Flag "dshb marines". Marine Corps of the Russian Federation
PARATROOPERS
In the mid 60s years, due to the active development of helicopters (with their amazing ability to land and take off almost anywhere), the idea of creating special military units, which could be parachuted by helicopters into the tactical rear of the enemy in order to assist the advancing ground forces. Unlike the Airborne Forces, these new units were supposed to land only by landing, and unlike the Special Forces of the GRU, they had to operate with fairly large forces, including using armored vehicles and other heavy weapons.
To confirm (or refute) the theoretical conclusions, it was necessary to conduct large-scale practical exercises that would put everything in its place.
AT 1967 year, during the strategic exercises "Dnepr-67" on the basis of the 51st Guards PDP, an experimental 1st air assault brigade was formed. The brigade was led by the head of the combat training department of the Directorate Airborne Major General Kobzar. The brigade landed on helicopters on the bridgehead on the Dnieper and completed the task assigned to it. According to the results of the exercises, appropriate conclusions were drawn, and starting from 1968, the formation of the first air assault brigades in the Far Eastern and Trans-Baikal military districts began as part of the ground forces.
On the basis of the directive of the General Staff of May 22, 1968, by August 1970, the 13th Air Assault Brigade was formed in the settlements of Nikolaevna and Zavitinsk, Amur Region, and the 11th Air Assault Brigade in the village of Mogocha, Chita Region.
Again, as in the very first airborne unit (airborne assault detachment of the Leningrad Military District), the "ground" unit received aviation under its control - two helicopter regiments with an air base each, which included an airfield support battalion and a separate Division of Communications and Radio Engineering.
The structure of the air assault brigades of the first formation was as follows:
Brigade management;
Three air assault battalions;
Artillery battalion;
Anti-aircraft artillery division;
Combat helicopter regiment with an air base;
Transport Helicopter Regiment with Air Base;
The rear of the brigade.
The air assault units mounted on helicopters were able to land in the form of a landing assault on any sector of the operational-tactical theater of operations and solve the assigned tasks on their own with fire support from combat helicopters. Experimental exercises were conducted with these brigades to develop tactics for the use of air assault units. Based on the experience gained, the General Staff gave recommendations for improving the organizational and staffing structure of such units.
It was assumed that the air assault brigades would operate in the tactical defense zone of the enemy. The range at which the battalions of air assault brigades were supposed to land did not exceed 70-100 km. In particular, as a confirmation, this is evidenced by the range of the communications equipment that entered service with the air assault formations. However, if we consider the specific theater of operations in which the brigades were deployed, it can be assumed that the purpose of the 11th and 13th brigade was to quickly close the poorly guarded section of the border with China in the event of a Chinese military invasion. On helicopters, brigade units could be landed anywhere, while those located in that area (from Mogocha to Magdagachi) motorized rifle regiments The 67th motorized rifle division could only move under its own power along the only rocky road, which was very slow. Even after the helicopter regiments were withdrawn from the brigades (at the end of the 80s), the task of the brigades did not change, and the helicopter regiments were always deployed in close proximity.
In the early 70s, a new name for the brigades was adopted. From now on, they began to be called "airborne assault".
On November 5, 1972, by directive of the General Staff, and on November 16, 1972, and by order of the commander of the Transcaucasian Military District, by February 19, 1973, it was decided to form an air assault brigade in the Caucasian operational direction. In the city of Kutaisi, the 21st separate airborne assault brigade was formed.
Thus, by the mid-70s, the so-called Airborne Forces of the ground forces included three brigades:
11th odshbr(military unit 21460), ZabVO (settlement of Mogocha, Chita region), consisting of: 617th, 618th, 619th odshb, 329th and 307th OVP;
13th odshbr(military unit 21463), Far Eastern Military District (settlement of Magdagachi, Amur Region), consisting of: 620th, 621st (Amazar), 622nd odshb, 825th and 398th OVP;
21st odshbr(military unit 31571), ZakVO (Kutaisi, Georgia), consisting of: 802nd (military unit 36685, Tsulukidze), 803rd (military unit 55055), 804th (military unit 57351) odshb, 1059th oadn, 325th and 292nd ovp, 1863rd one siRTO, 303rd obo.
Interesting was the fact that the battalions in these formations were separate units, while in the Airborne Forces only the regiment was a separate unit. From the moment of its formation and until 1983, parachute training was not provided for in these brigades and was not included in the combat training plans, and therefore the personnel of the air assault brigades wore the uniform of motorized rifle troops with the corresponding insignia. form Airborne assault parts received only with an introduction to their combat training skydiving.
In 1973, the air assault brigades included:
Management (in the state of 326 people);
Three separate air assault battalions (according to the state, each battalion has 349 people);
Separate artillery battalion (171 staff members);
Aviation group (only 805 people in the state);
Separate division of communications and radio-technical support (190 employees);
A separate battalion of airfield technical support (410 people in the state).
New formations began active combat training. Not without accidents and disasters. In 1976, during the major exercises a tragedy occurred in the 21st brigade: two Mi-8 helicopters collided in the air and crashed to the ground. As a result of the disaster, 36 people died. Similar tragedies occurred from time to time in all brigades - probably this was the terrible tribute that had to be paid for the possession of such highly mobile military units.
The experience gained by the new brigades turned out to be positive, and therefore, by the end of the 70s General base decides to form several more air assault brigades of front (district) subordination, as well as several separate air assault battalions of army subordination. Since the number of newly formed units and formations was quite large, in order to complete them, the General Staff went to the disbandment of one airborne division.
On the basis of the directive of the General Staff of August 3, 1979 No. 314/3/00746 by December 1, 1979, the 105th Guards Airborne Vienna Red Banner Division (111th, 345th, 351st, 383rd Guards PDP) , stationed in the city of Fergana, Uzbek SSR, was disbanded. The 345th regiment was reorganized into a separate parachute regiment and left in the southern operational direction. The personnel of the disbanded regiments and separate units went to the formation of air assault units and formations.
