NATO Army Rapid Deployment Corps. NATO: the number of troops and weapons
NATO, or the Organization of the North Atlantic Bloc countries, is a military-political alliance created in 1949 as a counterbalance to the growing danger posed by Soviet Union, which pursued a policy of supporting communist movements in Europe. At first, the organization included 12 states - ten European, as well as the USA and Canada. Now NATO is the largest alliance, consisting of 28 countries.
Alliance Formation
A few years after the end of the war, at the end of the 40s, the danger of new international conflicts arose - there was a coup in Czechoslovakia, undemocratic regimes were established in the countries of Eastern Europe. The governments of the Western European countries were concerned about the growing military power of the Land of Soviets and direct threats from it against Norway, Greece, and other states. In 1948, five countries of Western Europe signed the Treaty of Intention to Create a Unified System to Protect Their Sovereignty, which later became the basis for the formation of the North Atlantic Alliance.
The main goal of the organization was to ensure the security of its members and the political integration of European countries. Over the years of its existence, NATO has received new members several times. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, after the collapse of the USSR and the Organization of Warsaw Pact countries, the North Atlantic bloc took in several Eastern European countries and former republics of the USSR, which increased the number of troops of NATO countries.
"Containment" strategy
The duration of the treaty between NATO member countries at the time of its signing was set at twenty years, but it was also provided for its automatic extension. The text of the treaty emphasized the obligation not to carry out actions contrary to the UN Charter and to promote international security. A strategy of "containment" was proclaimed, which was based on the concept of "shield and sword". The basis of the policy of "containment" was supposed to be the military power of the union. One of the ideologists of this strategy emphasized that of the five regions in the world with the possibility of creating military power - these are the USA, Great Britain, the USSR, Japan and Germany - one is controlled by the communists. Therefore, the main goal of the "containment" policy was to prevent the spread of the ideas of communism to other regions.
The concept of "shield and sword"
The declared concept was based on the superiority of the United States in the possession of nuclear weapons. The response to aggression was the possible use of nuclear weapons of low destructive power. The "shield" meant the ground forces of Europe with strong support from the air force and the navy, and the "sword" meant US strategic bombers with atomic weapons on board. According to this understanding, the following tasks were considered:
1. The US was supposed to carry out strategic bombing.
2. The main maritime operations were carried out by the American and allied navies.
3. The number of NATO troops was provided by mobilization in Europe.
4. The main short-range and air defense was also provided by European countries, led by Great Britain and France.
5. The remaining countries that are members of NATO were to assist in solving special tasks.
Formation of the armed forces of the alliance
However, in 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea. This military conflict showed the insufficiency and limitations of the "deterrence" strategy. It was necessary to develop a new strategy that would be a continuation of the concept. It was the "forward defense" strategy, according to which it was decided to create the United Armed Forces of the bloc - coalition forces of NATO member states stationed in Europe under a single command. The development of the united forces of the bloc can be conditionally divided into four periods.
The NATO Council has developed a "short" plan, designed for four years. It was based on the possibility of using the military resources that at that time were at the disposal of NATO: the number of troops was 12 divisions, about 400 aircraft, a certain number of ships. The plan provided for the possibility of conflict in the near future and the withdrawal of troops to the borders of Western Europe and to the ports of the Atlantic. At the same time, the development of "medium" and "long-term" plans was carried out. The first of them provided for the maintenance of the armed forces in a state of combat readiness, and in the event of a military conflict, the containment of enemy forces up to the Rhine River. The second was designed to prepare for a probable "big war", which provided for the conduct of major military operations already east of the Rhine.
The strategy of "massive retaliation"
As a result of these decisions, NATO's troop strength rose from four million in 1950 to 6.8 million in three years. The number of regular US armed forces has also increased - from one and a half million people in two years it has grown by 2.5 times. This period is characterized by the transition to the strategy of "massive retaliation". The United States no longer had a monopoly on nuclear weapons, but it did have a superiority in delivery vehicles as well as in numbers, which gave it some advantage in probable war. This strategy involved waging a total war against the Soviet country. nuclear war. Therefore, the United States saw its task in strengthening strategic aviation for delivering nuclear strikes deep behind enemy lines.
Doctrine of limited war
The signing of the Paris Agreements of 1954 can be considered the beginning of the second period in the history of the development of the bloc's armed forces. According to the doctrine of limited warfare, it was decided to provide the countries of Europe with short- and long-range missiles. The role of the combined ground forces of the allies as one of the constituent parts of the NATO system was growing. The creation of missile bases on the territory of European countries was envisaged.
The total number of NATO troops was more than 90 divisions, more than 3,000 nuclear weapons delivery vehicles. In 1955, the OVR was created - a few months later, the first summit meeting dedicated to the problems of detente took place. During these years, there was a certain warming of relations between the USA and the USSR, nevertheless, the arms race continued.
In 1960 NATO had more than five million troops. If we add reserve units, territorial formations and national guard, then the total number of NATO troops amounted to over 9.5 million people, about five hundred installations of operational-tactical missiles and more than 25 thousand tanks, about 8 thousand aircraft, of which 25% are carriers of nuclear weapons on board and two thousand warships.
Arms race
The third period was characterized by a new strategy of "flexible response" and the rearmament of the combined forces. In the 1960s, the international situation worsened again. There were the Berlin and Caribbean crises, then there were the events of the Prague Spring. A five-year plan for the development of the armed forces was adopted, providing for the creation of a single fund for communication systems and other measures.
In the 70s of the 20th century, the fourth period of development of the combined forces of the coalition began and another concept of the “decapitation strike” was adopted, which made it a priority to destroy the enemy’s communication centers so that he would not have time to decide on a retaliatory strike. Based on this concept, production was started newest generation cruise missiles, with high striking accuracy of given targets. NATO troops in Europe, the number of which increased every year, could not but disturb the Soviet Union. Therefore, he also set about modernizing the means of delivering atomic weapons. And then a new aggravation of relations began. However, with the new leadership coming to power in the Soviet Union, a radical turn took place in the country's international politics, and in the late 1990s, the Cold War was put to an end.
NATO arms reduction
As part of the reorganization of NATO forces, by 2006 it was planned to create a NATO Response Force, the number of troops of which would be 21,000 people representing the ground forces, air force and navy. These troops had to have all the necessary means to conduct operations of any intensity. As part of the Rapid Reaction Forces there will be units of the national armies, replacing each other every six months. main part military force were to be provided by Spain, France and Germany, as well as the United States. It was also necessary to improve the command structure by type of armed forces, reducing the number of command and control bodies by 30%. If we look at the number of NATO troops in Europe over the years and compare these figures, we can see a significant reduction in the number of weapons that the alliance kept in Europe. The United States began to withdraw its troops from Europe, some of them were transferred home, and some - to other regions.
NATO expansion
In the 1990s, NATO began consultations with partners on the Partnership for Peace programs - both Russia and the Mediterranean Dialogue took part in it. As part of these programs, the organization decided to admit new members to the organization - former Eastern European states. In 1999, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary joined NATO, as a result of which the bloc received 360 thousand troops, more than 500 military aircraft and helicopters, fifty warships, about 7.5 thousand tanks and other equipment.
The second wave of expansion added seven countries to the bloc - four Eastern European countries, as well as the former Baltic republics of the Soviet Union. As a result, the number of NATO troops in Eastern Europe increased by another 142 thousand people, 344 aircraft, more than one and a half thousand tanks and several dozen warships.
Relations between NATO and Russia
These events were negatively perceived in Russia, but the terrorist attack of 2001 and the emergence of international terrorism again brought the positions of Russia and NATO closer. The Russian Federation provided its airspace to the block's aircraft for bombing in Afghanistan. At the same time, Russia opposed the expansion of NATO to the east and the inclusion of the former republics of the USSR into it. Particularly strong contradictions arose between them in connection with Ukraine and Georgia. The prospects for relations between NATO and Russia are of concern to many today, and different points of view are expressed on this issue. The number of NATO and Russian troops is practically comparable. No one seriously imagines a military confrontation between these forces, and in the future it is necessary to look for options for dialogue and the adoption of compromise solutions.
NATO involvement in local conflicts
Since the 1990s, NATO has been involved in several local conflicts. The first of these was Operation Desert Storm. When the armed forces of Iraq entered Kuwait in August 1990, a decision was made to deploy multinational forces there and a powerful group was created. The number of NATO troops in the operation "Desert Storm" amounted to more than two thousand aircraft with a stock of materiel, 20 strategic bombers, over 1,700 tactical aircraft and about 500 carrier-based aircraft. The entire aviation group was transferred to the command of the 9th Air Force of the US Air Force. After a long bombardment, the coalition ground forces defeated Iraq.
NATO peacekeeping operations
The North Atlantic bloc also participated in peacekeeping operations in areas of the former Yugoslavia. With the sanction of the UN Security Council in December 1995, the ground forces of the alliance were introduced into Bosnia and Herzegovina to prevent military clashes between the communities. After the implementation of the air operation, codenamed "Deliberate Force", the war was ended by the Dayton Agreement. In 1998-1999 During the armed conflict in the southern province of Kosovo and Metohija, a peacekeeping contingent was introduced under the command of NATO, the number of troops amounted to 49.5 thousand people. In 2001, in the armed conflict in Macedonia, the active actions of the European Union and the North Atlantic bloc forced the parties to sign the Ohrid Agreement. NATO's major operations are also Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Libya.
