencil, tore out a piece of paper, gave it away, went with quick steps to the window, threw his body on a chair and looked around at those in the room, as if asking: why are they looking at him? Then the general raised his head, stretched out his neck, as if intending to say something, but immediately, as if carelessly starting to hum to himself, made a strange sound, which was immediately stopped. The door of the office opened, and Kutuzov appeared on the threshold. The general with his head bandaged, as if running away from danger, bent over, with large, quick steps of thin legs, approached Kutuzov.
- Vous voyez le malheureux Mack, [You see the unfortunate Mack.] - he said in a broken voice.
The face of Kutuzov, who was standing in the doorway of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments. Then, like a wave, a wrinkle ran over his face, his forehead smoothed out; he bowed his head respectfully, closed his eyes, silently let Mack pass him, and closed the door behind him.
The rumor, already spread before, about the defeat of the Austrians and the surrender of the entire army at Ulm, turned out to be true. Half an hour later, adjutants were sent in different directions with orders proving that soon the Russian troops, who had been inactive until now, would have to meet with the enemy.
Prince Andrei was one of those rare officers on staff who considered his main interest in the general course of military affairs. Seeing Mack and hearing the details of his death, he realized that half of the campaign was lost, understood the whole difficulty of the position of the Russian troops and vividly imagined what awaited the army, and the role that he would have to play in it.
Involuntarily, he experienced an exciting joyful feeling at the thought of shaming presumptuous Austria and that in a week, perhaps, he would have to see and take part in a clash between Russians and French, for the first time after Suvorov.
But he was afraid of the genius of Bonaparte, who could be stronger than all the courage of the Russian troops, and at the same time he could not allow shame for his hero.
Excited and irritated by these thoughts, Prince Andrei went to his room to write to his father, to whom he wrote every day. He met in the corridor with his roommate Nesvitsky and the joker Zherkov; they, as always, laughed at something.
Why are you so gloomy? Nesvitsky asked, noticing the pale face of Prince Andrei with sparkling eyes.
“There is nothing to have fun,” answered Bolkonsky.
While Prince Andrei met with Nesvitsky and Zherkov, on the other side of the corridor Strauch, an Austrian general who was at Kutuzov's headquarters to monitor the food of the Russian army, and a member of the Hofkriegsrat, who had arrived the day before, were walking towards them. There was enough space along the wide corridor for the generals to disperse freely with three officers; but Zherkov, pushing Nesvitsky away with his hand, said in a breathless voice:
- They're coming! ... they're coming! ... step aside, the road! please way!
The generals passed with an air of desire to get rid of troubling honors. On the face of the joker Zherkov suddenly expressed a stupid smile of joy, which he seemed unable to contain.
“Your Excellency,” he said in German, moving forward and addressing the Austrian general. I have the honor to congratulate you.
He bowed his head and awkwardly, like children learning to dance, began to scrape one leg or the other.
The General, a member of the Hofkriegsrath, looked sternly at him; not noticing the seriousness of the stupid smile, he could not refuse a moment's attention. He squinted to show he was listening.
“I have the honor to congratulate you, General Mack has arrived, in perfect health, only a little hurt here,” he added, beaming with a smile and pointing to his head.
The general frowned, turned away, and walked on.
Gott, wie naive! [My God, how simple he is!] – he said angrily, moving away a few steps.
Nesvitsky embraced Prince Andrei with laughter, but Bolkonsky, turning even paler, with an evil expression on his face, pushed him away and turned to Zherkov. That nervous irritation into which the sight of Mack, the news of his defeat, and the thought of what awaited the Russian army had brought him, found its outlet in bitterness at Zherkov's inappropriate joke.
“If you, dear sir,” he spoke piercingly with a slight trembling of his lower jaw, “want to be a jester, then I cannot prevent you from doing so; but I announce to you that if you dare another time to make a fuss in my presence, then I will teach you how to behave.
Nesvitsky and Zherkov were so surprised by this trick that they silently, with their eyes wide open, looked at Bolkonsky.
“Well, I only congratulated you,” said Zherkov.