On the basis of the 111th Guards Infantry Regiment in the city of Osh, the Kyrgyz SSR, the 14th Guards Airborne Brigade of the Western Group of Forces was formed with relocation to the city of Cottbus German Democratic Republic. In December 1979, the brigade was renamed the 35th Guards Oshbr. From 1979 to November 1982, the personnel of the brigade wore the uniform of motorized rifle troops. In 1982, the brigade was awarded the Battle Banner. Prior to that, the brigade had the Battle Banner of the 111th Guards Infantry Regiment.
On the basis of the 351st Guards PDP, the 56th Guards Odshbr TurkVO was formed with a deployment in the village of Azadbash (district of the city of Chirchik) of the Uzbek SSR.
On the basis of the officers of the 105th Guards Airborne Division, the 38th Separate Guards Vienna Red Banner Airborne Assault Brigade was formed in the Belarusian Military District in the city of Brest. The brigade was given the Battle Banner of the disbanded 105th Guards Vienna Red Banner Airborne Division.
On the basis of the 383rd Guards Infantry Regiment in the village of Aktogay, Taldy-Kurgan Region, Kazakh SSR, the 57th Separate Air Assault Brigade was formed for the Central Asian Military District.
For the Kyiv military district in Kremenchug, the 58th brigade was formed (however, it was decided to leave it in the form of a cadre unit).
For the Leningrad Military District in the village of Garbolovo, Vsevolozhsk District Leningrad region with the participation of personnel of the 234th and 237th Guards Airborne Regiments of the 76th Guards Airborne Division was the 36th separate airborne assault brigade was formed, and for the Baltic military district in the city of Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad region was The 37th separate air assault brigade was formed.
On August 3, 1979, the 80th Airborne Regiment of the 104th Guards Airborne Forces in the city of Baku was disbanded. The released personnel were turned to the formation of new brigades - in the city of Khyrov, Staro-Sambirsky district of the Lviv region, the 39th separate air assault brigade of the Order of the Red Star was formed for the Carpathian military district, and in the city of Nikolaev for the Odessa military district the 40th separate air assault brigade.
Thus, in total, in 1979, nine separate air assault brigades were formed, which became part of the Western and Asian military districts. By 1980, there were a total of twelve air assault brigades in the ground forces:
11th odshbr(military unit 32364), ZabVO, Mogocha;
13th odshbr(military unit 21463), Far Eastern Military District, Magdagachi, Amazar;
21st odshbr(military unit 31571), ZakVO, Kutaisi;
35th odshbr(military unit 16407), GSVG, Cottbus;
36th odshbr(military unit 74980), Leningrad Military District, Garbolovo;
37th odshbr(military unit 75193), PribVO, Chernyakhovsk;
38th odshbr(military unit 92616), BelVO, Brest;
39th odshbr(military unit 32351), PrikVO, Khyrov;
40th odshbr(military unit 32461), OdVO, Nikolaev;
56th odshbr(military unit 74507), TurkVO, Azadbash, Chirchik;
57th odshbr(military unit 92618), SAVO, Aktogay, Kazakhstan;
58th odshbr KVO frame, Kremenchug.
New brigades were formed as lightweight, 3-battalion composition, without helicopter regiments. Now these were ordinary "infantry" units that did not have their own aviation. In fact, these were tactical units, while until that time the first three brigades (11th, 13th and 21st brigade) were tactical formations. From the beginning of the 80s, the battalions of the 11th, 13th and 21st brigades ceased to be separate and lost their numbers - brigades from formations became units. However, the helicopter regiments remained under the control of these brigades until 1988, after which they were withdrawn from the control of the brigades to the control of the districts.
The structure of the new brigades was as follows:
Management (headquarters) of the brigade;
Two parachute battalions;
One air assault battalion;
Howitzer artillery battalion;
Anti-tank battery;
Anti-aircraft artillery battery;
Communication company;
Reconnaissance and landing company;
RHBZ company;
Engineering and sapper company;
Company of material support;
Medical company;
Landing Support Company.
The number of personnel in the brigades was about 2800 people.
Starting from 1982-1983, airborne training began in the airborne assault brigades, in connection with which there were some organizational changes in the structure of the formations.
In addition to the brigades, separate air assault battalions were formed in December 1979, which were supposed to act in the interests of the armies and solve tactical tasks in the enemy's near rear. In the mid-80s, an additional formation of several more battalions took place. In total, more than twenty such battalions were formed, the full list of which I have not yet been able to establish - there were several cadre battalions, the numbers of which do not come across in the open press. By the mid-80s, the combined arms and tank armies of the Armed Forces of the USSR included:
899th odshb (military unit 61139), 20th guards OA, GSVG, Burg;
900th odshb (military unit 60370), 8th Guards OA, GSVG, Leipzig;
901st odshb (military unit 49138), TsGV, Riechki, then PribVO, Aluksne;
902nd odshb (military unit 61607), South GV, Hungary, Kecskemét;
903rd odshb 28th OA, BelVO, Brest (until 1986), then in Grodno;
904th odshb (military unit 32352), 13th OA, PrikVO, Vladimir-Volynsky;
905th odshb (military unit 92617), 14th OA, OdVO, Bendery;
906th odshb (military unit 75194), 36th OA, ZabVO, Borzya, Khada-Bulak;
907th odshb (military unit 74981), 43rd AK, Far East Military District, Birobidzhan;
908th odshb 1st guards OA, KVO, Konotop, since 1984 Chernigov, Goncharovskoye settlement;
1011th odshb 5th guards TA, BelVO, Maryina Gorka;
1039th odshb 11th guards OA, PribVO, Kaliningrad;
1044th odshb (military unit 47596), 1st guards TA, GSVG, Koenigsbrück, after 1989 - PribVO, Taurage;
1048th odshb (military unit 45476), 40th OA, TurkVO, Termez;
1145th odshb 5th OA, Far Eastern Military District, Sergeevna;
1151st odshb 7th TA, BelVO, Polotsk;
1154th odshb 86th AK, ZabVO, Shelekhov;
1156th odshb 8th TA, PrikVO, Novograd-Volynsky;
1179th ODShB (military unit 73665), 6th OA, LenVO, Petrozavodsk;
1185th odshb (military unit 55342), 2nd guards TA, GSVG, Ravensbrück, then PribVO, Vyru;
1603rd odshb 38th OA, PrikVO, Nadvirna;
1604th odshb 29th OA, ZabVO, Ulan-Ude;
1605th odshb 5th OA, Far Eastern Military District, Spassk-Dalniy;
1609th odshb 39th OA, ZabVO, Kyakhta.