New concept of NATO
At the beginning of 2010, NATO adopted a new strategic concept, according to which the North Atlantic bloc should continue to solve three main tasks. It:
Today, the number of NATO troops in the world is, according to data for 2015, 1.5 million soldiers, of which 990 thousand are American troops. The joint rapid reaction units are 30 thousand people, they are supplemented by airborne and other special units. These can arrive at their destination in a short time - within 3-10 days.
Russia and the member states of the alliance are conducting a permanent political dialogue on critical issues security. The Russia-NATO Council has set up working groups for cooperation in various fields. Despite differences, both sides are aware of the need to find common priorities in international security.
Joint armed forces - troops, forces and means, command and control bodies allocated by agreement between two or more states for joint actions in order to ensure their security. The joint armed forces of each state include, as a rule, the most trained and equipped with modern weapons and technical equipment formations and units.
The special forces of the CRRF consist of representatives of the internal affairs bodies or the police, internal troops, security agencies and special services, as well as agencies for the prevention and elimination of consequences of emergency situations.
The UN armed forces are the joint armed forces of the member states of the United Nations, the procedure for their creation is regulated by Article 43 of the UN Charter. The military contingents provided by the UN member countries to the disposal of the Security Council, under its leadership and command, in essence, constitute the unified armed forces of the UN. Their task is to help prevent hostilities, restore and maintain order, and provide humanitarian assistance. Their functions also include monitoring compliance with the ceasefire agreement, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and patrolling the buffer zones. Traditionally, the armed forces of the Scandinavian countries, Canada, Austria, Ireland, France, Great Britain, as well as Ghana, Nepal, and Fiji took part in the formation of the UN multinational forces. In modern conditions, the military formations of the United States, Russia, Ukraine and other states are also involved in them.
The NATO Joint Armed Forces (NATO Allied Forces) are the coalition armed forces of the states that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Created in accordance with the decisions of the fifth session of the NATO Council in September 1950.
Currently, 28 states are members of NATO: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal , Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Spain, UK, Turkey. NATO's primary mission is to protect the freedom and security of its member states through political and military means. NATO adheres to the principle that an attack on one or more members of the organization is considered an attack on the alliance as a whole.
The structure of the NATO Joint Armed Forces in terms of numbers, combat composition and equipment is more focused on military operations of a local scale and peacekeeping operations (including outside the bloc's area of responsibility), solving problems of preventing or eliminating sources of threats associated with terrorism and the spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Allied Forces are composed of theater nuclear forces and general purpose forces. Nuclear forces are assigned the role of a deterrent for potential aggressors. They include tactical aircraft carrier squadrons of the Air Force (Air Force) and the Navy (Navy). General purpose forces are the most significant in composition and are represented by formations ground forces, Air Force and Navy, not included in the nuclear component of the block.
The project of the European Defense Community was announced by French Prime Minister René Pleven in 1950. Then, in July 1950, North Korea supported by China attacked South Korea to unite the country under the communist flag. Fears were growing in Europe that a similar scenario could also be implemented here, and then a project was developed according to which the armed forces of France, Italy, West Germany and the Benelux countries were to be united under a common command. , he was not supported by the National Assembly of France.
Attempts to create a unified European army continued further. In 1991, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Spain formed joint brigades with a single command in Strasbourg and named them "Eurocorps". In 1995, the French, Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese agreed to create the Eurofor (European Operational Rapid Force).
At the Helsinki Conference in 1999, the European Union began to develop a common defense policy, and the concept of rapid reaction forces was developed. The conference participants decided to use the rapid reaction forces only for peacekeeping operations and humanitarian missions. At the same time, the prerogative of the UN was recognized in making decisions on the start of peacekeeping operations, as well as NATO's "right of first refusal", which allowed the use of European troops only if the alliance for some reason refused to participate in the operation. The decision to create the European Union Rapid Reaction Force (EUFOR, European Union Force) was made in September 2000.
Security issues military security were at the head of the agenda of the EU summit, then British Prime Minister David Cameron spoke out against the creation of a joint EU armed forces.
The German newspaper Welt am Sonntag published an interview with the head of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, who said that the EU needs to create its own unified army as a tool to defend Europe's interests. This idea was approved by German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen, and the German opposition criticized Juncker's proposal.
UK, Sweden, Poland. According to EC official representative Margaritis Schinas, this issue will be raised at the EU summit in June.
The countries of the League of Arab States (LAS) approved the creation of inter-Arab joint armed rapid reaction forces, the purpose of which is to eliminate threats in the region.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
In accordance with NATO guidelines, the bulk of the united armed forces of the bloc should be prepared to perform a wide range of tasks - from conducting military operations under Art. 5 of the North Atlantic Collective Defense Treaty before participating in crisis management operations. They include national and multinational military formations and command and control bodies capable of conducting active military operations for a long time, including in theaters far from Europe. Such formations, according to NATO classification, received the name of forces of universal application (Deployable Forces).
According to the estimates of the Allied Joint Forces command, at present, formations, units and subunits of the ground forces of the participating countries with a total strength of about 1.5 million people (including formations marines). At the same time, a significant part of them are American military personnel (over 990 thousand people, of which about 30 thousand are stationed in Europe).
In turn, the European countries of the alliance, in accordance with their obligations, are ready to form nine multinational army rapid deployment corps (AKBR, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps) within 60 to 90 days, which will become the basis of the ground component of the NATO forces of universal use. These include: Joint Army Corps (OAK) BR, Eurocorps BR, German-Dutch, Spanish, Italian, French, Turkish, German-Danish-Polish and Greek AK BR.
In peacetime, army rapid deployment corps include only a multinational headquarters, formations that ensure its daily activities (Integral Units, communications, logistics units, etc.). as well as command and control bodies of the divisional (brigade) level (Organic Units), subordinate to the headquarters and responsible for organizing the combat training of units and subunits of the corresponding type of troops allocated for transfer to the corps.
According to the accepted approaches, army rapid deployment corps are formed on the basis of the so-called framework model, which was used in the creation of NATO's rapid reaction forces (RRF) by OAK. This model assumes that one of the participating countries takes responsibility for organizing the management and comprehensive provision of a multinational formation, allocates to its composition most combat formations (units and divisions) and, thus, becomes the founding state of the corps. Accordingly, key command posts and more than 60% of the posts in the headquarters of the corps are given to representatives of the Armed Forces of this state. The remaining leadership and staff positions are distributed among other countries of the bloc, taking into account their contribution to the formation of the combat strength of the association.
The framework model has proven itself to be the most flexible and effective, since only the founding state is constant here, it is possible to increase the number of participants in the association, and the combat composition of the corps can change depending on the tasks being solved. In addition, in the process of preparing and conducting crisis management operations, the possibility is envisaged of strengthening associations of this type by including in their composition units of states that are not members of the North Atlantic Alliance.
The deployment of AK BR is carried out by decision of the NATO Council on the basis of multinational headquarters of corps and national formations, units and subunits. At the same time, the formation may include up to five combined-arms formations of the divisional and (or) brigade level, allocated in peacetime for transfer to the operational subordination of the corps headquarters (Affiliated Combat Units) in accordance with interstate agreements within the framework of the alliance.
These agreements are concluded in order to ensure the possibility of involving the formations of the participating countries in multinational operational and combat training activities, as well as as part of the association in the operations of the bloc.
In addition, taking into account the technical agreements signed by the leadership of the founding country of the corps and the NATO command, formations (units, subunits) of combat and logistic support, intended for transfer to the operational subordination of the headquarters of the corps (Dedicated to HQ Units) and listed in the list of forces for the universal use of the unit, annually updated in accordance with the statements of the participating countries.
In the standard composition army corps NATO Allied Armed Forces deployed for operations under Art. 5 of the Washington Collective Defense Treaty, includes the following formations, units and subunits:
multinational headquarters;
Air Operations Coordination Center;
Up to 5 combined arms divisions or brigades;
Artillery brigade
Anti-aircraft missile brigade
Army Aviation Brigade
Battalion (brigade) RHBZ
Engineering Brigade;
Communications brigade;
Reconnaissance battalion (brigade);
Military Police Battalion;
MTO brigade;
Medical team;
UAV squadron;
Special Operations Forces Group;
Civil-Military Interaction Group;
Group of psychological operations.
However, in a real situation, the combat composition of the NATO Rapid Deployment Corps will be formed according to a modular principle based on the volume and nature of the upcoming tasks.
Taking into account the existing interstate agreements on the allocation of formations and units of the ground forces of the countries of the alliance to the AK BR, agreements have been concluded for some national formations on their possible transfer to operational subordination to various headquarters of the army corps, which provides the NATO command additional features on the maneuver of forces and means in operational planning. Thus, the Danish motorized infantry division was allocated for transfer to the operational subordination of the headquarters of the joint and German-Danish-Polish army rapid deployment corps.
