Map of the USSR in 1940, the western part. How did the territory of Ukraine change?
In the Finnish archives, I found several interesting maps from the times of the Soviet-Finnish war.
Perhaps the most interesting of them is the unique map attached to the peace treaty between the USSR and Finland of March 12, 1940. On the map you can see the border established by the agreement between the USSR and Finland, as well as the signatures of Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden, Väinö Voyonmaa (from Finland) and Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrey Zhdanov, Alexander Vasilevsky (from the USSR) who approved the agreement.
The following map shows the territory of the Democratic Republic of Finland (Suomen kansanvaltainen Tasavalta). The map was compiled by the Airbrush Department of the Red Army Air Force. The lilac color on it shows the border between the USSR and the Finnish Democratic Republic - a puppet state created on December 1, 1939 on the territory of the Karelian Isthmus occupied by the Soviet Union during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940) in accordance with the Treaty of Mutual Assistance and Friendship of December 02, 1939 .
The new republic was officially recognized by only three countries of the world (USSR, Mongolia, Tuva). This is somewhat reminiscent of the situation with a number of modern countries.
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The next Soviet map of 1940, published in mass circulation, already shows the border between the states under the peace treaty between the USSR and Finland of March 12, 1940.
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The First World War of 1914-1918, the February and October revolutions of 1917 in Russia led to a change in the political map of Europe. The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on October 25 (November 7), 1917, announced the transfer of power in Russia into the hands of the Soviets. The III United All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on January 10-18 (23-31), 1918 proclaimed the creation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR), which was legally enshrined in the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918. On March 12, 1918, after the government of the RSFSR moved from Petrograd, Moscow became the capital of the RSFSR. As a result of the conclusion of a peace treaty on March 3, 1918, Russia (Brest Peace) with Germany and its allies (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey) in the city of Brest-Litovsk annexed Poland, the Baltic States, part of Belarus; Turkey ceded part of Transcaucasia (the districts of Ardagan, Kars and Batum). Under the terms of the treaty, the RSFSR recognized the independence of Finland and Ukraine. During the soon-to-be-launched civil war on the territory of the former Russian Empire independent Poland, Transcaucasian (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and Baltic (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) republics were formed. On December 12 (25), 1917, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was proclaimed (actually formed in March 1919). On January 1, 1919, the Byelorussian SSR was formed (in February it became part of the Lithuanian-Belarusian SSR, which existed until August 1919, the Byelorussian SSR was restored in July 1920). Bessarabia in 1918 was occupied by Romania, and Western Ukraine and Western Belarus were part of Poland.
During the period of the civil war and foreign intervention (1918-1920), several dozen national-state formations were proclaimed on the territory of Russia, most of which lasted from several months to a year.
On the territory of the former western outskirts of Russia, new states were formed, the borders with which were soon fixed. peace treaties RSFSR with Estonia (February 2, 1920), Lithuania (July 12, 1920), Latvia (August 11, 1920), Finland (October 14, 1920), Poland (March 18, 1921). The position of the border of the RSFSR with Romania remained unsettled, since it did not recognize the forcible seizure of Bessarabia by Romania in 1918.
On April 22, 1918, the Transcaucasian democratic republic. However, under the influence of internal and foreign policy it soon disintegrated into the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian bourgeois republics. In 1920-1921. on their territories, respectively, the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs were created. In Central Asia, the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (Khorezm NSR) (April 26, 1920) and the Bukhara NSR (October 8, 1920) were created.
There have also been changes in the east of Russia. After the Japanese landing in the city of Aleksandrovsk on April 22, 1920, the northern part of Sakhalin Island was occupied, where power passed into the hands of the Japanese military administration. The Uryankhai Territory departed from Russia, on the territory of which the People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva was proclaimed. On April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic was formed in Transbaikalia and the Far East.
As a result of the changes that had taken place, by the beginning of 1922 most The territory of the former Russian Empire was occupied by the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR). Formally independent were the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, the Khorezm NSR, the Bukhara NSR and the Far Eastern Republic. On March 12, 1922, the Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian SSRs united into the federal Union of the Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia, which on December 13, 1922 was transformed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. On November 15, 1922, the Far Eastern Republic merged with the RSFSR.
On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR proclaimed the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR) as part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (Ukrainian SSR), the Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic (BSSR) and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (ZSFSR - Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia). The largest area of the RSFSR included, in addition to the European part of the RSFSR, Siberia, Far East, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, except for the Bukhara and Khorezm NSR.
The II Congress of Soviets of the USSR approved on January 31, 1924 the Fundamental Law (Constitution) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Bukhara and Khorezm NSRs were transformed into the Bukhara and Khorezm SSRs on September 19, 1924 and October 20, 1923, respectively.
In 1924 and 1926 parts of the territories of the Vitebsk, Gomel and Smolensk provinces inhabited by Belarusians were transferred from the RSFSR to the Byelorussian SSR. In the same period, there were minor changes in the border between the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR.