- I'm not joking with you, if you please be silent! - Bolkonsky shouted and, taking Nesvitsky by the hand, he walked away from Zherkov, who could not find what to answer.
“Well, what are you, brother,” Nesvitsky said reassuringly.
- Like what? - Prince Andrei spoke, stopping from excitement. - Yes, you understand that we, or officers who serve their tsar and fatherland and rejoice at the common success and grieve about the common failure, or we are lackeys who do not care about the master's business. Quarante milles hommes massacres et l "ario mee de nos allies detruite, et vous trouvez la le mot pour rire," he said, as if reinforcing his opinion with this French phrase. - C "est bien pour un garcon de rien, comme cet individu , dont vous avez fait un ami, mais pas pour vous, pas pour vous. [Forty thousand people died and our allied army was destroyed, and you can joke about it. This is forgivable to an insignificant boy, like this gentleman whom you have made your friend, but not to you, not to you.] Boys can only be so amused, - said Prince Andrei in Russian, pronouncing this word with a French accent, noting that Zherkov could still hear it.
He waited for the cornet to answer. But the cornet turned and walked out of the corridor.
The Pavlograd Hussar Regiment was stationed two miles from Braunau. The squadron, in which Nikolai Rostov served as a cadet, was located in the German village of Salzenek. The squadron commander, captain Denisov, known to the entire cavalry division under the name of Vaska Denisov, was assigned the best apartment in the village. Junker Rostov had been living with the squadron commander ever since he caught up with the regiment in Poland.
On October 11, on the very day when everything in the main apartment was raised to its feet by the news of Mack's defeat, camping life at the squadron headquarters calmly went on as before. Denisov, who had been losing all night at cards, had not yet returned home when Rostov, early in the morning, on horseback, returned from foraging. Rostov, in a cadet uniform, rode up to the porch, pushed the horse, threw off his leg with a flexible, young gesture, stood on the stirrup, as if not wanting to part with the horse, finally jumped down and called out to the messenger.
“Ah, Bondarenko, dear friend,” he said to the hussar, who rushed headlong to his horse. “Let me out, my friend,” he said with that brotherly, cheerful tenderness with which good young people treat everyone when they are happy.
“I’m listening, your excellency,” answered the Little Russian, shaking his head merrily.
- Look, take it out well!
Another hussar also rushed to the horse, but Bondarenko had already thrown over the reins of the snaffle. It was evident that the junker gave well for vodka, and that it was profitable to serve him. Rostov stroked the horse's neck, then its rump, and stopped on the porch.
“Glorious! Such will be the horse! he said to himself, and, smiling and holding his saber, he ran up to the porch, rattling his spurs. The German owner, in a sweatshirt and cap, with a pitchfork, with which he cleaned the manure, looked out of the barn. The German's face suddenly brightened as soon as he saw Rostov. He smiled cheerfully and winked: “Schon, gut Morgen! Schon, gut Morgen!" [Fine, good morning!] he repeated, apparently finding pleasure in greeting the young man.
– Schonfleissig! [Already at work!] - said Rostov, still with the same joyful, brotherly smile that did not leave his animated face. – Hoch Oestreicher! Hoch Russen! Kaiser Alexander hoch! [Hooray Austrians! Hooray Russians! Emperor Alexander hurray!] - he turned to the German, repeating the words often spoken by the German host.
The German laughed, went completely out of the barn door, pulled
cap and, waving it over his head, shouted:
– Und die ganze Welt hoch! [And the whole world cheers!]
Rostov himself, just like a German, waved his cap over his head and, laughing, shouted: “Und Vivat die ganze Welt!” Although there was no reason for special joy either for the German who was cleaning his cowshed, or for Rostov, who went with a platoon for hay, both these people looked at each other with happy delight and brotherly love, shook their heads in a sign mutual love and smiling they parted - the German to the barn, and Rostov to the hut that he occupied with Denisov.
- What's the sir? he asked Lavrushka, the rogue lackey Denisov known to the whole regiment.
Haven't been since the evening. It’s true, we lost,” answered Lavrushka. “I already know that if they win, they will come early to show off, but if they don’t until morning, then they’ve blown away, the angry ones will come. Would you like coffee?