NATO leadership in peacetime pays special attention to maintaining constant combat readiness and improving the command and control systems of these corps. In accordance with the established requirements, the multinational headquarters of the AC BR must be able to:
establish and maintain interaction with civil organizations (international, non-governmental, local commercial, medical and industrial), authorities, security and law enforcement agencies;
organize the necessary support for non-military organizations in their humanitarian assistance operations;
function effectively in any situation, including when conducting high-intensity military operations in the interests of solving a wide range of military tasks of the alliance, as well as acting as the headquarters of the ground component of the interservice grouping of troops (forces);
carry out staff functions relating to the organization of the actions of artillery, engineering troops, signal troops, aviation, forces and means of logistics and medical support, military police;
provide control over the deployment and use of expeditionary groupings of ground forces in any part of the world in various natural and climatic conditions;
integrate into a single interspecific reconnaissance, tracking and target designation system ISTAR;
provide real-time (RTM) (or close to RTM) assessment of the composition, condition and location of their troops (forces);
use data and exchange information within the framework of a “single picture of the operational situation” through subordinate units (including those located outside combat vehicles);
process and comprehensively analyze the obtained intelligence data;
deploy and ensure stable synchronous operation of a tactical-level command post (brigade-division), main and reserve command post, rear command post (TPU) of the army corps, while ensuring the deployment of an advanced (operational) headquarters group as part of the control body of a NATO interspecific grouping;
carry out operational management of formations (units, subdivisions) various kinds armed forces, military branches and services;
independently move field launchers using standard vehicles;
provide the necessary level of CBRN and protection against improvised explosive devices for all personnel and military equipment;
operate without replenishment of material resources for at least 10 days.
In the interests of bringing the headquarters of the army corps in line with the above requirements, uniform standards have been established for them in terms of organizational and staffing structure, forces and means allocated to strengthen the headquarters in a crisis situation or in wartime.
The number of personnel of the headquarters of the AK BR in peacetime is from 170 to 450 military personnel. It is planned to increase its number in a crisis situation (in wartime) by 1.5-2 times.
In accordance with NATO standards, in order to organize the transition to an enhanced (combat) mode of operation, the operational staff of the headquarters of the AC BR in peacetime is distributed among groups and command posts. To manage the association in various operations, the main command post (OKP, Main Command Post), a spare CP (ZKP, Alternate SR), and a hull TPU (Rear CP) can be deployed. In addition, the headquarters of the AK BR provides for the possibility of deploying other - smaller in composition - command posts designed to solve individual tasks (for example, managing the process of deploying a corps in a theater of operations).
The main command post is deployed for the purpose of planning an operation, including the organization of reconnaissance, the collection and processing of reconnaissance information, fire engagement of the enemy, combat and logistic support, and participation in information operations; management of formations, parts (subdivisions) of the association; organizing and holding events within the framework of military-civilian cooperation, including with international and non-governmental organizations in the course of crisis management operations;
The management of the main command post is carried out, as a rule, by the chief of staff of the corps.
The reserve command post is in constant readiness to perform the functions of the main command post in the event of its sudden failure. To this end, the operational staff of the ZKP around the clock in real (close to real) time monitors the situation in the area of the operation, and also reserves all the information available on the OKP.
In terms of its capabilities and structure, the reserve command post for the organization of workstations and communications is identical to the main command post, and the operational staff is assigned according to the combat crew from the same departments (departments, groups, centers, etc.) of the AK BR headquarters as the operational staff to complete the OKP. It is planned to strengthen the operational staff of the ZKP by attracting unemployed personnel from other command posts, as well as from the surviving personnel of the OKP who have failed.
One of the tasks of the ZKP is to organize the security, protection and defense of the rear area under the leadership of the deputy corps commander. In addition, this CP can replace the rear control point when the latter fails.
The rear command post of the corps is deployed in order to perform the following tasks: use, maintain in good condition and, if necessary, build up the existing communications system within the boundaries of the united rear area in order to continuously control subordinate multinational and national logistics formations; organizing and maintaining interaction with the main and reserve command post of the corps, combat formations (units) of the formation, rear services of the host country, contract supply, as well as international, governmental and non-governmental organizations (agencies) on issues of comprehensive logistics support for the actions of the AK BR; management of the process of meeting, accommodating and preparing for the upcoming actions of military formations arriving in the area of operation; coordination of the movement of traffic flows with human and material resources within the boundaries of the united rear area; coordination of measures to restore the combat capability of military formations in the united rear area; implementation of military-civilian interaction and coordination of the supply of logistics resources from non-military sources; minimization of interference in the activities of the AC BR civil structures of the host country; taking measures to ensure the security of key points (lines) of transport communications in order to guarantee movement through the united rear area of combat formations (units, subunits); tracking and assessing the situation (including the mood of the local population) within the boundaries of the united rear area; ensuring the passage of military columns during the rotation of units (subdivisions).
The rear command post of the AK BR is deployed, as a rule, in the immediate vicinity of transport communications nodes (ports, airfields, railway stations).
Based on the standard set of TPU field equipment, launchers of the advanced echelon of the rear of the corps (PU PET, RSC FW Element) can be deployed. This launcher is transferred to the area of the operation at the initial stage of deployment of the AK BR, and subsequently a full-fledged TPU of the corps is deployed on its basis. In addition, the PU of the forward echelon of the rear of the corps can be allocated from the rear command post of the AK BR to lead the forward echelon of the rear and the rear group operating in an independent direction, as well as in cases requiring the deployment of a separate rear command post.
The deployment of field command posts of the AK BR in the area of the operation of the corps is planned to be carried out after the completion of the main measures for re-staffing it with personnel, additional provision of national formations, units and subunits with materiel, transferring them to operational subordination to the formation commander. It may take from 20 to 30 days from the moment the corps commander receives the directive (order) to fully deploy the command posts of the AK BR in the area of the operation.
The placement of command posts on the ground is carried out in accordance with the nature of the upcoming tasks, the combat capabilities of the enemy, and the physical and geographical conditions of the theater of operations. The main criteria in determining the location of one or another launcher by the corps commander are to ensure a high level of survivability of the control system and the effective use of available forces and means.
The movement of control points is carried out according to the decision of the chief of staff of the corps. Depending on the situation, the frequency of changing the location of the launcher may be different.
At present, the operational staff of the headquarters of the BR army corps, in accordance with the rotation schedules, is completed by the joint command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, as well as the command of the land component of the NATO Priority Deployment Force (SDR). At the same time, the allocation of combat and support units to the ISAF grouping and the land component of the SPZ block for the rotation period is carried out mainly at the expense of the state - the founder of the AC BR, whose headquarters, according to the rotation schedule, currently manages the ISAF (ground component of the SPZ alliance).
The headquarters of the Joint Army Rapid Reaction Corps (Innsworth, 4 km northeast of Gloucester, Great Britain) was formed on the basis of the command of the ground component of the alliance's rapid reaction forces, which was created in 1992 at the initiative of the British side.
With the transition of the Allied Forces of the bloc to a new structure, the organization of the headquarters and the combat composition of the association practically did not change, with the exception of the fact that the multinational airmobile division "Center" was disbanded.
The command and control bodies based on the command of the ground component of the NATO Rapid Deployment Forces were involved in peacekeeping missions under the general leadership of the Allied Supreme Command in Europe in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) and Kosovo (1999). In both cases, after the signing of the relevant ceasefire agreement, the headquarters of the RRF organized the entry and deployment of a group of multinational peacekeeping forces in the conflict area and directed their actions during the operation.
Subsequently, the powers to lead the peacekeeping groupings were transferred by rotation to other command and control bodies of the Allied Forces of NATO or the WEU. From January to July 2006, the headquarters of the OAK BR supervised the sixth rotation of the land component of the Alliance's SDR from January to July 2006, and the 13th from July to December 2009. From May 2006 to January 2007 and in 2011, the headquarters of the OAK BR formed the basis of the unified command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. From January to December 2013, the Corps Headquarters will be in charge of the ground component of the Alliance's Primary Engagement Force.
In agreement with the leadership of NATO, as part of the reduction of the British military presence in Germany, in June 2010, the redeployment of the headquarters of the OAK BR from Germany (Reindalen) to the UK was completed.
The tasks of servicing this headquarters are assigned to the 1st Signal Brigade of the British Army. At present, here (a military camp on the northern outskirts of Stafford) there is only a headquarters and support battalion, as well as the 22nd communications regiment of this brigade. Until 2014, it is planned to redeploy the 7th and 13th communications regiments of the 1st communications brigade to the UK from Germany.
The headquarters of the Eurocorps of the BR (Strasbourg, France) was formed on the basis of the headquarters of the Eurocorps of the WEU, which, in turn, was created in 1993.
Initially, three states (France, Germany and Belgium) took part in the formation of this association. Spain joined the treaty in 1994 and Luxembourg in 1996. In 1999, these five states decided to transform the association into the AC BR and approved the concept of "five founding states plus n ... countries participating in the operation." This approach to the formation of the European Rapid Deployment Corps makes it possible to ensure the flexibility of using the association according to the plans of both the EU and NATO. Subsequently, Poland, Greece, Italy, Romania, the USA, Turkey and Austria joined the founding countries.