In 1924, the national-state delimitation of Central Asia was carried out. The Bukhara and Khorezm SSRs were liquidated. On their territory and the adjacent territories of the Turkestan ASSR, which was part of the RSFSR, on October 27, 1924, the Turkmen SSR and the Uzbek SSR were formed (the latter included the Tajik ASSR formed on October 14, 1924). At the III Congress of Soviets of the USSR (May 13-20, 1925), these republics were admitted to the USSR. On October 16, 1929, the Tajik ASSR was transformed into the Tajik SSR and on December 5 of this year became part of the USSR. The Kazakh (until April 19, 1925 - Kirghiz) ASSR remained part of the RSFSR. This autonomous republic, in turn, included the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (until May 25, 1925 - the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Okrug, until February 1, 1926 - the Kirghiz Autonomous Region) and the Karakalpak Autonomous Region.
According to the “Convention on the Basic Principles of Relations between the USSR and Japan,” signed on January 20, 1925 in Beijing, the Portsmouth Peace Treaty of 1905 was restored, and Japan returned the northern part of Sakhalin Island to the USSR.
On May 11, 1925, the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets approved the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
On May 20, 1926, the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics adopted a resolution "On declaring lands and islands located in the Arctic Ocean as the territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", according to which all Arctic islands between the meridians 32 ° 4'35 "East and 168 ° 49 '30' west longitude were declared the territory of the USSR. In the summer of 1929, a permanent Soviet colony and the northernmost research station in the world were organized on Franz Josef Land (Hooker Island). On July 29, 1929, Soviet polar explorers hoisted the flag of the USSR on Cape Nil of Georg Land.
On December 5, 1936, at the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR, a new Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was adopted, according to which the USSR included all the union republics that existed by that time, as well as the Kazakh and Kirghiz SSR transformed from the ASSR. The Karakalpak ASSR was transferred from the RSFSR to the Uzbek SSR. The Azerbaijani, Armenian and Georgian SSRs, which were previously part of the TSFSR, became independent members of the USSR. Thus, by the end of 1936, the USSR included 11 republics: the RSFSR, Azerbaijan, Armenian, Belorussian, Georgian, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics.
On January 21, 1937, at the Extraordinary XVII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was adopted.
In early November 1939, by decisions of the people's assemblies of Western Belarus and Western Ukraine, these regions were included in the USSR and reunited with the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR.
After the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. according to the peace treaty between the USSR and Finland, signed on March 12, 1940, the state border between the countries was established along a new line: the entire Karelian Isthmus with the city of Vyborg, Vyborg Bay and islands, the western and northern coasts of Lake Ladoga with the cities of Kexholm were included in the USSR (now - Priozersk), Sortavala and Suoyarvi, islands in the Gulf of Finland and other territories. Karelian ASSR, together with its part former districts Finland was transformed on March 31, 1940 into the Karelian-Finnish SSR and thus withdrew from the RSFSR. The rest of the regions that left Finland became part of the Leningrad and Murmansk regions.
By agreement of June 28, 1940, the Romanian government peacefully transferred Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, and on August 2 the Moldavian SSR was formed by combining six counties of Bessarabia (Belti, Bendery, Cahul, Orhei, Soroca and Chisinau) and the Moldavian ASSR, before that part of the Ukrainian SSR. Northern Bukovina and three districts of Bessarabia (Khotin, Akkerman and Izmail) were included in the Ukrainian SSR.
In early August 1940, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia became part of the USSR as union republics.
As a result, the USSR in August 1940 included 16 union republics.
During the Great Patriotic War and after it, subsequent major changes in the territory of the USSR took place. The Tuva People's Republic (as the People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva was called since 1926) entered the USSR on October 11, 1944 as an autonomous region within the RSFSR (October 10, 1961 was transformed into the Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). At the end of the war, the USSR signed a number of agreements and treaties with Finland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, which included the solution of territorial issues.
Finland, under an armistice agreement of September 19, 1944 and a peace treaty of February 10, 1947, transferred the Petsamo (Pechenga) region to the USSR. According to the Soviet-Czechoslovak agreement of June 29, 1945, Transcarpathian Ukraine became part of the USSR and reunited with the Ukrainian SSR.
During the Great Patriotic War there were minor changes in the borders between the union republics. So, in 1944, the Zanarovye and Pechory from the Estonian SSR, the Pytalovsky district from the Latvian SSR, and some territories North Caucasus were transferred from the RSFSR to the Georgian SSR (in 1957 they were returned to the RSFSR).
According to the decision of the Crimean () Conference on February 4-12, 1945 and in accordance with the Soviet-Polish agreement of August 16, 1945, the border between the USSR and Poland was established along the so-called “Curzon Line”, but with a deviation from it by 5-8 km to the east, i.e. in favor of Poland. Additionally, the territory south of the city of Krylov was ceded to Poland with a deviation to the east of up to 30 km in favor of Poland, part of the territory Belovezhskaya Pushcha, including the settlements of Nemirov, Yalovka, Belovezh, with a maximum deviation in favor of Poland 17 km east of the Curzon Line. Thus, the Belostok region of Belarus and the Przemysl (Przemysl) region in Western Ukraine were transferred to Poland.
By decision of the Berlin (Potsdam) conference on July 17-August 2, 1945, the territory of the USSR was expanded at the expense of part of East Prussia, which became Königsberg, then the Kaliningrad region as part of the RSFSR.
The Kuril Islands and the south of Sakhalin Island, by decision of the Crimean Conference, were recognized as the property of the USSR, but were held by Japan. After the USSR declared war on Japan by the beginning of September 1945, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands were liberated from Japanese troops, and on February 2, 1946, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands were declared the property of the Soviet state.