Also in 1982, their own air assault battalions were created in the Marine Corps of the USSR Navy. In particular, in the Pacific Fleet, such a battalion was created on the basis of the 1st Marine Battalion of the 165th Marine Regiment of the 55th Division. Then similar battalions were created in other regiments of the division and separate brigades in other fleets. These Marine air assault battalions received airborne training and parachute jumps. That is why I have included them in this story. The air assault battalions that were part of the 55th division did not have their own numbers and were named only according to continuous numbering within their regiment. Battalions in brigades, as separate units, received their own names:
876th odshb(military unit 81285) 61st brigade, Northern Fleet, Sputnik settlement;
879th odshb(military unit 81280) 336th Guards Marine Corps, BF, Baltiysk;
881st odshb 810th Marine Corps, Black Sea Fleet, Sevastopol;
1st dshb 165th PMP 55th DMP, Pacific Fleet, Vladivostok;
1st dshb 390th PMP 55th DMP, Pacific Fleet, Slavyanka.
Based on the composition of weapons, individual air assault battalions were divided into "light", which did not have armored vehicles, and "heavy", which were armed with up to 30 infantry fighting vehicles or landing. Both types of battalions were also armed with 6 mortars with a caliber of 120 mm, six AGS-17 and several anti-tank systems.
The brigades were composed of three airborne battalions on infantry fighting vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles or GAZ-66 vehicles, an artillery battalion (18 D-30 howitzers), an anti-tank battery, an anti-aircraft missile battery, a mortar battery (six 120-mm mortars), a reconnaissance a company, a communications company, a sapper company, an airborne support company, a chemical protection company, a material support company, a repair company, an automobile company and a medical center. A separate airborne battalion of the brigade consisted of three paratrooper companies, a mortar battery (4–6 82-mm mortars), a grenade launcher platoon (6 AGS-17 grenade launchers), a communications platoon, an anti-tank platoon (4 SPG-9 and 6 ATGM) and a support platoon.
During the passage of airborne training, the parachute service of the airborne assault battalions and brigades was guided by the documents of the PDS of the Airborne Forces.
In addition to brigades and battalions, the General Staff also tried another organization of air assault units. By the mid-80s, two army corps of the new organization were formed in the USSR. These corps were created for the purpose of their use in expanding the operational breakthrough (if something happened to break through). The new corps had a brigade structure and consisted of mechanized and tank brigades, and in addition, the corps included air assault regiments two-battalion composition. The regiments were intended to be a tool for "vertical coverage", and in the corps they were used in conjunction with a helicopter regiment.
In the Belarusian Military District, on the basis of the 120th Guards Motor Rifle Division, the 5th Guards Combined Arms Army Corps was formed, and in the Trans-Baikal Military District in Kyakhta, on the basis of the 5th Guards tank division The 48th Guards Combined Arms Army Corps was formed.
The 5th Guards AK received the 1318th air assault regiment(military unit 33508) and the 276th Helicopter Regiment, while the 48th Guards Army Corps received the 1319th Air Assault Regiment (military unit 33518) and the 373rd Helicopter Regiment. However, these parts did not last long. Already in 1989, the guards army corps were again folded into divisions, and the air assault regiments were disbanded.
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In 1986, in connection with the creation of the Headquarters of the High Commands of the directions, another wave of formations of air assault brigades took place. In addition to the existing formations, four more brigades were formed - according to the number of directions. Thus, in the subordination of the reserve of the Rates of operational directions by the end of 1986, the following were formed:
23rd brigade (military unit 51170), GK of the South-Western direction, Kremenchug;
83rd Airborne Brigade (military unit 54009), Civil Code of the Western Direction, Bialogard;
128th detachment of the cadre of the Civil Code of the Southern direction, Stavropol;
130th detachment of the frame (military unit 79715), GK of the Far East direction, Abakan.
In total, by the end of the 80s, there were sixteen air assault brigades in the USSR Armed Forces, of which three (58th, 128th and 130th airborne brigade) were kept on a reduced staff or were cropped. In any case, this was a significant addition to the existing airborne forces and formations. special purpose GRU. No one in the world had such a large number of landing troops.
In 1986 on Far East large-scale airborne assault exercises were held, in which the personnel of the 13th airborne assault brigade were involved. In August, on 32 Mi-8 and Mi-6 helicopters, an air assault battalion with reinforcements was landed at the Burevestnik airfield on Iturup Island in the Kuril Range. In the same place, parachute landing was carried out from An-12 aircraft. reconnaissance company brigades. The disembarked subdivisions fully fulfilled the tasks assigned to them. Supporters of the entry of the Kuriles into the USSR could sleep peacefully.
In 1989, the General Staff decides to disband the separate air assault battalions of the combined arms and tank armies, and separate air assault brigades district subordination are reorganized into separate airborne brigades and transferred to the command of the commander of the Airborne Forces.
By the end of 1991, all separate airborne assault battalions (with the exception of the 901st Airborne Battalion) were disbanded.
In the same period, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, strong changes affected the existing air assault formations. Part of the brigades was transferred to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and Kazakhstan, and part was simply disbanded.
39th odshbr (by this time already referred to as the 224th training center Airborne), the 58th Airborne Brigade and the 40th Airborne Brigade were transferred to Ukraine, the 35th Airborne Brigade was withdrawn from Germany to Kazakhstan, where it became part of the armed forces of the republic. The 38th brigade was transferred to Belarus.
The 83rd brigade was withdrawn from Poland, which was transferred across the country to a new point of permanent deployment - the city of Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai. At the same time, the 13th brigade, which was part of the Far Eastern Military District, was transferred to Orenburg - again almost across the country, only in the opposite direction (a purely economic question - why?).