According to the established procedure, once every two years, the rotation of generals and officers holding key positions in the command and staff structures of the corps is carried out. These include the corps commander, his deputy, the chief of staff, his two deputies, and the head of the press center. Representatives of those countries that make the greatest contribution to the formation of the BR Eurocorps are appointed to these positions (they are allocated to its composition by division).
In peacetime, the headquarters of the corps is operationally subordinate to the multinational control and support battalion and the logistics brigade, whose units are deployed on the territory of the military camp located in the southern part of Strasbourg. In addition, the headquarters of the Eurocorps of the BR has a Franco-German motorized infantry brigade under its control, the units of which are stationed on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany and France.
In accordance with interstate agreements, parts and subdivisions of the Franco-German MPBR underwent a reorganization in 2010. In particular, 291 infantry infantry regiments of the FRG of the FRG were introduced into the combat strength of the MPBR. At the same time, the command of the French Armed Forces redeployed the 3rd Hussars Armored Cavalry Regiment (BRKP) from N. Immendingen (Germany) in n. Metz (France).
Since 2012, the combat strength of the Franco-German Brigade includes: from the French Armed Forces - 110 MRP (northern outskirts of the settlement of Donaueschingen, Germany) and the 3rd Hussar Brigade (Metz, France); from the Armed Forces of Germany - 291 mpb (southern outskirts of Strasbourg), 292 mpb (northern outskirts of Donaueschingen), 295 adn and 550th engineering company (2 km northeast of Immendingen).
The practical involvement of the command and staff structures and units of the BR Eurocorps was carried out in the course of peacekeeping operations conducted under the leadership of NATO in the Balkans: "Joint Forge" (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and "Joint Guardian" (Kosovo). In the period from June 1998 to June 2000, separate headquarters units of the BR Eurocorps constantly functioned as part of the SFOR governing bodies. The experience gained was later used in the course of the peacekeeping operation in Kosovo, where the headquarters of the association led the actions of the KFOR grouping, numbering about 45,000 military personnel, for six months. From August 2004 to January 2005, the headquarters of the BR Eurocorps led the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. At the same time, the basis of the grouping of these forces was the Franco-German motorized infantry brigade. From July to December 2006, the Corps Headquarters headed the ground component of the SPZ-7; from July to December 2010, it was entrusted with the leadership of the ground component of the NATO SPZ of the 15th rotation. In 2012, Corps Headquarters officers served as part of the ISAF Joint Command in Afghanistan.
Headquarters of the German-Dutch AK BR (Munster, Germany) formed on the basis of the headquarters of the 1st German-Dutch AK, which was created in accordance with bilateral agreements in 1995.
Subsequently, during the reorganization of the Allied Forces of NATO, ten more states joined this agreement, sending their officers to the headquarters of the association and declaring their readiness to contribute to the corps, if necessary, national military contingents.
In peacetime, the German-Dutch command and support battalion is operationally subordinate to the corps headquarters, Western part Munster, Germany and the German-Dutch battalion of communications and information systems (5 km northeast of Grunlo, the Netherlands).
The headquarters of the German-Dutch AK BR, after its approval as the headquarters of the NATO Allied High Readiness Force, from February to July 2003 and in the second half of 2009, led the ISAF group in Afghanistan, and from January to June 2005 and 2008 - the land component of the SPZ block. In 2013, it is planned to send the operational group of the headquarters to Afghanistan to work as part of the OK ISAF.
The headquarters of the Spanish AK BR (Betera, 20 km north of Valencia) formed in early 2000 on the basis of the command of the mobile forces of the Spanish Army.
The headquarters of the corps, in addition to the Spanish military personnel, is staffed by representatives of 12 countries participating in the bloc.
The tasks of servicing the headquarters of the corps are assigned to the headquarters battalion and the communications brigade of the Spanish ground forces, located on the territory of the military town of Betera, which is located next to the headquarters of the AK.
The corps headquarters supervised the ground component of the SPZ-5 (July-December 2005) and SPZ-12 (January-June 2009) priority deployment forces. In 2012, the staff officers, together with the military personnel of the headquarters of the Eurocorps of the BR, served as part of the OK ISAF in Afghanistan.
Headquarters of the Italian AK BR (Milan, Italy) formed in 2001 on the basis of the command of the national rapid reaction forces (formerly the command of 3 AK of the Italian ground forces).
The headquarters of the association includes representatives of the ground forces of 15 NATO countries.
In peacetime, the command and control regiment (Milan) and the 1st communications regiment (Milan) from the communications brigade of the Italian Army are under the operational subordination of the headquarters of the corps.
From July to December 2004, the headquarters of the Italian AK BR supervised the ground component of NATO's SPZ, and from August 2005 to April 2006 - the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. From January to June 2011, the headquarters of the corps was entrusted with the leadership of the land component of the SPZ-2011/1. In January 2013, the operational group of the headquarters was sent to Afghanistan as part of the rotation of the officers of the OK ISAF.
Headquarters of the Turkish AK BR (Istanbul) formed in September 2002 on the basis of the headquarters of the 3rd Army Corps of the Turkish Army. The headquarters of the association is staffed by representatives of the NE of 11 participating countries. The structure of the corps in peacetime includes combat-ready formations of the Turkish Army. On the basis of the Turkish-Romanian agreements of 2011, if necessary, 282 mpbr 2 "Trachika" of the Romanian Army can be transferred to its composition. In the future, it is possible to include formations, units and subdivisions of other countries of the alliance in it.
The functions of servicing the headquarters of the corps are assigned to the headquarters group (deployed in the same place as the headquarters of the AK BR) and the 3rd communications regiment of the Turkish Army.
From August to February 2002 and from February to July 2005, the headquarters of the Turkish AK BR led the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, from October 2003 to July 2004, from January to June 2007 and from July to December 2011 - the land component of the NATO SDR.
Headquarters of the French AK BR (Lille, France), the last of all the headquarters of the AK BR, created in July 2005 on the basis of the operational command of the French Army, was certified as a command and control body for the ground forces of the NATO High Readiness Forces in July 2007. The main staff of the headquarters (up to 85%) is represented by military personnel of the national armed forces.
Since the creation of the ASBR, the 6th regiment of command and control and support of the command and control brigade of the operational command of the French ground forces has been under the operational subordination of the headquarters of the corps. Since the beginning of 2010, the tasks of servicing the headquarters of the corps have been assigned to the control and communications brigade of the national ground forces, stationed on the territory of the military town of Due (the southwestern part of the settlement of the same name).
From July to December 2008, the corps headquarters supervised the ground component of the SPZ-11, and from July to December 2010, the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. According to the plans of the alliance, from January to December 2014, it will be entrusted with the leadership of the land component of the SPZ-2014.
Headquarters of the German-Danish-Polish AK BR (Szczecin, Poland) formed in 1999 on the basis of the Polish divisional command in Szczecia with the inclusion of the operational staff of the NATO OSV command in Schleswig-Holstein, Jutland and on about. Funen (Rendsburg). In April 2004, the multinational headquarters of the corps was replenished with officers of the Armed Forces of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In January 2005, Slovakia became the seventh participating country, and in October of the same year, the Czech Republic also sent officers to the headquarters.
At the end of 2005, after a comprehensive audit, the headquarters of the German-Danish-Polish AK BR was recognized as ready to lead the association as part of the forces of universal use of low readiness.
In November 2006, officers of the US Armed Forces became part of the headquarters, in July 2008 - Romania and August 2009 - Slovenia,
In peacetime, the operational subordination of the headquarters of the corps is the headquarters company of the Polish Army, which is deployed in a military camp with the headquarters of the AK, and units of the German-Polish logistics brigade located in Poland (100th communications battalion, 104th support battalion and 102- the th security battalion (all the Polish Army), as well as the 610th communications battalion of the German Army.
Corps Headquarters led ISAF in Afghanistan during the first half of 2010.
Headquarters of the Greek AK BR (Thessaloniki, Greece) formed in July 2005 on the basis of the headquarters of the 3rd AC of the Greek Armed Forces.
The headquarters of the association includes representatives of the ground forces of nine NATO member countries. In accordance with the interstate agreements reached, formations and units of the NE of Italy and Spain can be allocated to the corps.
In peacetime, the 490th communications battalion and the security battalion of the Greek army, stationed on the territory of the same military camp as the corps headquarters, are under the operational subordination of the corps headquarters. From January to December 2012, the corps headquarters manages the land component of the SPZ-2012.
Thus, since the early 2000s, the Alliance has created and tested in practice a flexible mechanism for the formation of operational-tactical formations of multinational ground forces. At the same time, the modular approach makes it possible to complete the combat strength of the corps, taking into account the nature and scale of the upcoming actions, and the use of the principle of "multinationality" is intended to demonstrate the unity of the participating countries in defending coalition interests.