Exploration and mapping of the territory
By 1917, there were many "white spots" on the map of Russia, especially in Eastern Siberia, Central Asia and the Arctic. In addition, the development of the country's productive forces required detailed study and mapping. natural conditions and resources. Therefore, expeditions to the little-explored regions of the country were organized already in the first years of Soviet power.
Comprehensive studies of the nature of a number of remote regions of the country, aimed at creating new mineral resource bases, were carried out by expeditions organized by the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia, created back in 1915 on the initiative of V.I. .) Council for the study of the productive forces of the country. They led to the discovery of new deposits - copper and iron ores in the Urals, potassium salts in the Urals, apatites on the Kola Peninsula, new gold-bearing regions in Siberia, the Volga-Ural oil and gas region. Research in the mountains of the northeast of the USSR and other regions of the country has significantly changed the previous ideas about the relief and hydrographic network of the country.
In 1926, the Indigirka expedition led by geologist S.V. Obruchev discovered the mountain system “Chersky Ridge” with heights of more than 3000 m (earlier, lowland was depicted on domestic ones). Geodetic and topographic work during the expedition was carried out by K. A. Salishchev, later a well-known Soviet cartographer, in 1968-1972 - president of the International Cartographic Association. Through the efforts of the expedition in 1926 and 1929-1930. first detailed cartographic image obtained mountain systems Chukotka Peninsula and the basins of the Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr rivers, the Alazeya plateau is highlighted.
Soil, Geomorphological, Geological, and Botanical Institutes established at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AN USSR) in the mid-1920s-early 1930s undertook most of the work on the development of new thematic maps - soil, geomorphological, tectonic, geobotanical, etc.
In the 1920s began big studies in the Arctic, which made it possible to significantly refine the map of this region. As a result of the work of a number of expeditions (1921, 1923-1924, etc.), the outlines of Novaya Zemlya were determined. The expedition of the Arctic Institute under the leadership of G. A. Ushakov and N. N. Urvantsev in 1930-1932 clarified the location of the islands of Severnaya Zemlya. It turned out that Severnaya Zemlya not a single island, but an archipelago of five large ones (Bolshevik, October revolution, Komsomolets, Pioneer, Schmidt) and many small islands, the straits between the islands are open.
A number of unknown islands have been discovered in the Kara Sea. In 1930, an expedition aboard the icebreaking ship "Georgy Sedov" under the command of O. Yu. Schmidt discovered the islands of Vize, Isachenko and Voronin; an expedition on the icebreaking ship "Rusanov" in 1932 - the islands of Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee; expeditions on the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" in 1932 and 1933 - the islands of the Arctic Institute (Sidorov and Bolshoy). In 1935, a high-latitude expedition aboard the icebreaker Sadko under the command of G. A. Ushakov discovered Ushakov Island, completely covered with an ice sheet.
Arctic expeditions discovered new islands and “closed” non-existent ones. Thus, the issue with “Sannikov Land” and “Andreev Land” was finally resolved. If the first (“seen” by the Russian industrialist Y. Sannikov in 1811) simply did not exist, then the land seen by S. Andreev in 1764 turned out to be the island of New Siberia, discovered in 1806.
Soviet polar expeditions clarified the depths and boundaries of the continental shoal, discovered a depth of 5180 m in the central basin of the Arctic Ocean. The drifting expedition "North Pole-1" led by ID Papanin in 1937 finally established the absence of land in the region of the pole, and obtained an idea of the depths in this region.
In order to study and develop the northern seas and their coasts, the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was founded in 1932. The voyage of the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" (1932-1933) marked the beginning of the development of the Northern Sea Route.
The outlines of the northern coast of Siberia have noticeably changed on the maps, in particular, the contours of the Gydan Peninsula, the Olenek Bay and the Lena Delta, and the Taimyr Peninsula. On the Taimyr Peninsula in 1928-1944. mountains more than 1000 m high were discovered, vegetation and animal world, Lake Taimyr was comprehensively studied (Taimyr expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the leadership of A. I. Tolmachev, 1928, etc.).
In Eastern Siberia, large mountain ranges were identified (Yablonovy, Stanovoy, Dzhugdzhur, Suntar-Khayata), Kolyma (Gydan), Chukotskoye, Koryak Highlands and the Anadyr Plateau.
Geysers were discovered in Kamchatka in 1941 south of Lake Kronotskoye.
Geologist S. V. Obruchev in 1917-1924. the Tunguska coal-bearing basin was discovered and the map of the region was substantially refined; glaciologists M. V. Tronov and other researchers in the south of Siberia, in the Sayans and Altai, discovered unknown lakes and numerous glaciers.
In the Polar Urals, the Severodvinsk-Pechora expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences, led by the geologist, academician A.D. Arkhangelsky, discovered a new mountain range.
In the north of the Russian Plain, the geologist M.N. Karbasnikov discovered in 1928 the 200 km long Vetreny Poyas ridge.
On the Kola Peninsula, under the leadership of A.E. Fersman, huge reserves of apatites and copper-nickel ores were discovered.