- Come on, come on.
After 10 minutes, Lavrushka brought coffee. They're coming! - he said, - now the trouble. - Rostov looked out the window and saw Denisov returning home. Denisov was small man with a red face, shining black eyes, black tousled mustache and hair. He was wearing an unbuttoned mentic, wide chikchirs lowered in folds, and a crumpled hussar cap was put on the back of his head. He gloomily, lowering his head, approached the porch.
“Lavg” ear, ”he shouted loudly and angrily. “Well, take it off, blockhead!
“Yes, I’m filming anyway,” answered Lavrushka’s voice.
- BUT! you already got up, - said Denisov, entering the room.
- For a long time, - said Rostov, - I already went for hay and saw Fraulein Matilda.
– That's how! And I pg "puffed up, bg" at, vcheg "a, like a son of a bitch!" shouted Denisov, without pronouncing the river. - Such a misfortune! Such a misfortune! As you left, so it went. Hey, tea!
Denisov, grimacing, as if smiling and showing his short, strong teeth, began to ruffle his black, thick hair, like a dog, with both hands with short fingers.
- Chog "t me money" zero to go to this kg "yse (nickname of the officer)," he said, rubbing his forehead and face with both hands. "You didn't.
Denisov took the lighted pipe handed to him, clenched it into a fist, and, scattering fire, hit it on the floor, continuing to shout.
- The sempel will give, pag "ol beats; the sempel will give, pag" ol beats.
He scattered the fire, smashed the pipe and threw it away. Denisov paused, and suddenly, with his shining black eyes, looked merrily at Rostov.
- If only there were women. And then here, kg "oh how to drink, there is nothing to do. If only she could get away."
- Hey, who's there? - he turned to the door, hearing the stopped steps of thick boots with the rattling of spurs and a respectful cough.
- Wahmister! Lavrushka said.
Denisov frowned even more.
“Squeeg,” he said, throwing a purse with several gold pieces. “Gostov, count, my dear, how much is left there, but put the purse under the pillow,” he said and went out to the sergeant-major.
Rostov took the money and, mechanically, putting aside and leveling heaps of old and new gold, began to count them.
- BUT! Telyanin! Zdog "ovo! Inflate me all at once" ah! Denisov's voice was heard from another room.
- Who? At Bykov's, at the rat's? ... I knew, - said another thin voice, and after that Lieutenant Telyanin, a small officer of the same squadron, entered the room.
Rostov threw a purse under the pillow and shook the small, damp hand extended to him. Telyanin was transferred from the guard before the campaign for something. He behaved very well in the regiment; but they did not like him, and in particular Rostov could neither overcome nor hide his unreasonable disgust for this officer.
- Well, young cavalryman, how does my Grachik serve you? - he asked. (Grachik was a riding horse, a tack, sold by Telyanin to Rostov.)
The lieutenant never looked into the eyes of the person with whom he spoke; His eyes were constantly moving from one object to another.
- I saw you drove today ...
“Nothing, good horse,” answered Rostov, despite the fact that this horse, bought by him for 700 rubles, was not worth even half of this price. “I began to crouch on the left front ...” he added. - Cracked hoof! It's nothing. I will teach you, show you which rivet to put.
“Yes, please show me,” said Rostov.
- I'll show you, I'll show you, it's not a secret. And thank you for the horse.
“So I order the horse to be brought,” said Rostov, wanting to get rid of Telyanin, and went out to order the horse to be brought.
In the passage, Denisov, with a pipe, crouched on the threshold, sat in front of the sergeant-major, who was reporting something. Seeing Rostov, Denisov frowned and, pointing over his shoulder with his thumb into the room in which Telyanin was sitting, grimaced and shook with disgust.
“Oh, I don’t like the good fellow,” he said, not embarrassed by the presence of the sergeant-major.
Rostov shrugged his shoulders, as if to say: "So do I, but what can I do!" and, having ordered, returned to Telyanin.
Telyanin sat still in the same lazy pose in which Rostov had left him, rubbing his small white hands.
"There are such nasty faces," thought Rostov, entering the room.
“Well, did you order the horse to be brought?” - said Telyanin, getting up and casually looking around.