FOREIGN MILITARY REVIEW No. 5/2002, pp. 2-5
GENERAL MILITARY ISSUES
NATO COALITION GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE
Lieutenant Colonel K. KASATKIN
The leadership of NATO, in accordance with the program for reforming the command and control structure of the bloc, continues to carry out a set of measures to reorganize the command and staff structures of the alliance. At present, the formation of coalition control bodies has been basically completed, as a result of which the number of commands and headquarters has been reduced by more than 3 times (from 65 to 20), mainly due to the abolition of links at the operational-tactical and tactical levels.
The new structure of NATO command and control bodies includes three levels of commands and headquarters of the bloc. The first level (strategic) is the strategic commands (SC) of the NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic and in Europe; the second (operational-strategic) - regional commands (RC); the third (operational) - sub-regional (SRK) and specific (OVVS, OVMS) commands.
All NATO command and control bodies are staffed according to the multinational principle, which has a number of characteristic features: the staffing of strategic-level control bodies is carried out by representatives of all countries of the alliance; the composition of regional and sub-regional commands and headquarters includes representatives of at least five member states of the alliance; the quota of posts of the participating countries in the headquarters of the sub-regional commands is distributed as follows: at least 50 percent. positions are allocated for representatives of the state on whose territory the SRK headquarters is located, the rest are occupied by military personnel sent by countries most actively participating in the activities of a particular command or most closely cooperating with it in the military-technical field.
In accordance with the directive documents of the Allied Forces of NATO, only strategic and regional commands have areas of responsibility. Sub-regional commands perform tasks within the boundaries of the respective regional command.
The boundary line between the strategic commands remained unchanged, with the exception of the area around the Canary Islands and airspace above them, which, at the request of Spain, are included in the area of responsibility of the NATO Allied Command in Europe (previously they were part of the area of responsibility of the Allied Command Command in the Atlantic).
The formation of the structure of NATO command and control bodies is carried out taking into account the concept of "multinational operational forces" (MNOS), which provides for the possibility of using military contingents of countries that are not members of the alliance in operations conducted by the North Atlantic Alliance.
For the deployment of command and control bodies for multinational groupings of troops (forces), operational groups are being formed at the headquarters of the Allied Forces of NATO at various levels, which will become the basis for the deployment of the headquarters of the ONOS. Depending on the scale and nature of the upcoming operation, they are supposed to be understaffed with reinforcement and support groups.
In accordance with the provisions of the strategic concept of the North Atlantic Alliance, the commands and headquarters of the Allied Forces of the bloc should be able to simultaneously deploy two headquarters to lead large groupings of troops (forces), and to control small formations (one or two formations) - a number of small headquarters. The deployment of MPOS headquarters is supposed to be carried out mainly on the basis of sub-regional commands located near the conflict area (crisis situation).
The NATO Allied Strategic Commands in Europe and the Atlantic are headed by the Supreme Commanders (representatives of the US Armed Forces), who manage the alliance's combined armed forces through the relevant headquarters of the strategic commands and are responsible for the overall management of the construction of the bloc's armed forces, planning and carrying out all types of military activities in their areas of responsibility and, if necessary, beyond them.
The commanders-in-chief of the regional commands are entrusted with the task of direct control of the groupings of troops (forces) placed at their disposal. In addition to managing the activities of the bloc's troops (forces), NATO commanders at all levels are entrusted with a number of fundamentally new tasks, including the fight against international terrorism, countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and organizing operational and combat training events under the PfP program.
NATO Allied Commands in Europe. The overall leadership of the united armed forces of the bloc in Europe is carried out by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces of NATO (representative of the US Armed Forces) through the headquarters of the strategic command, which is located in Casteau (Belgium).
The area of responsibility of the NATO SC in Europe includes the territories of Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, the waters of the Northern, Irish, Norwegian, Baltic, Mediterranean, Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, the Ionian, Adriatic, Aegean, Marmara, Black and Azov Seas, the zones of the Baltic and Black Sea straits, the Strait of Gibraltar, the English Channel, the Canary Islands, coastal waters and airspace above them.
There are nine directorates at the NATO SC headquarters in Europe: L - personnel, J2 - intelligence, J3 - operational, J4 - logistic support, J5 - current planning, J6 - communications and information systems, J7 - advanced planning and organization of combat training, J8 - budgetary and financial and J9 - military-civilian activities.
NATO Allied Command Europe has two regional commands: Allied Command North and South. The headquarters of these commands have seven similar departments (J3 and J7, as well as J5 and J9 combined).
To the Regional Command of the Joint Forces at TO "North" the functions of the abolished NATO Allied Command Commands in the North-Western European and Central European theater of operations were transferred. The headquarters of the NATO Allied Forces "North" is located in Brunsum (Netherlands). Representatives of the Armed Forces of Germany or Great Britain are appointed to the position of commander-in-chief (on the principle of rotation). The area of responsibility of this command includes the territories, airspace and coastal waters of Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland and the Czech Republic, the waters of the North, partly the Norwegian and Baltic Seas, as well as the zone of the Baltic Straits.
The NATO Allied Command North has two operational commands (the North Allied Command and the North Allied Command) and three sub-regional commands (North, North-East and Center).
In terms of their organizational structure, the headquarters of these commands are basically identical and correspond to the headquarters of the regional command.
At the same time, in the headquarters of sub-regional commands, in the zone of responsibility of which the ground forces predominate, more positions are allocated for representatives of the ground forces; at the headquarters, which can be entrusted with the leadership of the actions of troops (forces) in coastal areas, the number of officers of the naval forces has been increased.
Command of the OVVS ON TO "North"(Ramshtein, Germany) deployed on the basis of the NATO Air Force Command in the Central European Theater of Operations. A representative of the US Armed Forces is appointed to the position of commander, who is an assistant to the commander-in-chief of the North Allied Forces RK on the use of the bloc's air force groupings. In addition, he is entrusted with the functions of air defense commander and head of the regional system for controlling aerospace space in the zone of responsibility of the NATO Allied Forces "North" and coordinating aviation actions with other commands. Five air operations control centers (CUVO) deployed in the Federal Republic of Germany (the cities of Kalkar and Messhetten), Denmark (the city of Finderud), Great Britain (the city of High Wycombe) and Norway (the city of Reitan) are subordinate to the commander.
Command of the OVMS ON TO "North"(Northwood, UK) is headed by a representative of the British Armed Forces, who is also the commander of the regional command of the Allied Forces of NATO "East" of the strategic command of the allied forces in the Atlantic, and the headquarters of these commands are a single body. The command performs the tasks of managing naval groups in the area of responsibility of the NATO Allied Forces Regional Command "North".
Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at TO "North"(Yotta, Norway), headed by a representative of the Norwegian Armed Forces, leads the coalition groupings of troops (forces) in the conduct of hostilities in northern Europe. The same command is entrusted with the tasks of organizing air defense and protecting sea lanes in the Northeast Atlantic.
Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at TO "North-East"(Karup, Denmark, headed by a representative of the Danish Armed Forces) is intended for command and control of troops (forces) in the conduct of hostilities in the zone of the Baltic Straits and on approaches to them. In addition, the troops (forces) of the SRK "North-East" can be involved in solving problems together with the groupings of the sub-regional command of the Allied Forces of NATO "Center" in Central Europe.
Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at TO "Center"(Heidelberg, Germany, according to the principle of rotation, representatives of the Armed Forces Germany and the United States) is intended to guide the actions of coalition groupings of troops (forces) in Central Europe.
The Allied Regional Command "South" (headquarters in Naples, Italy, representative of the US Armed Forces) was formed on the basis of the headquarters of the Allied Command Command of NATO in the South Theater of Operations. Its area of responsibility includes the territories, airspace and coastal waters of Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Hungary, the waters of the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Seas. This regional command is entrusted with the task of managing the troops (forces) of the united armed forces of the bloc in southern Europe through its subordinate sectoral commands (OVVS and OVMS), as well as through four sub-regional ones (“South”, “South-East”, “South-Center” and Southwest). In terms of their structure and the tasks solved by their headquarters in peacetime and wartime, these commands are similar to the corresponding commands of the NATO Allied Command North.
Air Force Command for TO "South"(Naples, Italy, representative of the US Armed Forces) manages the activities of the combined Air Force within the area of responsibility of the entire regional command. The Commander of the NATO Allied Forces "South" is the assistant to the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces of NATO "South" on the use of the air forces of the bloc. In addition, he is entrusted with the functions of air defense commander and head of the regional system for controlling aerospace in the zone of responsibility of the NATO Allied Forces "South" and coordinating aviation actions with other commands. The commander also has five air operations control centers deployed in Italy (Poggio Renatico), Turkey (Eskisehir), Greece (Larissa), Spain (Torrejon) and Portugal (Monsanto).
Command of the OVMS TO "South"(Naples, Italy, representative of the Armed Forces of this country) performs the tasks of managing naval groups in the area of responsibility of the regional command of the Allied Forces of NATO "South".
Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces for TO "South-East"(Izmir, Turkey, representative of the Armed Forces of this country) is intended to organize the protection of maritime communications in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, to prevent possible aggression from Libya, Iraq, Iran and Syria, as well as to conduct peacekeeping operations in the Balkans and the Middle East.
Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at TO "South-Center"(Larisa, Greece, representative of the Armed Forces of this country) performs the tasks of protecting the interests of Western European states in the central part mediterranean sea, the Aegean Sea and the western part of the Black Sea. Since the NATO Allied Forces South Center is located in an area with an unstable situation, NATO military experts believe that it will actively participate in organizing peacekeeping operations in the Mediterranean region.
Subregional Allied Command for TO "South"(Verona, Italy, representative of the Armed Forces of this country) is responsible for organizing the protection of maritime communications in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea and peacekeeping operations in the Balkans.
Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at TO "South-West"(Madrid, Spain, representative of the Spanish Armed Forces) is responsible for the protection of maritime communications in the Western Mediterranean (Gibraltar). In addition, it is entrusted with the tasks of organizing and conducting peacekeeping operations in the Maghreb countries, preventing the activities of international extremist organizations in the western Mediterranean and mass migrations of the population.
NATO Allied Commands in the Atlantic. The overall leadership of the united armed forces of the bloc in the Atlantic is carried out by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces of NATO (representative of the US Armed Forces) through the headquarters of the strategic command, which is located in Norfolk (USA). The area of responsibility of this command includes the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland and Portugal, as well as the North Atlantic north of the Tropic of Cancer, with the exception of the territory of the Canaries and the airspace associated with it. The eastern border of the area of responsibility runs along the coast of Africa, then north along the border of the NATO SC in Europe. The western border of the area of responsibility is the East Coast North America excluding Cuba. The maritime border of the zone of responsibility with states that are not members of the alliance actually runs along the border of their national territorial waters. The northern border of the zone of responsibility of the NATO SC of the Allied Forces in the Atlantic stretches to the North Pole.
There are three directorates at the headquarters of the NATO Allied Forces SC in the Atlantic: L - military policy and strategic planning, J2 - resources, J3 - communications and information systems.
The headquarters of the regional commands of the joint armed forces in the Atlantic are deployed at the locations of the former main commands of the Allied Forces, which are similar in their organizational structure to the regional commands in Europe. At the same time, in everyday conditions, regional commands do not have strictly defined areas of responsibility. These zones are assigned by the NATO High Command in the Atlantic in the event of an aggravation of the situation or a crisis in the region.
Regional Command of the Allied Forces at TO "Vostok"(Northwood, Great Britain, representative of the British Armed Forces) manages the activities of the troops (forces) of the bloc in the northeastern and eastern parts of the zone of responsibility of the NATO Strategic Command in the Atlantic, including Iceland. As noted above, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces RK Vostok is at the same time the Commander of the Allied Command of the Allied Forces Regional Command "North" of the NATO Allied Forces Strategic Command in Europe, and the headquarters of these commands are a single body.
Regional Command of the Allied Forces at TO "West"(Norfolk, USA, representative of the US Armed Forces) manages the activities of the troops (forces) of the bloc in the western part of the zone of responsibility of the NATO Strategic Command in the Atlantic.
Regional Allied Command for TO "South-East"(Lisbon, Portugal, representative of the Portuguese Armed Forces) manages the activities of the troops (forces) of the bloc in the southeastern part of the zone of responsibility of the NATO Strategic Command in the Atlantic, including Portugal.
Strike Fleet Command ON TO in the Atlantic(Norfolk, USA, representative of the US Armed Forces) is directly subordinate to the strategic command of the NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic, however, if necessary, it is envisaged to be transferred to the operational subordination of the Allied Command of the Allied Forces in Europe.
Command of the Joint Submarine Forces ON TO in the Atlantic(Norfolk, USA, representative of the US Armed Forces) is directly subordinated to the strategic command of the NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic. The headquarters of this command does not have international status and its staffing includes only positions for officers of the US Navy.
The Commander of NATO Joint Submarine Forces in the Atlantic is responsible for the NATO Joint Submarine Forces in the Atlantic, which includes submarines of the US Navy, Great Britain and other participating countries. The organization of the use of submarines in the interests of the alliance is entrusted to the commander of the submarine forces of the US Atlantic Fleet, who is also the commander of the joint submarine forces in the zone of responsibility of the NATO Allied Command West and in general in the zone of responsibility of the NATO Joint Forces Command in the Atlantic. The commander of the joint submarine forces is entrusted with the function of coordinating the use of multi-purpose submarines so that they do not hinder the performance of tasks by strategic SSBNs.
The new organization of NATO command and control bodies, developed, according to Western European experts, “taking into account the assessment of the prospects for the development of the military-political and military-strategic situation in the Euro-Atlantic region, ensures the creation of a new European security system within the bloc. It is also designed to "connect" to it the armed forces of new members of the alliance without major reorganization measures.
In accordance with NATO guidelines, the bulk of the united armed forces of the bloc should be prepared to perform a wide range of tasks - from conducting military operations under Art. 5 of the North Atlantic Collective Defense Treaty before participating in crisis management operations. They include national and multinational military formations and command and control bodies capable of conducting active military operations for a long time, including in theaters far from Europe. Such formations, according to NATO classification, received the name of forces of universal application (Deployable Forces).
According to the estimates of the Allied Joint Forces command, at present, the formations, units and subunits of the ground forces of the participating countries with a total strength of about 1.5 million people (including the formations of the marine corps) have the ability to conduct operations in remote theaters. At the same time, a significant part of them are American military personnel (over 990 thousand people, of which about 30 thousand are stationed in Europe).
In turn, the European countries of the alliance, in accordance with their obligations, are ready to form nine multinational army rapid deployment corps (AKBR, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps) within 60 to 90 days, which will become the basis of the ground component of the NATO forces of universal use. These include: Joint Army Corps (OAK) BR, Eurocorps BR, German-Dutch, Spanish, Italian, French, Turkish, German-Danish-Polish and Greek AK BR.
In peacetime, army rapid deployment corps include only a multinational headquarters, formations that ensure its daily activities (Integral Units, communications, logistics units, etc.). as well as command and control bodies of the divisional (brigade) level (Organic Units), subordinate to the headquarters and responsible for organizing the combat training of units and subunits of the corresponding type of troops allocated for transfer to the corps.
According to the accepted approaches, army rapid deployment corps are formed on the basis of the so-called framework model, which was used in the creation of NATO's rapid reaction forces (RRF) by OAK. This model assumes that one of the participating countries takes responsibility for organizing the management and comprehensive support of a multinational formation, allocates a large part of the combat formations (units and subunits) to its composition and, thus, becomes the founding state of the corps. Accordingly, key command posts and more than 60% of the posts in the headquarters of the corps are given to representatives of the Armed Forces of this state. The remaining leadership and staff positions are distributed among other countries of the bloc, taking into account their contribution to the formation of the combat strength of the association.
The framework model has proven itself to be the most flexible and effective, since only the founding state is constant here, it is possible to increase the number of participants in the association, and the combat composition of the corps can change depending on the tasks being solved. In addition, in the process of preparing and conducting crisis management operations, the possibility is envisaged of strengthening associations of this type by including in their composition units of states that are not members of the North Atlantic Alliance.
The deployment of AK BR is carried out by decision of the NATO Council on the basis of multinational headquarters of corps and national formations, units and subunits. At the same time, the formation may include up to five combined-arms formations of the divisional and (or) brigade level, allocated in peacetime for transfer to the operational subordination of the corps headquarters (Affiliated Combat Units) in accordance with interstate agreements within the framework of the alliance.
These agreements are concluded in order to ensure the possibility of involving the formations of the participating countries in multinational operational and combat training activities, as well as as part of the association in the operations of the bloc.
In addition, taking into account the technical agreements signed by the leadership of the founding country of the corps and the NATO command, the formations (units, subunits) of combat and logistic support intended for transfer to the operational subordination of the corps headquarters (Dedicated to HQ Units) and listed in the list of forces of the universal use of the bloc, annually updated in accordance with the statements of the participating countries.
In the typical composition of the army corps of the NATO Allied Forces, deployed for operations under Art. 5 of the Washington Collective Defense Treaty, includes the following formations, units and subunits:
- multinational headquarters;
- Air Operations Coordination Center;
- Up to 5 combined arms divisions or brigades;
- Artillery brigade
- Anti-aircraft missile brigade
- Army Aviation Brigade
- Battalion (brigade) RHBZ
- Engineering Brigade;
- Communications brigade;
- Reconnaissance battalion (brigade);
- Military Police Battalion;
- MTO brigade;
- Medical team;
- UAV squadron;
- Special Operations Forces Group;
- Civil-Military Interaction Group;
- Group of psychological operations.
However, in a real situation, the combat composition of the NATO Rapid Deployment Corps will be formed according to a modular principle based on the volume and nature of the upcoming tasks.
Taking into account the existing interstate agreements on the allocation of formations and units of the ground forces of the countries of the alliance to the AK BR, agreements have been concluded for some national formations on their possible transfer to the operational subordination of various headquarters of the army corps, which provides the NATO command with additional opportunities for maneuvering forces and means in operational planning . Thus, the Danish motorized infantry division was allocated for transfer to the operational subordination of the headquarters of the joint and German-Danish-Polish army rapid deployment corps.