During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), intensive work was carried out in the field of geology of minerals in the Urals, Siberia and the North-East of the USSR. Research by study geological structure, patterns of formation and location of oil and gas fields contributed to the discovery and development of the West Siberian oil and gas region of the Timan-Pechora basin.
In 1932-1933, major glaciological expeditions were carried out, covering many glaciers of the Caucasus, Novaya Zemlya, the Urals, and Altai.
Topographic and geodetic works
In the first years of Soviet power, topographic and geodetic work in the country was carried out mainly by the Corps of Military Topographers (KVT) of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA). In August-November 1918, in the conditions of the civil war, KVT specialists carried out surveys and created topographic maps for the strip of the Volga River (from Kamyshin to Kazan) up to 60 versts wide. Topographic surveys on a scale of one verst to an inch were also deployed in other parts of Russia - in the south of the European part, the Urals, along the line of state borders with Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Poland. This period is characterized by the beginning of mapping in the metric system. The cartographic department of the KVT compiled the first maps in the metric system: a survey topographic map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (with the participation of the Russian Geographical Society), a four-sheet “Administrative map of the RSFSR. The European part” at a scale of 1:3,000,000, etc. Since 1923, the Corps of military topographers became known as the Military Topographic Service (MTS), which in 1923-1927 compiled and updated about 2000 nomenclature sheets of topographic maps of various scales.
The creation and establishment of the state cartographic and geodetic service of Russia is usually counted from the moment of the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) dated March 15, 1919 on the establishment of the Higher Geodetic Administration (VSU) under the Scientific and Technical Department of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh). The main task VSU was - the union of all geodetic and cartographic works in the country; topographical study of the country's territory in order to raise and develop productive forces, save technical and money resources and time; organization of cartographic works and publication of maps; organization scientific works in the field of geodesy, astronomy, optics, cartography; systematization and storage of maps and filming materials; coordination of geodetic activities with geodetic organizations foreign states etc. S. M. Solovyov was appointed chairman of the collegium of VSU, and from August 1919 VSU was headed by a prominent geodetic scientist M. D. Bonch-Bruevich. From the very beginning of its activity, the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service has inextricably linked the national tasks of mapping the country with the solution of specific national economic problems - energy, land reclamation, the search for minerals, accounting for land and forest funds, etc.
Since 1919, the state cartographic and geodetic service began to carry out geodetic and survey work, including in the Moscow coal basin and Kuzbass, in the construction areas of the Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station, Dneproges, Turksib, in the Volga region, Central Asia, in the North Caucasus, as well as in Moscow , Leningrad and other cities. From 1920 to 1923 topographic surveys of the area were carried out on a scale of 1:25,000. In 1923, a scale of 1:50,000 was determined for the state topographic survey of the territories of the central, southern and southeastern regions of the European part of the USSR, for the territories of the northern, northeastern and other regions of the country - 1:100,000. During the first five years of existence (1919-1924) of the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service, topographic surveys at a scale of 1:50,000 covered 23 thousand square meters. km. territory of the USSR.
Since 1924, the systematic implementation of astronomical and geodetic work began in the USSR.
With the establishment in 1924 of the State Technical Bureau “Gosaerofotosemka”, aerial photography began for the needs of the national economy of the USSR and for the purpose of creating maps. One of the initiators of its implementation was M. D. Bonch-Bruevich. The first experimental aerial survey was made in 1925 near the city of Mozhaisk on an area of 400 sq. m. km.
By 1925, the state cartographic and geodetic service completed 76 thousand square meters. km. topographic surveys, identified 58 triangulation points of the 1st class, 263 points of filling triangulation networks, 52 astronomical points, laid 2.2 thousand km. precise leveling.
In 1926-1932, topographic surveys were carried out on a scale of 1:25,000-1:100,000 on an area of 325.8 thousand square meters. km. In 1928, a decision was made to switch to a system of flat rectangular coordinates in the Gauss-Kruger projection on the Bessel ellipsoid. Since 1928, when creating topographic maps at a scale of 1:100,000, the contour-combined method began to be used, and since 1936, the stereotopographic method. The topographic stereometer created in 1932 by Professor F.V. Drobyshev made it possible to provide most of the work on mapping the country on a scale of 1:100,000, completed in the early 1950s.
Astronomer-geodesist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR F. N. Krasovsky developed scientific foundations new scheme of triangulation of classes 1 and 2, together with A. A. Izotov, determined the parameters of the reference ellipsoid in relation to the territory of the USSR. Since 1942, the parameters of the reference ellipsoid, called the Krasovsky ellipsoid, have been used in the creation of all maps in our country. Since 1932, systematic gravimetric studies began to solve geodetic problems, ensure the exploration of minerals and study internal structure Earth. By 1935, degree measurements were completed in the form of a class 1 triangulation from Orsha to Khabarovsk.
Since 1935, aerial photography has become the main method of state mapping of the country's territory.