- Velel.
- Come on, let's go. After all, I only came to ask Denisov about yesterday's order. Got it, Denisov?
- Not yet. Where are you?
“I want to teach a young man how to shoe a horse,” said Telyanin.
They went out onto the porch and into the stables. The lieutenant showed how to make a rivet and went to his room.
When Rostov returned, there was a bottle of vodka and sausage on the table. Denisov sat in front of the table and cracked pen on paper. He looked gloomily into Rostov's face.
“I am writing to her,” he said.
He leaned on the table with a pen in his hand, and, obviously delighted with the opportunity to quickly say in a word everything that he wanted to write, expressed his letter to Rostov.
- You see, dg "ug," he said. "We sleep until we love. We are the children of pg`axa ... but you fell in love - and you are God, you are pure, as on the peg" day of creation ... Who else is this? Send him to the chog "tu. No time!" he shouted at Lavrushka, who, not at all shy, approached him.
- But who should be? They themselves ordered. The sergeant-major came for the money.
Denisov frowned, wanted to shout something and fell silent.
“Squeeg,” but that’s the point, he said to himself. “How much money is left in the wallet?” he asked Rostov.
“Seven new ones and three old ones.
“Ah, skweg,” but! Well, what are you standing, scarecrows, send a wahmistg “a,” Denisov shouted at Lavrushka.
“Please, Denisov, take my money, because I have it,” said Rostov, blushing.
“I don’t like to borrow from my own, I don’t like it,” grumbled Denisov.
“And if you don’t take money from me comradely, you will offend me. Really, I have, - repeated Rostov.
- No.
And Denisov went to the bed to get a wallet from under the pillow.
- Where did you put it, Rostov?
- Under the bottom cushion.
- Yes, no.
Denisov threw both pillows on the floor. There was no wallet.
- That's a miracle!
“Wait, didn’t you drop it?” said Rostov, picking up the pillows one at a time and shaking them out.
He threw off and brushed off the blanket. There was no wallet.
- Have I forgotten? No, I also thought that you were definitely putting a treasure under your head, ”said Rostov. - I put my wallet here. Where is he? he turned to Lavrushka.
- I didn't go in. Where they put it, there it should be.
- Well no…
- You're all right, throw it somewhere, and forget it. Look in your pockets.
“No, if I didn’t think about the treasure,” said Rostov, “otherwise I remember what I put in.”
Lavrushka rummaged through the whole bed, looked under it, under the table, rummaged through the whole room and stopped in the middle of the room. Denisov silently followed Lavrushka's movements, and when Lavrushka threw up his hands in surprise, saying that he was nowhere to be found, he looked back at Rostov.
- Mr. Ostov, you are not a schoolboy ...
Rostov felt Denisov's gaze on him, raised his eyes and at the same moment lowered them. All his blood, which had been locked up somewhere below his throat, gushed into his face and eyes. He couldn't catch his breath.
- And there was no one in the room, except for the lieutenant and yourself. Here somewhere,” said Lavrushka.
- Well, you, chog "those doll, turn around, look," Denisov suddenly shouted, turning purple and throwing himself at the footman with a menacing gesture. Zapog everyone!
Rostov, looking around Denisov, began to button up his jacket, fastened his saber and put on his cap.
“I’m telling you to have a wallet,” Denisov shouted, shaking the batman’s shoulders and pushing him against the wall.
- Denisov, leave him; I know who took it,” said Rostov, going up to the door and not raising his eyes.
Denisov stopped, thought, and, apparently understanding what Rostov was hinting at, grabbed his hand.
“Sigh!” he shouted so that the veins, like ropes, puffed out on his neck and forehead. “I’m telling you, you’re crazy, I won’t allow it. The wallet is here; I will loosen my skin from this meg'zavetz, and it will be here.
“I know who took it,” Rostov repeated in a trembling voice and went to the door.
“But I’m telling you, don’t you dare do this,” Denisov shouted, rushing to the cadet to restrain him.
But Rostov tore his hand away and with such malice, as if Denisov was his greatest enemy, directly and firmly fixed his eyes on him.