NATO leadership in peacetime pays special attention to maintaining constant combat readiness and improving the command and control systems of these corps. In accordance with the established requirements, the multinational headquarters of the AC BR must be able to:
- establish and maintain interaction with civil organizations (international, non-governmental, local commercial, medical and industrial), authorities, security and law enforcement agencies;
- organize the necessary support for non-military organizations in their humanitarian assistance operations;
- function effectively in any situation, including when conducting high-intensity military operations in the interests of solving a wide range of military tasks of the alliance, as well as acting as the headquarters of the ground component of the interservice grouping of troops (forces);
- carry out staff functions relating to the organization of the actions of artillery, engineering troops, signal troops, aviation, forces and means of logistics and medical support, military police;
- provide control over the deployment and use of expeditionary groupings of ground forces in any part of the world in various natural and climatic conditions;
- integrate into a single interspecific reconnaissance, tracking and target designation system ISTAR;
- provide real-time (RTM) (or close to RTM) assessment of the composition, condition and location of their troops (forces);
- use data and exchange information within the framework of a “single picture of the operational situation” through subordinate units (including those located outside combat vehicles);
- process and comprehensively analyze the obtained intelligence data;
- deploy and ensure stable synchronous operation of a tactical-level command post (brigade-division), main and reserve command post, rear command post (TPU) of the army corps, while ensuring the deployment of an advanced (operational) headquarters group as part of the control body of a NATO interspecific grouping; \
- to carry out operational control of formations (units, subunits) of various types of armed forces, combat arms and services;
- independently move field launchers using standard vehicles;
- provide the necessary level of CBRN and protection against improvised explosive devices for all personnel and military equipment;
- operate without replenishment of material resources for at least 10 days.
In the interests of bringing the headquarters of the army corps in line with the above requirements, uniform standards have been established for them in terms of organizational and staffing structure, forces and means allocated to strengthen the headquarters in a crisis situation or in wartime.
The number of personnel of the headquarters of the AK BR in peacetime is from 170 to 450 military personnel. It is planned to increase its number in a crisis situation (in wartime) by 1.5-2 times.
In accordance with NATO standards, in order to organize the transition to an enhanced (combat) mode of operation, the operational staff of the headquarters of the AC BR in peacetime is distributed among groups and command posts. To manage the association in various operations, the main command post (OKP, Main Command Post), a spare CP (ZKP, Alternate SR), and a hull TPU (Rear CP) can be deployed. In addition, the headquarters of the AK BR provides for the possibility of deploying other - smaller in composition - command posts designed to solve individual tasks (for example, managing the process of deploying a corps in a theater of operations).
The main command post is deployed for the purpose of planning an operation, including the organization of reconnaissance, the collection and processing of reconnaissance information, fire engagement of the enemy, combat and logistic support, and participation in information operations; management of formations, parts (subdivisions) of the association; organizing and holding events within the framework of military-civilian cooperation, including with international and non-governmental organizations in the course of crisis management operations;
The management of the main command post is carried out, as a rule, by the chief of staff of the corps.
The reserve command post is in constant readiness to perform the functions of the main command post in the event of its sudden failure. To this end, the operational staff of the ZKP around the clock in real (close to real) time monitors the situation in the area of the operation, and also reserves all the information available on the OKP.
In terms of its capabilities and structure, the reserve command post for the organization of workstations and communications is identical to the main command post, and the operational staff is assigned according to the combat crew from the same departments (departments, groups, centers, etc.) of the AK BR headquarters as the operational staff to complete the OKP. It is planned to strengthen the operational staff of the ZKP by attracting unemployed personnel from other command posts, as well as from the surviving personnel of the OKP who have failed.
One of the tasks of the ZKP is to organize the security, protection and defense of the rear area under the leadership of the deputy corps commander. In addition, this CP can replace the rear control point when the latter fails.
The rear command post of the corps is deployed in order to perform the following tasks: use, maintain in good condition and, if necessary, build up the existing communications system within the boundaries of the united rear area in order to continuously control subordinate multinational and national logistics formations; organizing and maintaining interaction with the main and reserve command post of the corps, combat formations (units) of the formation, rear services of the host country, contract supply, as well as international, governmental and non-governmental organizations (agencies) on issues of comprehensive logistics support for the actions of the AK BR; management of the process of meeting, accommodating and preparing for the upcoming actions of military formations arriving in the area of operation; coordination of the movement of traffic flows with human and material resources within the boundaries of the united rear area; coordination of measures to restore the combat capability of military formations in the united rear area; implementation of military-civilian interaction and coordination of the supply of logistics resources from non-military sources; minimization of interference in the activities of the AC BR civil structures of the host country; taking measures to ensure the security of key points (lines) of transport communications in order to guarantee movement through the united rear area of combat formations (units, subunits); tracking and assessing the situation (including the mood of the local population) within the boundaries of the united rear area; ensuring the passage of military columns during the rotation of units (subdivisions).
The rear command post of the AK BR is deployed, as a rule, in the immediate vicinity of transport communications nodes (ports, airfields, railway stations).
Based on the standard set of TPU field equipment, launchers of the advanced echelon of the rear of the corps (PU PET, RSC FW Element) can be deployed. This launcher is transferred to the area of the operation at the initial stage of deployment of the AK BR, and subsequently a full-fledged TPU of the corps is deployed on its basis. In addition, the PU of the forward echelon of the rear of the corps can be allocated from the rear command post of the AK BR to lead the forward echelon of the rear and the rear group operating in an independent direction, as well as in cases requiring the deployment of a separate rear command post.
The deployment of field command posts of the AK BR in the area of the operation of the corps is planned to be carried out after the completion of the main measures for re-staffing it with personnel, additional provision of national formations, units and subunits with materiel, transferring them to operational subordination to the formation commander. It may take from 20 to 30 days from the moment the corps commander receives the directive (order) to fully deploy the command posts of the AK BR in the area of the operation.
The placement of command posts on the ground is carried out in accordance with the nature of the upcoming tasks, the combat capabilities of the enemy, and the physical and geographical conditions of the theater of operations. The main criteria in determining the location of one or another launcher by the corps commander are to ensure a high level of survivability of the control system and the effective use of available forces and means.
The movement of control points is carried out according to the decision of the chief of staff of the corps. Depending on the situation, the frequency of changing the location of the launcher may be different.
At present, the operational staff of the headquarters of the BR army corps, in accordance with the rotation schedules, is completed by the joint command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, as well as the command of the land component of the NATO Priority Deployment Force (SDR). At the same time, the allocation of combat and support units to the ISAF grouping and the land component of the SPZ block for the rotation period is carried out mainly at the expense of the state - the founder of the AC BR, whose headquarters, according to the rotation schedule, currently manages the ISAF (ground component of the SPZ alliance).
Headquarters United Army Rapid Reaction Corps(Innsworth, 4 km northeast of Gloucester, Great Britain) was formed on the basis of the command of the ground component of the alliance's rapid reaction forces, which was created in 1992 at the initiative of the British side.
With the transition of the Allied Forces of the bloc to a new structure, the organization of the headquarters and the combat composition of the association practically did not change, with the exception of the fact that the multinational airmobile division "Center" was disbanded.
The command and control bodies based on the command of the ground component of the NATO Rapid Deployment Forces were involved in peacekeeping missions under the general leadership of the Allied Supreme Command in Europe in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) and Kosovo (1999). In both cases, after the signing of the relevant ceasefire agreement, the headquarters of the RRF organized the entry and deployment of a group of multinational peacekeeping forces in the conflict area and directed their actions during the operation.
Subsequently, the powers to lead the peacekeeping groupings were transferred by rotation to other command and control bodies of the Allied Forces of NATO or the WEU. From January to July 2006, the headquarters of the OAK BR supervised the sixth rotation of the land component of the Alliance's SDR from January to July 2006, and the 13th from July to December 2009. From May 2006 to January 2007 and in 2011, the headquarters of the OAK BR formed the basis of the unified command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. From January to December 2013, the Corps Headquarters will be in charge of the ground component of the Alliance's Primary Engagement Force.
In agreement with the leadership of NATO, as part of the reduction of the British military presence in Germany, in June 2010, the redeployment of the headquarters of the OAK BR from Germany (Reindalen) to the UK was completed.
The tasks of servicing this headquarters are assigned to the 1st Signal Brigade of the British Army. At present, here (a military camp on the northern outskirts of Stafford) there is only a headquarters and support battalion, as well as the 22nd communications regiment of this brigade. Until 2014, it is planned to redeploy the 7th and 13th communications regiments of the 1st communications brigade to the UK from Germany.
Headquarters Eurocorps BR (Strasbourg, France) formed on the basis of the headquarters of the WEU Eurocorps, which, in turn, was created in 1993.