The State Cartographic and Geodetic Service continued to increase the volume of topographic and geodetic works of national importance. For 1930-1935. 31.1 thousand triangulation lines of 1, 2 classes were laid, 21 thousand km of leveling passages, aerial photography was carried out on an area of 482 thousand square meters. km, adjustment of triangulation and leveling polygons in the European part of the USSR was carried out. At the same time, the annual volume of topographic and geodetic work did not correspond to the rapid pace of the country's development. In 1932 and 1933 The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted decisions aimed at creating conditions “ensuring the use of topographic-geodesic, aerial survey, cartographic and gravimetric materials for the purposes of national cartography”, and establishing the procedure for financing topographic-geodesic, aerial survey, cartographic and gravimetric works. These decisions provided an increase in the pace of development of topographic-geodesic and cartographic works. From 1935 to 1938, 3,184 triangulation points of classes 1 and 2 were identified, 26,800 km of leveling courses were laid, and aerial photography was carried out over an area of 1,788 thousand square meters. km, 1082 sheets of topographic maps were prepared for publication, topographic and geodetic work was carried out at the most important construction sites in the country.
September 14, 1938 By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGK) was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. On February 5, 1939, A. N. Baranov, who headed the GUGK for 28 years, was appointed head of the GUGK. The main tasks of the GUGK included the creation of the state geodetic base and the state topographic map of the USSR; providing the needs of the national economy, science, cultural and educational needs of the USSR with modern general and special, political, administrative, physical-geographical, economic and educational maps and atlases; state geodetic supervision and control of departmental topographic, geodetic and cartographic works. A. N. Baranov made a huge contribution to the development of the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service of the USSR. Under his leadership, scientific, technical and production programs for topographic, geodetic and cartographic support of the territory of the state were carried out.
In the prewar years (1939-1941), all topographic and geodetic units of the Military Topographic Service General Staff(VTS General Staff) of the Red Army under the leadership of M.K. Kudryavtsev, who were in the European part of the USSR, carried out geodetic work and topographic surveys in the territories newly annexed to the USSR: Bessarabia, Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, the Baltic states, on the Karelian Isthmus. As a result of these works, topographic maps were created at a scale of 1:25,000 and smaller for the entire border strip.
To serve the multifaceted needs of the national economy, the country's defense and create a full-fledged topographic basis in the development of small-scale and special maps of the country's territory, the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service (GUGK and VTS of the General Staff of the Red Army) began in 1940 to compile a new survey topographic map at a scale of 1: 1 000,000. The first sheets of a topographic map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 were compiled in 1918; by 1939, 80 sheets had been published, but they could not meet the requirements of the national economy due to the heterogeneity of fundamental principles, content, and design.
The Great Patriotic War, which began in June 1941, set before the state cartographic and geodetic service of the country the task of urgently providing the Red Army with topographic maps at a scale of 1: 100,000 for the interior regions of the European part of the USSR - from the western borders of the country to the Volga. In just six months (July-December 1941), the cartographic and geodetic service completed this task.
During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), established at the Academy of Sciences, the Commission for Geographic and Geological Services of the Red Army was engaged in providing troops with military geographical descriptions and integrated military geographical maps. From 1941 to 1944 survey multi-sheet comprehensive military-geographical and thematic maps were created for the European and Far Eastern theaters of military operations.
At the end of 1941, work began on the creation of a new topographic map at a scale of 1:200,000, which in July 1942 began to be supplied to the Red Army. In the subsequent years of the Great Patriotic War, Soviet troops were provided with topographic maps at a scale of 1:25,000 and 1:200,000. km. By 1945, the territory of the USSR was created new map scale 1:1,000,000 (232 nomenclature sheets) in common symbols and projections. The map greatly expanded the understanding and knowledge of the territory of the Soviet Union, summarizing numerous survey, cartographic and literary materials various departments and institutions of the country on the geographical and cartographic knowledge of the USSR. In 1947, this map was awarded the Grand Gold Medal of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
General geographic, complex and thematic mapping
The mapping of the territory of Russia by the state cartographic and geodetic service in the first years of its development was limited by the lack of publishing equipment, financial resources and personnel. Despite this, in the 1920s, the maps necessary for the country were published - “Schematic map of the electrification of Russia” (the first Soviet economic map), compiled by the GOELRO commission; maps of the European part of the RSFSR (scale 1:10,000,000) and the Asian part of the RSFSR (scale 1:30,000,000). From 1921 to 1923 The State Cartographic and Geodetic Service published 65 cartographic works, among which were the comprehensive atlas “Nature and Economy of Russia” in 2 editions (1923), “Administrative Map of the RSFSR. European part” at a scale of 1:3,000,000. At the same time, general geographical maps of the European part of the USSR at a scale of 1:1,500,000 (1927) and the Asian part of the USSR at a scale of 1:5,000,000 (1929) were published.
Among the important cartographic works of this period is the Hypsometric Map of the Middle and Southern Strip of the European Part of the USSR with Adjacent Parts of the Western States, published in 1926 by the Military Topographic Service, at a scale of 1:1,500,000. measures.
The creation of thematic and complex cartographic works required the efforts of teams from various branches of science and production.
In 1928, the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service began compiling the Atlas of Industry of the USSR (in five editions), the first Soviet comprehensive economic and geographical atlas, which was published in 1931.
Needs Satisfaction educational institutions educational maps and atlases has become an important task of the state cartographic and geodetic service.
During this period, work is underway to compile and publish educational, administrative and thematic maps.
The 1930s are characterized by the beginning of a comprehensive regional mapping of the country. The Atlas of the Moscow Region (1933) and the Atlas Leningrad region and the Karelian ASSR” (1934), characterized by the completeness and versatility of content, a variety of ways to display natural conditions and phenomena, economy and culture.