– Do you understand what you are saying? he said in a trembling voice, “there was no one else in the room except me. So, if not, then...
He could not finish and ran out of the room.
“Ah, why not with you and with everyone,” were the last words that Rostov heard.
Rostov came to Telyanin's apartment.
“The master is not at home, they have gone to the headquarters,” Telyanin’s orderly told him. Or what happened? added the batman, surprised at the junker's upset face.
- There is nothing.
“We missed a little,” said the batman.
The headquarters was located three miles from Salzenek. Rostov, without going home, took a horse and rode to headquarters. In the village occupied by the headquarters, there was a tavern frequented by officers. Rostov arrived at the tavern; at the porch he saw Telyanin's horse.
In the second room of the tavern the lieutenant was sitting at a dish of sausages and a bottle of wine.
“Ah, and you stopped by, young man,” he said, smiling and raising his eyebrows high.
- Yes, - said Rostov, as if it took a lot of effort to pronounce this word, and sat down at the next table.
Both were silent; two Germans and one Russian officer were sitting in the room. Everyone was silent, and the sounds of knives on plates and the lieutenant's champing could be heard. When Telyanin had finished breakfast, he took a double purse out of his pocket, spread the rings with his little white fingers bent upwards, took out a gold one, and, raising his eyebrows, gave the money to the servant.
“Please hurry,” he said.
Gold was new. Rostov got up and went over to Telyanin.
“Let me see the purse,” he said in a low, barely audible voice.
With shifty eyes, but still raised eyebrows, Telyanin handed over the purse.
"Yes, a pretty purse... Yes... yes..." he said, and suddenly turned pale. “Look, young man,” he added.
Rostov took the wallet in his hands and looked at it, and at the money that was in it, and at Telyanin. The lieutenant looked around, as was his habit, and seemed to suddenly become very cheerful.
“If we’re in Vienna, I’ll leave everything there, and now there’s nowhere to go in these crappy little towns,” he said. - Come on, young man, I'll go.
Rostov was silent.
- What about you? have breakfast too? They are decently fed,” continued Telyanin. - Come on.
He reached out and took hold of the wallet. Rostov released him. Telyanin took the purse and began to put it into the pocket of his breeches, and his eyebrows casually rose, and his mouth opened slightly, as if he were saying: “Yes, yes, I put my purse in my pocket, and it’s very simple, and no one cares about this” .
- Well, what, young man? he said, sighing and looking into Rostov's eyes from under his raised eyebrows. Some kind of light from the eyes, with the speed of an electric spark, ran from Telyanin's eyes to Rostov's eyes and back, back and back, all in an instant.
“Come here,” said Rostov, grabbing Telyanin by the hand. He almost dragged him to the window. - This is Denisov's money, you took it ... - he whispered in his ear.
“What?… What?… How dare you?” What? ... - said Telyanin.
But these words sounded a plaintive, desperate cry and a plea for forgiveness. As soon as Rostov heard this sound of a voice, a huge stone of doubt fell from his soul. He felt joy, and at the same moment he felt sorry for the unfortunate man who stood before him; but it was necessary to complete the work begun.
“The people here, God knows what they might think,” muttered Telyanin, grabbing his cap and heading into a small empty room, “we need to explain ourselves ...
“I know it, and I will prove it,” said Rostov.
- I…
Telyanin's frightened, pale face began to tremble with all its muscles; his eyes still ran, but somewhere below, not rising to Rostov's face, and sobs were heard.
He was part of the structure of the Armed Forces throughout the entire period of the existence of the USSR. The ships of the USSR Navy were always ready to defend the borders of the state. Many sailors distinguished themselves during the Great Patriotic War.
Flag of the Soviet Navy
Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Soviet fleet, the colors of the flag changed several times. This was due either to the creation of new fleets, or to a change in the geopolitical situation.