The 21st brigade was transferred to Stavropol, and the 128th brigade located there was disbanded. The 57th and 130th brigades were also disbanded.
Looking ahead a little, I will say that in the "Russian time" by the end of 1994, the Russian Armed Forces included the following units:
11th brigade of the Trans-Baikal Military District (Ulan-Ude);
13th brigade of the Ural Military District (Orenburg);
21st brigade of the North Caucasian military district (Stavropol);
36th brigade of the Leningrad Military District (Garbolovo);
37th brigade of the North-Western group of troops (Chernyakhovsk);
56th brigade of the North Caucasian military district (Volgodonsk);
83rd brigade of the Far Eastern Military District (Ussuriysk).
The 901st Airborne Division was withdrawn in Aluksne, where it became part of the 7th Guards Airborne Division, then was transferred to the 45th Airborne Reconnaissance Regiment being formed in Kubinka.
Airborne infantry infantry troops are always the first to start combat operations when landing. Service in these units has always been considered especially honorable and responsible, and the most stringent requirements are imposed on candidates.
Air Assault Battalion of the Marine Corps: main characteristics and locations
They are not in vain called the conquerors of the three elements. The fact is that, due to the specifics of combat missions, they must be able to operate equally successfully both at sea, and on land, and in the air. When landing, they are always the first to begin combat operations. Service in these units has always been considered especially honorable and responsible, and the most stringent requirements are imposed on candidates.
They usually consist of 650 - 700 fighters and, as a rule, they include air assault and parachute companies, a medical center, a grenade launcher, communications, and reconnaissance platoon.
Amphibious marines are available in all fleets of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. So, for example, the Baltiysk DShB is part of the illustrious 336 Bialystok Orders of Suvorov and Alexander Nevsky of the Marine Corps Brigade. The locations of the other most well-known units are as follows: Sputnik village (north of Murmansk), Kazachye village (Sevastopol region), Kaspiysk city, etc. Baltiysk.
The units are equipped with modern and effective weapons (for example, Rubezh and Progress anti-ship systems). Education personnel is carried out at the most serious level, preference is given to contractors. Each Marine performs at least five parachute jumps per year. AT recent times more and more attention is paid to honing the skills of interaction with fleet aircraft and large landing ships. The success of any major operation ultimately depends on the coherence of all these units.
Participation of amphibious marines in the armed conflict in Chechnya
At a difficult time for our state, soldiers and officers had to actually demonstrate all the skills that were honed in the course of regular exercises and everyday activities. The fighters of Baltiysk were among the first to conduct counter-terrorist operations, later they were joined by the marines of the Pacific and Northern fleets. Many of them were awarded various orders and medals, some (for example, Major Alexander Chernov, Captain Viktor Vdovkin, Petty Officer Gennady Azarychev) were awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
The fact that the leader of the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic, Dudayev, declared the marines "enemy number one" speaks for the huge contribution of the guys from the airborne assault battalions of the marines in protecting the foundations of Russian statehood. Marines showed themselves during the second Chechen campaign. Unfortunately, the number of lives that the guys did not spare for the sake of the freedom and security of our great Fatherland goes to hundreds ... The leadership of our country, headed by its President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, highly appreciated the contribution of the “black berets” to the victory over terrorists and rebels.
today
Marine Corps Airborne Infantry Battalions take an active part in various military exercises. Examples include the Mobility 2004 exercise and the joint Russian-American exercise Northern Eagle. In addition, soldiers and officers of the amphibious marines regularly take part in long-range sea raids. It remains to be hoped that the skills acquired in the exercises will never come in handy in a real situation.
Unfortunately, some unresolved problems remain in the units of the Marine Corps related to the lack of housing stock for personnel, the deterioration of certain types of weapons, etc. But the state, as far as possible, tries to correct these shortcomings. So, on the eve of the celebration of Victory Day in 2013, the Baltiysk Airborne Division received 30 new armored personnel carriers - 82 different modifications. According to the assurances of the leadership of the Armed Forces, new steps are planned in this direction.
Between the end of 1991 and mid. 1994, the Russian marines were in a state of oblivion and woke up only in connection with the first Chechen war of 1994-96. During this period, her condition can be described as "quietly dying." Officers were fired, and there were very few new ones; fewer and fewer conscripts came in, and already without any proper selection; the implementation of all existing plans for its development, adopted in 1989, were stopped.
Apparently the first to die separate part in the Caspian Sea, however, in 1994, the 332nd separate MP battalion was re-formed there in Astrakhan.
The 175th was also disbanded in 1992-93 separate brigade MP of the Northern Fleet. The rest of the compounds lived out their days poorly. But the war broke out and the successful actions of the marines in Chechnya again drew attention to it. The marines were transferred to Chechnya by aircraft, carrying only light portable weapons. Military equipment (armored personnel carriers, tanks, artillery) was delivered by echelons in 10-15 days. Major General A. Otrakovsky commanded the Marine Corps.
From January to March 1995, the following are fighting in Chechnya: 876th airborne infantry brigade of the 61st brigade of the Northern Fleet, 879th airborne infantry brigade of the 336th guards. brmp BF and 165th infantry regiment of the 55th dmp of the Pacific Fleet.
On January 9, 1995, units of the Marine Corps of the KBF and the Northern Fleet entered Grozny. The Marines had to act as assault groups and detachments, which successively took possession of buildings and quarters, sometimes having no neighbors on the right and left, or even completely isolated. The fighters of the 876th Specialized Brigade of the Northern Fleet fought especially effectively and competently in the city. On the direction of their actions there were serious points of resistance of the militants: the building of the Council of Ministers, the Main Post Office, the Puppet Theater, and many high-rise buildings. Soldiers of the 2nd Airborne Assault Company (DSHR) of the battalion stormed the Council of Ministers. The fighters of the 3rd dshr battalion fought for the building of a nine-story house, which occupied a dominant position and was turned by the militants into a powerful stronghold, blocking the exit to one of the main centers of resistance - the building of the Main Post Office.