An outstanding event in the mapping of the territory of the country of the 20th century was the release in 1937 of the “Great Soviet World Atlas”, the publication of which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The atlas reflected elements of the physical, economic and political geography of the world and the USSR. Atlas received appreciated in our country and abroad and was awarded the "Grand Prix" at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937.
Since 1936, cartographic work has been carried out at a fast pace. By 1938, the output of cartographic products compared with 1935 had increased six times. The total circulation of maps and atlases published by the Cartographic and Geodetic Service for two years (1937, 1938) amounted to 6,886 thousand copies.
In 1938, the first atlas created by the Military Topographical Service, the Atlas of the Commander of the Red Army, was published.
In 1940 and 1941 The State Cartographic and Geodetic Service issued the “Hypsometric Map of the USSR” at a scale of 1:5,000,000 and the “Hypsometric Map of the European Part of the USSR” at a scale of 1:1,500,000.
An important event in the mapping of the country was the publication by the State Cartographic Service of maps and atlases of mass demand. For example: “Pocket Atlas of the USSR” (1934, 1936, 1939), maps of regions and regions of the country, which were widely distributed and highly appreciated by consumers.
Since 1934, the restructuring of the teaching of geography and history at school required the state cartographic and geodetic service to provide educational process in schools with educational atlases and wall maps. In 1938 the first “ Geographic atlas for 3rd and 4th grades elementary school”, and in 1940 - “Geographical atlas for the 5th and 6th grades high school”, reprinted annually for almost two decades. For 1938-1945. 40 educational wall historical maps were compiled (of which 20 were for the history of the USSR), which laid the foundation for Soviet educational historical cartography.
Simultaneously with the publication of numerous maps, work was carried out on new original maps and atlases, which were published in subsequent years. In 1947, the first map of the USSR was issued on a scale of 1:2,500,000.
A variety of thematic maps were needed for successful exploration in the country. In this regard, since 1920, geological and hydrogeological surveys began on a scale of 1:200,000 - 1:1,000,000; survey geological maps of the Asian part of the USSR were published at a scale of 1:10,520,000 (1922) and 1:4,200,000 (1925). In the 1930s, the first geological maps of the entire territory of the USSR were compiled on a scale of 1:5,000,000 (1937) and 1:2,500,000 (1940). The first “Tectonic Scheme of the USSR” was compiled in 1933. At the same time, various regional geological maps were created for the territory of the Greater Donbass, the Moscow Basin, Kamchatka, the Northern Dvina and Pechora regions, the Urals, etc.
In 1938, the first sheets of the “State geological map USSR” at a scale of 1:1,000,000. By 1940, two-thirds of the country's territory was covered by geological surveys.
In 1939, the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR developed the “Geomorphological map of the European part of the USSR” at a scale of 1:1,500,000, which, in addition to the land relief, for the first time in the world displays the morphology of the bottom of the seas, large lakes and their shores, and the “Map of geomorphological zoning of the USSR” scale 1:10,000,000.
In 1929, applied overview agroclimatic maps of the country were created at a scale of 1:10,000,000: “Map of agroclimatic zones of the USSR”, “Map of actual and climatically possible northern and upper borders of agricultural crops”. In 1933, the Institute of Climatology of the Main Geophysical Observatory developed the Climatological Atlas of the USSR.
In 1927, the “Map of the average runoff of rivers in the European part of the USSR” was created. In 1937, the “Map of the flow of rivers of the USSR” was published on a scale of 1:15,000,000.
Since the 1920s, large-scale soil research and mapping of soils of collective farms and state farms, as well as areas of proposed land reclamation (Zavolzhye, middle Asia, Transcaucasia). The Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences compiled and published maps: “Soil Map of the Asian Part of the USSR” on a scale of 1:4,200,000 (1926), “Soil Map of the USSR” (1929) on a scale of 1:10,500,000, “Soil Map European part of the USSR” (1930) on a scale of 1:2,520,000. At the same time, cartometric work was carried out to calculate the soil areas of the European part of the USSR, and publication of the multi-sheet “State Soil Map of the USSR” on a scale of 1:1,000,000 began.
Geobotanical Department of the Main Botanical Garden, and then the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the mid-1920s. began work on the creation of the “Geobotanical Map of the European Part of the USSR” on a scale of 25 versts in an inch (1: 1,050,000) on 18 sheets (a total of 8 sheets were published). Since 1920, work has begun on the study of forests in various regions of the country and the compilation of forest maps. In 1939, an overview “Map of Vegetation of the USSR” was published at a scale of 1:5,000,000.
In 1922-1925, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, with the participation of the State Geographical Society, published a multi-sheet “Dazimetric Map of European Russia” at a scale of 1: 420,000. It was based on the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 1897. Until 1926, 46 sheets of the map were printed.
Based on the results of the All-Union Population Census of 1926 in 1929, a new Survey Map of the Population Density of the USSR was compiled on a scale of 1:10,000,000.