The first flag of the Soviet Navy was officially approved in 1923. What did he look like? A rectangular cloth of red color was taken, in the middle of which the sun with 8 rays was depicted. Since this flag was somewhat similar to national symbol Japan, after the formation of the Pacific Fleet in 1932, Soviet sailors initiated the development of a sketch of a new flag. Such actions were logical in the light of Japan's certain hostility towards our state. The USSR in the new design was approved by a government decree of May 27, 1935. The coloring has not changed fundamentally. Now it was a white canvas with a blue stripe at the bottom. In the center of the flag was a five-pointed star, as well as a hammer and sickle. It can be seen that more traditional Soviet elements appeared on the flag. General form The flag was changed in 1950. No new symbols were added, but the party leadership decided to change the location of the star and sickle in some places.
There was also an Honorary Naval Ensign. It was used during ceremonies or given to the captains of particularly distinguished ships. His appearance also changed several times during the existence of the Soviet fleet. For example, the first version of this flag was very similar to the usual flag of the USSR Navy, except that a large white cross was placed in the upper left corner.
What do the flags on the ship mean?
There are different situations at sea, so a special warning system has been developed in the form of flags on ships. This includes up to 80 different characters. These can be flags-commands (give reverse or low speed, etc.), warnings (for example, the course of the ship is in a dangerous direction), alerts (a person fell overboard, a distress signal on the ship). Flags can also signal ship turns. A special distinctive sign was necessarily raised on a duty border ship.
Navy of the USSR (Navy of the USSR)- the navy of the Union of Soviet Union that existed from 1918 to 1992 Socialist Republics, based on after October revolution. In 1918-1924 and 1937-1946 it was called Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF); in 1924-1937 and 1950-1953 - Naval Forces Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (Navy of the Red Army).
Creation of a fleet
The Soviet Navy was created from the remnants of the Russian Imperial Fleet, which was almost completely destroyed as a result of the October Revolution and the Civil War.
During the revolution, sailors left their ships en masse, and officers were partially repressed or killed, partially joined White movement or retired. Work on the construction of ships was stopped.
The basis of the naval power of the Soviet fleet was to be battleships of the "Soviet Union" type, and the construction modern fleet was one of the priority tasks of the USSR, but the beginning of the Great Patriotic War prevented the implementation of these plans.
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet took part in the 1939-1940 Soviet-Finnish War, which was reduced mainly to artillery duels between Soviet ships and Finnish coastal fortifications.
The Second World War
In 1941, as a result of the attack of the army of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union, the army of the Soviet Union suffered huge losses, many sailors were transferred to ground troops, and naval guns were removed from ships and turned into coastal guns. Especially important role on land, the sailors played in the battles for Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Novorossiysk, Tuapse and Leningrad.
Submarine type M.
Composition of the Red Fleet in 1941
Soviet Navy on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
By 1941, the Navy of the Soviet Union included the Northern, Baltic, Black Sea and Pacific Fleets.
In addition, it included the Danube, Pinsk, Caspian and Amur flotillas. The combat power of the fleet was determined by 3 battleships, 7 cruisers, 44 leaders and destroyers, 24 patrol ships, 130 submarines and more than 200 ships of various classes - gunboats, monitors, torpedo boats, auxiliary vessels ... .. 1433 aircraft totaled naval aviation ....
Forces of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet consisted of 2 battleships, 2 cruisers, 2 leaders, 17 destroyers, 4 minelayers, 71 submarines and more than 100 smaller class ships - patrol boats, minesweepers, torpedo boats and others. The aviation assigned to the fleet consisted of 656 aircraft.
The Northern Fleet, formed in 1933, by 1941 had 8 destroyers, 7 patrol ships, 2 minesweepers, 14 submarine hunters, 15 submarines in total. The Fleet Air Force had 116 aircraft at its disposal, but half of them were obsolete seaplanes. There were 28,381 personnel on ships and in parts of the fleet.
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a well-equipped fleet for that time was created in the Black Sea, consisting of 1 battleship, 5 cruisers, 3 leaders and 14 destroyers, 47 submarines, 2 brigades of torpedo boats, several divisions of minesweepers, patrol and anti-submarine boats, the Air Force of the Fleet (St. 600 aircraft) and strong coastal defense. Part Black Sea Fleet included the Danube (until November 1941) and the Azov military flotilla, created in July 1941.