On January 14, the building of the Council of Ministers, the high-rise building and the Main Post Office were occupied by marines. On January 15, assault groups of the 3rd company captured the Puppet Theater.
But the hardest part was ahead. The federal troops gradually advanced towards the center of Grozny - to the presidential palace, the buildings of the Council of Ministers and the Kavkaz hotel. The buildings located in the center of the city were defended by elite detachments of militants, in particular the so-called "Abkhazian battalion" of Sh. Basayev.
On the night of January 17, the 3rd dshr to advance in the direction of the Council of Ministers On Komsomolskaya Street, the advance groups of the company were ambushed by 6oeviks. The bandits tried to surround one of the groups of marines. Sergeant V. Molchanov ordered his comrades to retreat, while he himself remained to cover them. The regrouped marines drove the militants back. Bandits were killed around the position where Molchanov remained with a machine gun. The sergeant himself was killed.
On January 19, the marines, in cooperation with the scouts of the 68th separate reconnaissance battalion(orb) and motorized riflemen of the 276th MRR captured the presidential palace. A group of Baltics led by the deputy commander of the battalion Guards. Major A. Plushakov hoisted the Naval and Russian state flags over the palace.
Then, after the fall of Grozny, the 105th consolidated regiment of marines was formed in Chechnya on the basis of the 1st battalion of the 106th regiment of the 55th marine division, according to a separate battalion of marines from the Baltic (877 military regiment) and Northern fleets, engineering sapper unit from the OMIB (separate marine engineering battalion) of the Baltic Fleet, which for another two months, until June 26, 1995, destroyed militants in the Vedensky, Shali and Shatoi regions of Chechnya. During the fighting, more than 40 settlements were liberated from militants, a large number of heavy weapons and weapons were destroyed and captured. military equipment. But here, unfortunately, there were losses, although they were much smaller. In total, during the fighting in 1995 on the territory of Chechnya, 178 marines were killed and 558 were injured of varying severity. 16 people received the title of Hero of Russia (six - posthumously).
In 1994, on the basis of the disbanded 77th Guards. DBO was an attempt to form a new 163rd division. MP brigade. However, the brigade was never deployed and, in fact, resembled the BVHT. In 1996 it was disbanded.
In 1995-96, the 810th MP brigade Black Sea Fleet was reorganized into the 810th separate regiment MP, at the same time, the 382nd separate MP battalion and a separate tank battalion were allocated from its composition. Both allocated battalions were redeployed to the settlement of Temryuk (the coast of the Sea of Azov, the Krasnodar Territory of Russia). It should be noted that in the period 1990-91. this brigade did not have a tank battalion at all, and the newly recreated one (originally on T-64A / B tanks) was initially deployed in the village of Temryuk.
In many ways, the Marines managed to achieve high coherence and combat skills due to the transition in the first half of the 1990s to a new organizational structure, which implied: each company, each battalion, unlike the ground ones, should be able to perform tasks independently, in isolation from the main forces, which is due to the very purpose and nature of the actions of the Marine Corps. For example, artillery, a mortar platoon, and a communications unit were assigned to the Marine Corps battalions on a permanent basis, which ultimately turned a typical Marine Corps battalion into a kind of "regiment in miniature." All this made it possible to use the units of the Marine Corps in the Caucasus with high efficiency.
It also helped the "black berets" that the Marine Corps units as a whole constantly worked out and continue to work out the elements of combat on different terrain and in various conditions at the training grounds, since the Marine Corps has accumulated sufficient experience. Indeed, it is not known in advance under what conditions and on what coast the marines will have to land as part of the landing force, where they will have to fight, in what conditions: in mountainous terrain, on the plain, in the jungle, in the desert or in settlements. Even in Russia, amphibious landings in rocky or mountainous terrain are possible in several areas - in the North, the Far East or on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The same can be said about combat in urban environments, since even the experience of the Great Patriotic War and the war in Korea showed: the marines can and should land directly in the port city, seize a bridgehead and hold until the main landing forces approach.
It is interesting that the former head of the marines of the Russian Navy, Colonel Yuri Yermakov, recalled that the Marines of Great Britain and the United States were actively interested in the experience of the Russian marines in urban combat in the 1990s. This was not accidental - subsequently, the knowledge gained was applied by the British and American Marines in practice in Yugoslavia, Iraq and Afghanistan.
In the period from 1996 to 1998, the composition of the 55th Marine Division of the Pacific Fleet underwent changes:
- the 85th regiment of the MP was disbanded, and instead the newly formed 390th separate regiment of the MP with deployment in the village was introduced into the division. Slavyanka, which is southeast. Vladivostok (apparently, initially, it was formed as a separate one and introduced into the 55 dmp later);
- The 26th tank regiment was reorganized into the 84th separate tank battalion;
- The 165th MP regiment was additionally referred to as "Cossack";
- The 84th artillery regiment was renamed the 921st, and the 417th anti-aircraft missile regiment - the 923rd.
In 1999, a decision was made to form a new marine brigade in the Caspian Sea with a permanent deployment in the city of Kaspiysk (Dagestan). For this, specially formed units from various fleets were transferred to the region, incl. 414th OMB (according to other sources - odshb) from the Baltic. However, the outbreak of the Second Chechen War prevented the calm formation of the unit and it was finally formed only by the middle. 2000 The 414th and 600th MP battalions joined the brigade. The brigade received its number and honorary titles as a legacy from the very well-deserved 77th Guards. motorized rifle division and is referred to as the 77th Guards Red Banner Moscow-Chernigov horde. Lenin and Suvorov separate brigade of marines.
After the invasion of Wahhabi extremists into the territory of Dagestan and the start of the counter-terrorist operation, the reinforced 876th detachment from the 61st marine brigade of the Northern Fleet in the period from September 10 to September 20, 1999 again departed for North Caucasus. The battalion was transferred to the Caucasus in full strength, with reinforcements. On September 30, after the combat coordination of the units, the battalion marched first to Khasavyurt, and then along the route with the final destination, the village of Aksai. The march took place in conditions of almost constant fire contact with the enemy, the first dead and wounded appeared in the battalion. But the onslaught of the marines did not weaken, and in November one of the main strongholds of the militants, the city of Gudermes, was taken.