Initially, three states (France, Germany and Belgium) took part in the formation of this association. Spain joined the treaty in 1994 and Luxembourg in 1996. In 1999, these five states decided to transform the association into the AC BR and approved the concept of "five founding states plus n ... countries participating in the operation." This approach to the formation of the European Rapid Deployment Corps makes it possible to ensure the flexibility of using the association according to the plans of both the EU and NATO. Subsequently, Poland, Greece, Italy, Romania, the USA, Turkey and Austria joined the founding countries.
According to the established procedure, once every two years, the rotation of generals and officers holding key positions in the command and staff structures of the corps is carried out. These include the corps commander, his deputy, the chief of staff, his two deputies, and the head of the press center. Representatives of those countries that make the greatest contribution to the formation of the BR Eurocorps are appointed to these positions (they are allocated to its composition by division).
In peacetime, the headquarters of the corps is operationally subordinate to the multinational control and support battalion and the logistics brigade, whose units are deployed on the territory of the military camp located in the southern part of Strasbourg. In addition, the headquarters of the Eurocorps of the BR has a Franco-German motorized infantry brigade under its control, the units of which are stationed on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany and France.
In accordance with interstate agreements, parts and subdivisions of the Franco-German MPBR underwent a reorganization in 2010. In particular, 291 infantry infantry regiments of the FRG of the FRG were introduced into the combat strength of the MPBR. At the same time, the command of the French Armed Forces redeployed the 3rd Hussars Armored Cavalry Regiment (BRKP) from N. Immendingen (Germany) in n. Metz (France).
Since 2012, the combat strength of the Franco-German Brigade includes: from the French Armed Forces - 110 MRP (northern outskirts of the settlement of Donaueschingen, Germany) and the 3rd Hussar Brigade (Metz, France); from the Armed Forces of Germany - 291 mpb (southern outskirts of Strasbourg), 292 mpb (northern outskirts of Donaueschingen), 295 adn and 550th engineering company (2 km northeast of Immendingen).
The practical involvement of the command and staff structures and units of the BR Eurocorps was carried out in the course of peacekeeping operations conducted under the leadership of NATO in the Balkans: "Joint Forge" (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and "Joint Guardian" (Kosovo). In the period from June 1998 to June 2000, separate headquarters units of the BR Eurocorps constantly functioned as part of the SFOR governing bodies. The experience gained was later used in the course of the peacekeeping operation in Kosovo, where the headquarters of the association led the actions of the KFOR grouping, numbering about 45,000 military personnel, for six months. From August 2004 to January 2005, the headquarters of the BR Eurocorps led the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. At the same time, the basis of the grouping of these forces was the Franco-German motorized infantry brigade. From July to December 2006, the Corps Headquarters headed the ground component of the SPZ-7; from July to December 2010, it was entrusted with the leadership of the ground component of the NATO SPZ of the 15th rotation. In 2012, Corps Headquarters officers served as part of the ISAF Joint Command in Afghanistan.
Headquarters German-Dutch AK BR (Munster, Germany) formed on the basis of the headquarters of the 1st German-Dutch AK, which was created in accordance with bilateral agreements in 1995.
Subsequently, during the reorganization of the Allied Forces of NATO, ten more states joined this agreement, sending their officers to the headquarters of the association and declaring their readiness to contribute to the corps, if necessary, national military contingents.
In peacetime, the German-Dutch command and control battalion, the western part of the city of Münster, Germany and the German-Dutch communications and information systems battalion (5 km northeast of Grunlo, the Netherlands) are under the operational subordination of the corps headquarters.
The headquarters of the German-Dutch AK BR, after its approval as the headquarters of the NATO Allied High Readiness Force, from February to July 2003 and in the second half of 2009, led the ISAF group in Afghanistan, and from January to June 2005 and 2008 - the land component of the SPZ block. In 2013, it is planned to send the operational group of the headquarters to Afghanistan to work as part of the OK ISAF.
Headquarters Spanish AK BR(Betera, 20 km north of the village of Valencia) was formed in early 2000 on the basis of the command of the mobile forces of the Spanish Army.
The headquarters of the corps, in addition to the Spanish military personnel, is staffed by representatives of 12 countries participating in the bloc.
The tasks of servicing the headquarters of the corps are assigned to the headquarters battalion and the communications brigade of the Spanish ground forces, located on the territory of the military town of Betera, which is located next to the headquarters of the AK.
The corps headquarters supervised the ground component of the SPZ-5 (July-December 2005) and SPZ-12 (January-June 2009) priority deployment forces. In 2012, the staff officers, together with the military personnel of the headquarters of the Eurocorps of the BR, served as part of the OK ISAF in Afghanistan.
Headquarters Italian AK BR(Milan, Italy) was formed in 2001 on the basis of the command of the national rapid reaction forces (formerly the command of 3 AK of the Italian ground forces).
The headquarters of the association includes representatives of the ground forces of 15 NATO countries.
In peacetime, the command and control regiment (Milan) and the 1st communications regiment (Milan) from the communications brigade of the Italian Army are under the operational subordination of the headquarters of the corps.
From July to December 2004, the headquarters of the Italian AK BR supervised the ground component of NATO's SPZ, and from August 2005 to April 2006 - the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. From January to June 2011, the headquarters of the corps was entrusted with the leadership of the land component of the SPZ-2011/1. In January 2013, the operational group of the headquarters was sent to Afghanistan as part of the rotation of the officers of the OK ISAF.
Headquarters Turkish AK BR(Istanbul) was formed in September 2002 on the basis of the headquarters of the 3rd Army Corps of the Turkish Army. The headquarters of the association is staffed by representatives of the NE of 11 participating countries. The structure of the corps in peacetime includes combat-ready formations of the Turkish Army. On the basis of the Turkish-Romanian agreements of 2011, if necessary, 282 mpbr 2 "Trachika" of the Romanian Army can be transferred to its composition. In the future, it is possible to include formations, units and subdivisions of other countries of the alliance in it.
The functions of servicing the headquarters of the corps are assigned to the headquarters group (deployed in the same place as the headquarters of the AK BR) and the 3rd communications regiment of the Turkish Army.
From August to February 2002 and from February to July 2005, the headquarters of the Turkish AK BR led the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, from October 2003 to July 2004, from January to June 2007 and from July to December 2011 - the land component of the NATO SDR.
Headquarters French AK BR(Lille, France), the last of all the headquarters of the AK BR, created in July 2005 on the basis of the operational command of the French Army, was certified as a command and control body for the ground forces of the NATO high readiness forces in July 2007. The main staff of the headquarters (up to 85%) is represented by military personnel of the national armed forces.
Since the creation of the ASBR, the 6th regiment of command and control and support of the command and control brigade of the operational command of the French ground forces has been under the operational subordination of the headquarters of the corps. Since the beginning of 2010, the tasks of servicing the headquarters of the corps have been assigned to the control and communications brigade of the national ground forces, stationed on the territory of the military town of Due (the southwestern part of the settlement of the same name).
From July to December 2008, the corps headquarters supervised the ground component of the SPZ-11, and from July to December 2010, the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. According to the plans of the alliance, from January to December 2014, it will be entrusted with the leadership of the land component of the SPZ-2014.
Headquarters German-Danish-Polish AK BR(Szczecin, Poland) was formed in 1999 on the basis of the Polish divisional command in Szczecia with the inclusion of the operational staff of the NATO OSV command in Schleswig-Holstein, Jutland and on about. Funen (Rendsburg). In April 2004, the multinational headquarters of the corps was replenished with officers of the Armed Forces of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In January 2005, Slovakia became the seventh participating country, and in October of the same year, the Czech Republic also sent officers to the headquarters.
At the end of 2005, after a comprehensive audit, the headquarters of the German-Danish-Polish AK BR was recognized as ready to lead the association as part of the forces of universal use of low readiness.
In November 2006, officers of the US Armed Forces became part of the headquarters, in July 2008 - Romania and August 2009 - Slovenia,
In peacetime, the operational subordination of the headquarters of the corps is the headquarters company of the Polish Army, which is deployed in a military camp with the headquarters of the AK, and units of the German-Polish logistics brigade located in Poland (100th communications battalion, 104th support battalion and 102- the th security battalion (all the Polish Army), as well as the 610th communications battalion of the German Army.
Corps Headquarters led ISAF in Afghanistan during the first half of 2010.
Headquarters Greek AK BR(Thessaloniki, Greece) was formed in July 2005 on the basis of the headquarters of the 3rd AC of the Greek Armed Forces.
The headquarters of the association includes representatives of the ground forces of nine NATO member countries. In accordance with the interstate agreements reached, formations and units of the NE of Italy and Spain can be allocated to the corps.
In peacetime, the 490th communications battalion and the security battalion of the Greek army, stationed on the territory of the same military camp as the corps headquarters, are under the operational subordination of the corps headquarters. From January to December 2012, the corps headquarters manages the land component of the SPZ-2012.
Thus, since the early 2000s, the Alliance has created and tested in practice a flexible mechanism for the formation of operational-tactical formations of multinational ground forces. At the same time, the modular approach makes it possible to complete the combat strength of the corps, taking into account the nature and scale of the upcoming actions, and the use of the principle of "multinationality" is intended to demonstrate the unity of the participating countries in defending coalition interests.
(Colonel S. Chaika, Foreign Military Review)
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