The Pacific Fleet included: 2 leaders of destroyers - "Baku" and "Tbilisi", 5 destroyers, 145 torpedo boats, 6 patrol ships, 5 minelayers, 18 minesweepers, 19 hunters for submarines, 86 submarines, about 500 aircraft.
With such forces, the fleet met the news of the beginning of the Second World War.
In August 1941, after the attack of the Nazis, 791 civilian ships and 251 border guard ships were “seconded” to the Navy, having undergone appropriate re-equipment and armament. For the needs of the Red Banner Fleet, 228 coastal defense batteries, 218 anti-aircraft batteries and three armored trains were formed.
The Red Fleet in 1941 included:
- 7 cruisers (including 4 Kirov-class light cruisers)
- 59 destroyers (including 46 Wrathful and Sentry class ships)
- 22 patrol ships
- a number of smaller ships and vessels
Another 219 ships were under construction in varying degrees of readiness, including 3 battleships, 2 heavy and 7 light cruisers, 45 destroyers and 91 submarines.
During the years of World War II, the United States and Great Britain transferred ships, boats and ships with a total displacement of 810,000 tons to the USSR under the Lend-Lease program.
Fleet combat
After capture by the German army Tallinn, the Baltic Fleet was blocked by minefields in Leningrad and Kronstadt. However, surface ships continued to play an important role in the defense of Leningrad - they actively participated in the air defense of the city and fired at German positions from their main battery guns. One example of the heroism of sailors is the actions of the battleship "Marat", which continued to fight and fire from main battery guns until the end of the war, despite the fact that on September 23, 1941, as a result of an attack by German Ju-87 dive bombers, the ship was actually broken into two parts and was in a semi-flooded state.
The submarines of the Baltic Fleet managed to break through the naval blockade and, despite the losses, they made a great contribution to the destruction of the enemy's sea lanes in the Eastern European theater of operations.
cold war
By the mid-1940s, the military potential of the United States was enormous. Their armed forces included 150 thousand different aircraft and the largest fleet in the world, which had over 100 units of aircraft carriers alone. In April 1949, at the initiative of the United States, the military-political bloc of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created, after which two more blocs were organized - CENTO and SEATO. The goals of all these organizations were directed against the socialist countries.
The international situation dictated the need to oppose the combined forces capitalist countries the combined might of the socialist states. To this end, on May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, the heads of government of the Socialist. countries signed a collective allied Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, which went down in history as the Warsaw Pact.
Development of the Soviet Navy after World War II
In the very first post-war years The Soviet government set the task of accelerated development and renewal Navy. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the fleet received a significant number of new and modern cruisers, destroyers, submarines, patrol ships, minesweepers, submarine hunters, torpedo boats, and pre-war ships were modernized.
At the same time, much attention was paid to improving the organization and raising the level of combat training, taking into account the experience of the Great Patriotic War. Existing charters were revised and new charters were developed and study guides, and to meet the increased personnel needs of the fleet, the network of naval educational institutions was expanded.
Equipment and armament of the USSR Navy at the end of the 1980s
Aircraft carriers Riga and Tbilisi.
A. S. Pavlov gives the following data on the composition of the USSR Navy at the end of the 1980s: 64 nuclear and 15 diesel submarines with ballistic missiles, 79 submarines with cruise missiles (including 63 nuclear-powered), 80 multipurpose nuclear-powered torpedo submarines (all data on submarines as of January 1, 1989), four aircraft carriers, 96 cruisers, destroyers and missile frigates, 174 patrol and small anti-submarine ships, 623 boats and minesweepers, 107 landing ships and boats. A total of 1380 warships (excluding auxiliary vessels), 1142 combat aircraft (all data on surface ships as of July 1, 1988).
In 1991, shipbuilding enterprises of the USSR built: two aircraft carriers (including one nuclear), 11 nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles, 18 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, seven diesel submarines, two missile cruisers(including one nuclear), 10 destroyers and large anti-submarine ships, etc.
Organization
As of the end of the 1980s, the USSR Navy organizationally consisted of the branches of forces:
- underwater
- surface
- naval aviation
- coastal missile and artillery troops
- marines
The fleet also included units and units special purpose, ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet, as well as various services. Main Headquarters The Soviet Navy was in Moscow.