In November 1999, the marines carried out combat missions on the plains of Chechnya. In December, marine units were transferred to the mountainous part of the republic - to the Vedeno region. A grouping of marines was formed there under the command of Major General A. Otrakovsky. The main burden of military operations in the Vedeno region fell on the 876th Specialized Brigade of the Northern Fleet under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A. Belezko. The actions of the Marines under the settlements of Kharacha, Vedeno, at the Khaarami Pass and the Andean Gates, the operation to seize the dominant heights over the settlements of Dzhana-Vedeno, Vyshne-Vedeno, Oktyabrsky and Dargo deserved best marks command of the OGV. During one of the operations in the Vedeno Gorge, the marines seized mothballed military equipment of bandits as a trophy: BMD, BMP, tank T-72, an artillery mount based on an armored personnel carrier, a GAZ-66 car filled with artillery shells. The brigade suffered the greatest losses in the course of mastering the height of 1561.1 (Mount Gizcheny, according to other sources, Mount Gulchany) in the Vedeno Gorge. At the end of December 1999, the 1st PDR, the 2nd DSHR and the mortar battery of the 876th Airborne Battalion came to Mount Gizcheny, turned by militants into a well-fortified stronghold. The mountain was of great strategic importance for the further advance of the troops of the group to the settlements of Vedeno, Dargo and Kharachoy. The 1st PDR secretly took up positions on one side of the Vedeno Gorge, stretching out in a line. The 1st and 2nd paratrooper platoons (pdv) of the company were practically opposite Gizcheny. 3rd airborne company under the command of art. lieutenant A. Abadzherov was located on the right flank, opposite the height of 1406, from which it was separated by a gorge. On December 30, the Marines were tasked with capturing the height of Gizcheny. The idea of the operation was as follows: on the morning of December 31, the 1st and 2nd Airborne Forces advance on the height from the bottom up, squeezing out the militants from there. The 3rd airborne division was supposed to bypass Gizcheny from the rear along the gorge and arrange a fire ambush on the way of the displaced enemy. At the same time, Abadzherov’s platoon was to withdraw to the height of 1406 the platoon of Lieutenant Yu. Kuryagin from the 2nd DSHR and the Black Sea reconnaissance group, who needed to take positions at this height in order to provide support from the right flank in the upcoming operation, without letting militants through here. Abagerov's platoon, performing this task, carefully checked the entire route for the presence of the enemy and successfully led Kuryagin's platoon and reconnaissance group (up to 40 people) to height 1406. the heights of Gischeny. When the marines began to descend to the bottom of the gorge, on the contrary, at a height of 1406, fierce shooting and explosions of hand grenades were heard (it was later established that on the morning of December 31, militants numbering up to 200 people made a surprise attack on Kuryagin's group). Hearing the sounds of battle Lieutenant Abadzherov decided to stop the main task and go to the aid of Lieutenant Kuryagin. At the bottom of the gorge, Abadzherov's platoon ran into an ambush of militants, which they shot down on the move, while capturing a disguised cache where equipment and ammunition were located. At the top of height 1406, which in shape resembled the number eight, that is, as if divided into two halves, Abadzherov's platoon climbed first, ahead of the militant detachment returning back by several minutes. The Marines took up positions on the left half of the G8, on a small hill, and met the bandits with intense fire from small arms and underbarrel grenade launchers. A detachment of militants, having met unexpected resistance, suffering losses in killed and wounded, hastily retreated, but from the neighboring mountain of Gizcheny, aimed fire from a machine gun and sniper rifles was opened on Abadzherov’s platoon, and the retreating militants made an attempt to bypass the marines from the flanks (height 1406 gently sloping from three sides, only the left side is almost sheer). For four hours, Abadzherov's platoon fought an unequal battle with a numerically superior enemy. Support for the Marines was provided by radio-call helicopters and artillery (up to 30 militants were destroyed by artillery fire). When reinforcements approached Hill 1406, the bandits finally retreated. During the battle on December 31, 1999, 12 people from Kuryagin's group were killed, two were seriously wounded (one later died), the rest, who were on guard, survived, Abadzherov's platoon did not have any casualties. Mount Gizcheny, where the fortified point of the militants was located, was taken a few days later, in early January 2000. Taking advantage of difficult weather conditions, the 1st PDR under the command of Art. lieutenant S. Lobanova with a surprise attack captured an important strategic height, inflicting heavy damage on the bandits in manpower and weapons.
Then there were settlements Botlikh, Alleroy, Andes and others. In addition to the Severomors, the reconnaissance company of the 810th Marine Corps of the Black Sea Fleet and the 414th Marine Corps of the Caspian Flotilla took part in the counter-terrorist operation of 1999-2000 on the territory of Chechnya and Dagestan. During the operation, 36 Marines were killed and 119 were injured. Five "black berets" were awarded the title of Hero of Russia, including three posthumously. Moreover, four Heroes and all three who received this title posthumously were servicemen of the 61st Separate Marine Brigade of the Northern Fleet, and in just two Chechen wars, only the Marine Corps of the Northern Fleet lost one general, seven junior officers, a senior warrant officer and 73 sailors and sergeants.
After the grouping of forces of the marine corps created in the Caucasus completed its tasks, the units began to withdraw from Chechnya one by one, the group was disbanded. Of the marines, only the Caspian battalion remained there, but it was also withdrawn at the end of September 2000. However, already in April 2001, by decision of the command, the battalion of the Caspian Marine Brigade was sent to block the border between Dagestan and Chechnya, and from June 2001 to February 2003, the battalion tactical group of the created Caspian Marine Brigade operated on a permanent basis in the mountainous regions of Chechnya and Dagestan , reinforced by Chernomorsk scouts. And even after the withdrawal of the bulk of the troops from the republic, which took part in the last counter-terrorist operation, for another six months, the mountainous sections of the administrative border of Chechnya and Dagestan, as well as the state Russian-Georgian border, were covered by a battalion tactical group from the composition of the youngest brigade of the Navy MP. For a long time, the Caspians had to operate almost completely autonomously, in isolation from the main forces and supply bases. But the "black berets" coped with the task assigned to them. Subsequently, the number of Marines permanently active in Chechen Republic, was reduced from a battalion to a company, and then the “black berets” completely returned to their place of permanent deployment.