During the same period, mapping was developed in the country. ethnic composition population. The Commission for the Study of the Ethnic Composition of the Population under the USSR Academy of Sciences compiled and published maps of the peoples of the Ural region, the Volga region, the Murmansk province, and the Karelian ASSR. Particularly well-known was the multi-sheet “Ethnographic Map of Siberia” on a scale of 1:4,200,000 (1927), compiled according to the data of the 1897 census and local censuses of later years. More than 190 peoples were shown on the map. Later, the “Ethnographic Map of the Caucasus” at a scale of 1:840,000 (1930), the “Map of the Settlement of the Peoples of the Far North of the USSR” at a scale of 1:5,000,000 (1933) were published.
In 1926, the “Economic Map of the USSR” and “Economic Map of the European Part of the USSR” were published, in 1927 — the “Map of Industry of the European Part of the USSR” on a scale of 1: 1,500,000, in 1929 — the “Map of Industry of the Asian Part of the USSR” scale 1:5,000,000. These maps show in greater detail the distribution of various industries by settlements. Industry maps and general economic maps were also published for individual regions of the USSR.
A major step in economic mapping was the release in 1934 of the atlas "Industry of the USSR at the beginning of the 2nd Five-Year Plan", on 64 sheets of which the location of plants and factories is shown in large scale icons. The outstanding cartographic works of this period include: “Atlas of Energy Resources of the USSR” (1934), economic atlases of the Middle Volga Territory (1932), Ivanovo Industrial Region (1933), Kursk Region (1935).
Development of mapping Agriculture demonstrates the “Map of Agriculture of the USSR” published in 1926 on a scale of 1:11,000,000. Agricultural maps during this period were developed mainly at the regional level.
Before the Great Patriotic War, atlases dedicated to fisheries were published: “Atlas of the Fishing Industry of the USSR” (1939) and “Atlas of Maps of the Distribution of Commercial Fish in the Northern Caspian” (1940).
Many economic maps districts and administrative regions, among them - a large series of schematic economic maps of the regions of the Moscow region. The annual publication of maps of the density of cargo traffic along the railways and the most important internal waterways(1926-1933). Based on the results of expeditionary studies of the economy and communications of the Kolyma-Indigirka Territory in 1931, a navigation atlas of the Kolyma River and its tributaries was compiled.
Dmitry Alexandrovich published a little journalism
"Shameful pages from the history of political geography"
/To the anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact/
Recently, he discovered on the net the official Soviet World Atlas of 1940, which he had never seen before. Particular attention was drawn to his map of Central Europe (if it does not open or is of poor quality, then the address is: http://atlas1940.narod.ru/atlas_028.JPG).
This map is really called 28. Germany 1:7 500 000
Berlin http://atlas1940.narod.ru/main.htm
Unfortunately, it is necessary to look at the map, since "Proza.Ru" pictures are more
300 Kb does not publish. At the same time, in the image editor, make the picture much lighter and add contrast.
The author suggested: “Look closely. In the place of Poland, cut down by three times by the annexations of neighboring imperialist powers, we read the name of the state unprecedented in history: AREA OF STATE INTERESTS OF GERMANY. This should be understood in such a way that official Soviet cartography in 1940, after a treacherous attack fighting against the Nazi hordes of Poland and the 4th section of the Commonwealth recognized the complete destruction of this state and the protectorate over it by Germany (and what should she have recognized when the war was already going on from 1939?!). and Poland?
The cynicism and political short-sightedness with which an entire nation with a centuries-old history of statehood has been humiliated is striking (Poland is clearly on the map). To paraphrase Ulyanov-Lenin, this is the highest and last stage of imperialism. This is political gangsterism, when two gangs divided someone else's. And it does not matter that soon these bandits fought among themselves - this does not cancel the crime (does this mean the United States and its allies?!).
It would be interesting to see the reaction of round-the-clock Russian patriots to the "area of state interests of the Golden Horde" (super provocation!!!). And if we also recall the three divisions of the Commonwealth in the 18th century and the bloody suppression of three uprisings of Poles, Belarusians (that’s what happened in passing!) And Lithuanians against Russian tsarism in the 19th century? Why love? For mass executions of Polish officers in Katyn? For repression and deportation? For the Iron Curtain?
About the times from the Golden Horde to the divisions of the Commonwealth (God, Russia alone has done all this) talk elsewhere.
But the Atlas of the first half of 1940 inevitably reflected only the realities of the beginning of the 2nd World War. And not the USSR - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria betrayed. Maybe I got the wrong card
but it says too small: "AREA OF STATE INTERESTS OF GERMANY". Even if in the first half of 1940 something like this was written somewhere, then it must be emphasized and emphasized - 2nd World War already walked. The USSR - less than a tenth of the world's population (and a little more than the world's GDP?) - practically had no chance to resist the difficult game of Germany with its allies and its opponents led by the United States (they accepted the USSR into the League of Nations in 1934 in the name of their political games) . The USSR played according to specific historical circumstances, where Poland did not behave friendly towards the Soviet Union (and yet it clearly existed on the map).
The author of the journalism becomes even more inflamed: “I remember well the political maps of school times. In them, given the opportunistic “fraternal” nature of relations with the PPR, not employed in the 39th Soviet troops the territory of Poland was already shaded as only occupied by Germany, "state interests" disappeared into oblivion. The areas of Czechoslovakia occupied by the Nazis and captured Austria were also hatched. After the war, history was once again rewritten by the Kremlin chroniclers. They opportunistically covered up the traces of their predecessors who had made a mistake. Our generation has already been regaled by lackeys Brezhnev and Suslov.