The composition of the Soviet Navy included the following naval formations:
- Red Banner Northern Fleet
After the collapse of the USSR and the end cold war The Soviet Navy was divided among the former Soviet republics. The main part of the fleet passed to Russia and on its basis the Navy of the Russian Federation was created.
Due to the ensuing economic crisis, a significant part of the fleet was scrapped.
Locations
Over the years, the USSR Navy by foreign logistic support points (PMTO of the USSR Navy):
- Porkkala Udd, Finland (1944–1956);
- Vlora, Albania (1955-1962);
- Surabaya, Indonesia (1962);
- Berbera, Somalia (1964-1977);
- Nokra, Ethiopia (1977–1991);
- Victoria, Seychelles. (1984-1990);
- Cam Ranh, Vietnam (1979-2002)
And this is only a small part of the basing system of the Soviet fleet - the Soviet Navy managed to "light up" in many other places:
- Naval Base (Navy) Cienfuegos and Naval communications center "Priboy" in the town of El Gabriel, Cuba);
- Rostock, GDR;
- Split and Tivat, Yugoslavia;
- Swinoustie, Poland;
- Hodeida, Yemen;
- Alexandria and Marsa Matruh, Egypt;
- Tripoli and Tobruk, Libya;
- Luanda, Angola;
- Conakry, Guinea;
- Bizerte and Sfax, Tunisia;
- Tartus and Latakia, Syria;
- Marine Corps training ground on about. Socotra in the Arabian Sea, Yemen.
In addition, the Soviet Navy used listening stations in Poland (Svinouste), Germany (Rostock), Finland (Porkkala-Udd), Somalia (Berbera), Vietnam (Kamran), Syria (Tartus), Yemen (Hodeida), Ethiopia (Nokra), Egypt and Libya.
Prefix of ships and ships
Ships and vessels belonging to the Soviet Navy did not have prefixes in their names.
Flags of ships and ships
The naval flag of the USSR was a rectangular panel white color 2:3 aspect ratio, narrow stripe of blue color along the bottom edge. A red star was depicted above the blue stripe on the left side of the flag, and a red hammer and sickle on the right side. The flag was adopted on May 27, 1935 by the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1982/341 "On the naval flags of the USSR."
Insignia
see also
Notes
Literature
- Ladinsky Yu.V. On the fairways of the Baltic. - War Memoirs. - Moscow: Military publishing house of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1973. - 160 p.
- Achkasov V. I., Basov A. V., Sumin A. I. and others. Battle path of the Soviet Navy. - Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1988. - 607 p. - ISBN 5-203-00527-3
- Monakov M.S. Commander-in-Chief (Life and work of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union S. G. Gorshkov). - M.: Kuchkovo field, 2008. - 704 p. - (Library of the club of admirals). - 3500 copies. -
Navy Day Russian Federation in armed forces Russian Federation is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of July.
On May 27, 1935, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a new Naval flag of the USSR was established (on November 16, 1950, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, changes were made to the proportions and positions of the star and sickle and hammer in the Naval flag of the USSR).
Naval ensign of the USSR- is a white cloth with a blue stripe running along the bottom edge of the flag.
On the white panel of the flag are placed: in the left half of the panel (near the luff) - a red five-pointed star with one end up; in the right half of the cloth there is a crossed hammer and sickle of red color. The lower points of the handles of the sickle and hammer lie on the same line with the lower ends of the star.
The dimensions of the flag: the ratio of the width of the flag to its length is one to one and a half; the width of the blue stripe is equal to 1/6 of the width of the flag; the distance from the upper end of the star to the upper edge of the flag, as well as from the lower ends of the star to the blue stripe of the flag, is equal to 1/6 of the flag's width.
The upper end of the sickle is 1/5 of the flag's width from the top edge of the flag.
In this form, the flag existed until July 26, 1992, when it was replaced by the Naval flag of Russia.
Buy Flag of the Navy You can in the "Marshbrosok" store with delivery in the Russian Federation or pickup in Moscow.
We accept orders for the production of flags of any size.
Discounts for wholesale buyers.