The dynamics of the composition of the Marine Corps and coastal defense formations in the period 1991-2000 is as follows:
Name |
Dislocation |
Notes. Additions. Armament (as of 01/01/2000) |
|||
Marines. | |||||
55 dmp |
Pacific Fleet. district of Vladivostok. |
Regalia: Mozyr Red Banner. For 2000, it included: 106, 165 and 390 pmp, 921 ap, 923 srp, 84 otb, 263 orb, 1484 obs. |
|||
61 obrmp |
SOF. Sputnik village (Northern Murmansk) |
Regalia: Kirkene Red Banner. It includes 876 odshb ... Armament: 74 T-80B, 59 BTR-80, 12 2S1 Gvozdika, 22 2S9 Nona-S, 11 2S23 Nona-SVK, 134 MT-LB, etc. Lich. composition - 1270 h. |
|||
163 obrmp |
SOF. district of Arkhangelsk |
Formed in 1994 on the basis of the 77th Guards. dbo and lasted less than two years - until 1996, when it was disbanded. |
|||
175 obrmp |
SOF. Serebryanskoye or Tumanny settlement (Murmansk region) |
Disbanded in 1992-93. or, according to other sources, cropped. |
|||
336 Guards. obrmp |
BF. Baltiysk (Kaliningrad region) |
Honorary title and regalia - Bialystok orders of Suvorov and Alexander Nevsky. The composition includes the 879th odshb, 877th and 878th military units ... Armament: 26 T-72, 131 BTR-80, 24 2S1 "Gvozdika", 22 2S9 "Nona-S", 6 2B16 "Nona-K", 59 MT-LB and others. Lich. composition - 1157 h. |
|||
810 opmp |
Black Sea Fleet. p. Cossack (region of Sevastopol) |
In its composition it has the 882nd odshb. Around 1995-96, it was reorganized into an opmp. At the same time, she singled out the 382nd military and otb. Armament: 46 BTR-80, 52 BMP-2, 18 2S1 "Gvozdika", 6 2S9 "Nona-S", 28 MT-LB, etc. Lich. composition - 1088 h. |
|||
390 opmp |
settlement Slavyanka, Khasanskiy Primorskaya district region |
Formed in the 90s. as a separate one, and was soon introduced to 55 dmp instead of 85 pmp. |
|||
414 odshb |
Kaspiysk |
The battalion was created on the basis of the 336th Guards. obrmp in 1999 Armament: 30 BTR-70, 6 D-30, 6 2B16 "Nona-K" and others. Lich. composition - 735 h. |
|||
382 obmp |
settlement Temryuk, Krasnodar Territory |
Withdrawn (actually re-formed) from the 810th Marine Corps when it was reorganized into a regiment - 1995 Armament: 61 BMP-2, 7 BTR-80, 6 MT-LB and others. Lich. composition - 229 h. |
|||
332 obmp |
Astrakhan |
Formed in Aug. 1994. In 1998 it was renamed to 600 obmp. |
|||
600 rpm |
CFL, Astrakhan, then - Kaspiysk. |
Renamed from 332 obmp. Transferred to Kaspiysk (Dagestan) in 1999. Armament: 25 BTR-70, 8 2B16 "Nona-K" and others. Lich. composition - 677 h. |
|||
coastal defense | |||||
77 Guards. dbo |
SOF, district of Arkhangelsk and Kem |
Disbanded in 1994 |
|||
3 Guards dbo |
BF, district of Klaipeda and Telshai |
Disbanded in 1993 |
|||
40 dbo |
Pacific Fleet, pos. Shkotovo (Vladivostok district) |
Disbanded in 1994 |
|||
126 dbo |
Black Sea Fleet, district of Simferopol and Evpatoria. |
It was disbanded in 1996. Its weapons and military equipment were divided in half between Russia and Ukraine. |
|||
301 ABR |
Black Sea Fleet, Simferopol |
As part of the Black Sea Fleet from 01.12.89. until 1994 Disbanded in 1994 |
|||
8 Guards oap |
BF, Vyborg |
Disbanded. |
|||
710 oap |
BF, Kaliningrad |
Converted to BHVT. |
|||
181 opula |
BF, Fort "Krasnaya Gorka" |
Disbanded. |
|||
1 arrbo |
BF, Vyborg |
Apparently they were created on the basis of one of the motor rifle divisions on the Karelian Isthmus and the disbanded 77th Guards. dbo, respectively. They did not last long. |
|||
52 opbo |
SOF, Arkhangelsk district |
no info. |
|||
205 oob PDSS |
no info. |
||||
102 oob PDSS |
no info. |
||||
313 oob PDSS |
no info. |
At present, despite the reform and downsizing, the marines still remain one of the most important components of the Russian Navy. Organizationally, it is part of the coastal troops of the Russian Navy, and the direct management of its activities in peaceful and war time carried out by the Chief of the Marine Corps. There are units of the Marine Corps in all fleets - in a separate brigade of the Marine Corps, in the Caspian Flotilla (individual battalions) and even in Moscow (subdivisions of escort of military cargo and security of the Main Staff of the Navy), they report locally to the heads of departments of the coastal troops of the Baltic, Black Sea, Northern and Pacific Fleets.
Years of underfunding and constant reform of the Armed Forces also affected the Marine Corps. The states are literally cut to the quick, there are not enough professionals, including contract soldiers in sailor positions, the ranks of armored vehicles are thinning out and, even more threateningly, the number and combat potential of the fleet's landing forces are declining.