Now look again at the map. Hitler's then ally Soviet Union RECOGNIZED the dismemberment and deprivation of the statehood of Czechoslovakia, with which, by the way, he had an agreement on mutual assistance the day before (that is, the USSR alone betrayed Czechoslovakia?! What policy does this author serve?!). And Transcarpathia was already recognized as part of Hungary, and German Klaipeda, and Polish Vilna were easily sold to Lithuania for military bases. And after all this, the Poles are accused of historical Russophobia...
In these August days, we remember the anniversary of the shameful and criminal Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, but, thank God, no one is celebrating ... "
By the way, this author ended up celebrating an anniversary that was clearly attractive to him.
Since 1934, the USSR in the League of Nations has repeatedly offered to give a collective rebuff to the aggressor - our current friends in NATO passed this (as well as the aggression of Georgia) past their ears.
As in 1940 it would be necessary - according to the author - to shade Czechoslovakia and Austria,
sold to Germany not the USSR. It would be good to remind today's Lithuania about the Polish Vilna.
Similar to the Baltic friends about Klaipeda, Ukrainian - about Transcarpathia.
Part of the Polish elite (behaving like "Sarmatians") is accused of centuries-old Russophobia not on this map,
namely, the centuries-old politics. Most likely associated with the planting of Catholicism among the Poles-Slavs in the Middle Ages. This is where the barrier of rejection is, not in the 1940 map.
It is worth avoiding such provocations - such as "Shameful pages from the history of political geography" - in a very interesting and attractive for many thousands of Internet users "PROZE.RU". If not a provocation, then let the author significantly increase the level of his historical knowledge.
Reviews
You are a funny author. They copied completely the text of Aleksandrovich and PR with might and main. Only your interjections look ridiculous, since they are mostly off-topic or squeal-like, and in any case fall short of your opponent's argument. Not to mention how miserable and futile your attempts to whitewash the collusion of two criminal regimes. Even for a chauvinistic rage, you are rather weak. You don't seem to understand the meaning of the article. We are talking about the diabolical role of Soviet propaganda, which, it seems, zombified you, which is not surprising.
Always on any site you need to know a few "sacred cows" and a dozen of their apologists. Unfortunately, I am not your cherry.
In order to answer someone in a substantive (specifically) way, one must use a specific text of a respected author, and not his arbitrary presentations.
This article clearly does not contain what you saw in it -
"We are talking about the diabolical role of Soviet propaganda, which, it seems, zombified you, which is not surprising."
If you were zombified by anti-Soviet (more precisely, anti-Russian) propaganda,
that's no surprise either.
Are you a funny author? Probably in some cases, like any person.
"They copied the entire text of Aleksandrovich and promoted it with might and main. Only your inserted remarks look ridiculous, since for the most part they are off topic or like squeals, and in any case do not reach the argument of your opponent." It is a pity that in the reviews of the text of "Alexandrovich" my explanations are almost gone. As, however, the squeals of the author himself.
"Not to mention how miserable and unpromising are your attempts to whitewash the conspiracy of the two criminal regimes. Even for a chauvinist rage, you are rather weak." I do not whitewash anyone, as well as the participants in the Munich conspiracy.
Yes, for a chauvinistic rage - sorry - rather weak.
It has already been said about your educational mission: "You seem to have not understood the meaning of the article. It is about the diabolical role of Soviet propaganda, which, it seems, zombified you, which is not surprising."
Who did not understand. Who is zombied by whom. God bless him.
And the article by "Alexandrovich" is still provocative, clearly not reflecting the complex geopolitical realities of the beginning of the 2nd World War.
Yes, and quietly smuggling a version of the poor sheep - "torn to pieces by Georgia."
Thus, they objectively helped Germany to destroy possible agreements on the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition, because. for Hitler, it was extremely important not so much to conclude a non-aggression pact on the USSR, but to prevent effective military cooperation between the Western powers and Moscow. The absence of such a pact gave Hitler a free hand to attack Poland. And London and Paris gave him such an opportunity.
When all Moscow's attempts to negotiate with Britain and France on countering the aggressor failed (by the way, Poland continued to pursue the same anti-Soviet policy), Stalin, after repeated proposals from Berlin to sign a non-aggression pact, on August 21 agreed to the arrival of the German Foreign Minister in Moscow Ribbentrop.
At that moment, the Soviet Union had no time for theories. It was about preventing the immediate danger of a war on two fronts - with Japan, a bloody battle with the armed forces of which had already been waged at Khalkhin Gol since May 1939, and with Germany, whose military machine had already prepared for war. national interest demanded a solution that would neutralize the intrigues of the powers that planned to push the USSR against the "Third Reich", and at the same time would frustrate the calculations of Hitler, who planned to involve
Soviet side in an armed conflict with the West.
Not for the sake of friendship with Germany, as the falsifiers of history claim, the Soviet Union went to sign a non-aggression pact, but for the sake of protecting its fundamental interests. And even on the eve of the signing of the pact and after its signing, Moscow more than once offered London and Paris to agree on the creation of a joint coalition against Nazism . But they, including Warsaw, ignored the Soviet proposals, although they understood that the war was on the verge. The American historian A. Schumann later wrote that “all Western powers preferred the destruction of Poland to its protection by the Soviet Union.