For example, Russian marines today actually do not have floating armored vehicles capable of landing on an unequipped shore in the first echelon of amphibious assault, afloat, ensuring the suppression of fortified points and positions of enemy fire weapons (including conducting accurate fire from the water). All that today can “float” from military equipment is armored personnel carriers of the BTR-80 family and armed with MT-LB machine gun mounts (it’s probably not worth mentioning floating transporters armed with machine guns). A very good armored vehicle, the BMP-3F, which is armed with not only small arms and cannon, but also missile weapons - a 100-mm cannon and an ATGM launcher, a 30-mm automatic cannon and three machine guns, - until the Marine Corps has not yet reached. But it received high reviews from the military ground forces of the UAE. Tested in the Marine Corps and adopted by the 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun 2 S25 "Octopus-SD" is also missing in the required quantities.
According to the recognition of the command staff of the Russian marines, so far a worthy replacement for the retired amphibious tank PT-76, capable of not only landing afloat, but also firing from the water, has not appeared. The existing tanks of the T-72 family, as you know, can be landed from landing ships only at an emphasis or in an equipped port - as well as self-propelled installations "Gvozdika" and "Nona-S" and "Nona-SVK", mobile air defense systems and other military equipment.
Some time ago, it seemed that a solution had been found - the Moscow-based Special Engineering and Metallurgy OJSC proposed an option for upgrading the PT-76, in which it was supposed to install a new turret on the machine with a weapon system with a 57-mm automatic cannon placed in it (alteration of the ship's gun mount AK -725 was carried out by the Nizhny Novgorod Design Bureau "Burevestnik"), a new automated control system and a two-plane weapon stabilizer. The combined sight, developed by one of the Belarusian opto-mechanical enterprises, was equipped with a built-in range finder, and the new weapon system would provide the modernized PT-76 B tank with a threefold increase in firepower compared to its predecessor. So, for example, when firing an armor-piercing tracer at a distance of 1250 m, the gun pierces armor 100 mm thick.
In addition, in order to increase the mobility of the new tank on land, the specialists of the Design Bureau of the Volgograd Tractor Plant developed a program for the modernization of its power plant: a more powerful diesel engine UTD-23 and a transmission used on the BMD-3, as well as new caterpillar belts with better grip properties, are installed. and a large service life. Additional feature The survival of the upgraded vehicle on the battlefield is intended to be given a special system for scanning and detecting optical devices, which is similar to devices for detecting snipers. True, so far the matter has not gone further than proposals here either.
However, if technology has more or less recently gone to the Marine Corps, then some of the actions of the reformers in the field of reorganization of the organizational structure of the Marine Corps of the Russian Navy simply defy any logic. So, for example, the 77th Separate Guards Moscow-Chernigov Order of Lenin, Red Banner, Order of Suvorov II degree Marine Corps Brigade of the Caspian Flotilla, created in 1996 on the basis of the 600th Guards and 414th separate battalions marines. On December 1, 2008, the brigade ceased to exist, and its personnel, equipment and materiel, with the exception of two battalions of marines with bases in Kaspiysk and Astrakhan, were transferred to a separate marine brigade newly formed as part of the Black Sea Fleet.
The fact that the Black Sea Marine Brigade (810 Marine Corps), reduced exactly 10 years earlier, was recreated on the basis of the 810th OPMP in 2008 cannot but rejoice, but is it really reasonable to do this by destroying another formation, and at such an important direction, like the Caspian Sea, where so far Russia has not been able to reach an understanding on the issue of delimiting influence on the sea with its neighbors in the region? Many experts have long referred to the Caspian as a “sea of discord”…
A similar, not entirely positive, reorganization was carried out in relation to the Marine Corps of the Pacific Fleet. Not only was it decided a dozen years ago that the 55th Marine Division, located in the Far East, did not need a separate tank regiment at all, so a decision was made relatively recently to reduce the division itself - from June 1, 2009 it was reorganized to the 165th Separate Marine Brigade of the Pacific Fleet. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account the fact that one of the primary tasks of the Pacific Marines was to capture the strait zones in order to ensure access to the open ocean of the main forces of the Pacific Fleet, which, with the exception of those ships and submarines that are based in Kamchatka and in some other, "open » to the ocean areas of the coast, literally locked in the Sea of Japan.
However, the situation in other fleets is also no better - in the Russian Navy today there are only four brigades of marines left: the already mentioned 165th brigade, the 336th separate guards Bialystok orders of Suvorov and Nakhimov brigade of marines Baltic Fleet, the 61st Separate Kirkenes Red Banner Marine Brigade of the Northern Fleet and the 810th Separate Marine Brigade of the Black Sea Fleet, as well as several separate regiments, battalions and companies. And this is for the entire fleet, whose task is to defend the vast coastline of Russia from the sea and assist the ground forces in conducting operations in the coastal theater of operations.
Only recently, encouraging news began to appear, allowing us to hope for the restoration of the former power of the Russian marines. Far Eastern Higher Military command school named after K.K. Rokossovsky (DVVKU), which trains commanders of the Marine Corps, in 2013, for the first time after many years, conducted a full-fledged recruitment. More than 300 cadets have started training, while the previous intakes did not go beyond a few dozen.
At the same time, in 2013, the 3rd Marine Regiment was again reorganized into the 40th Brigade. Landing training began to be carried out in this, until recently, land formation. In the coming years, the fleet will receive landing helicopter-carrying dock ships Vladivostok and Sevastopol. A new combat vehicle for the Marine Corps is being developed (NIR code "BMMP Platform"). Such a machine is really necessary, since the Marine Corps has long been in need of a combat vehicle that has good seaworthiness.
The BMP-3F, designed specifically for marines, was received not by ours, but by Indonesian sailors. And our fleet, unfortunately, expects the arrival of a new amphibious vehicle only "in the long term." This is all the more strange since Commander-in-Chief of the Airborne Forces nevertheless, it was possible to achieve the adoption of the BMD-4M. But the problem of updating the fleet of vehicles and strengthening the firepower of the marines is no less acute.
The other day, the head of the Coastal Forces of the Navy (the marines still belong to them, although we have actually already withdrawn from the CFE Treaty), Major General Alexander Kolpachenko said that in 2014 the 61st Marine Regiment of the Northern Fleet will again be reorganized into a brigade. I would like to hope that these are only the first steps towards the restoration and development of the power of the naval landing forces of the fleet, capable of hitting the enemy on its territory.
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