Famous people who made discoveries. The world's greatest biologists
Russia is a country with a rich history. Many noble personalities-discoverers glorified a great power with their achievements. One of these are the great Russian chemists.
Chemistry today is called one of the sciences of natural science, which studies the internal composition and structure of matter, the decomposition and changes of substances, the regularity of the formation of new particles and their changes.
Russian chemists who glorified the country
If we talk about the history of chemical science, it is impossible not to recall the greatest people definitely deserving of everyone's attention. The list of famous personalities is headed by the great Russian chemists:
- Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov.
- Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.
- Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov.
- Sergei Vasilievich Lebedev.
- Vladimir Vasilievich Markovnikov
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov.
- Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov.
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin.
- Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmiyanov.
And many others.
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
Russian scientists and chemists would not have been able to work in the absence of Lomonosov's work. Mikhail Vasilievich was from the village of Mishaninskaya (St. Petersburg). The future scientist was born in November 1711. Lomonosov - the founding chemist who gave chemistry the correct definition, a natural scientist with capital letter, world physicist and famous encyclopedist.
The scientific work of Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov in the middle of the 17th century was close to the modern program of chemical and physical research. The scientist deduced the theory of molecular-kinetic heat, which in many respects surpassed the then ideas about the structure of matter. Lomonosov formulated many fundamental laws, among which was the law of thermodynamics. The scientist founded the science of glass. Mikhail Vasilyevich was the first to discover the fact that the planet Venus has an atmosphere. He became professor of chemistry in 1745, three years after he had received an analogous title in physical science.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
An outstanding chemist and physicist, Russian scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born at the end of February 1834 in the city of Tobolsk. The first Russian chemist was the seventeenth child in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, the director of schools and gymnasiums in the Tobolsk Territory. Until now, the parish book with a record of the birth of Dmitry Mendeleev has been preserved, where the names of the scientist and his parents appear on the old page.
Mendeleev was called the most brilliant chemist of the 19th century, and this was the right definition. Dmitry Ivanovich is the author of important discoveries in chemistry, meteorology, metrology, and physics. Mendeleev was engaged in research of isomorphism. In 1860, the scientist discovered the critical temperature (boiling point) for all types of liquids.
In 1861, the scientist published the book Organic Chemistry. He examined gases and deduced correct formulas. Mendeleev designed the pycnometer. The great chemist became the author of many works on metrology. He was engaged in research of coal, oil, developed systems for irrigation of land.
It was Mendeleev who discovered one of the main natural axioms - the periodic law chemical elements. We use them even now. He gave characteristics to all chemical elements, theoretically determining their properties, composition, size and weight.
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov
A. M. Butlerov was born in September 1828 in the city of Chistopol (Kazan province). In 1844 he became a student at Kazan University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, after which he was left there to receive a professorship. Butlerov was interested in chemistry and created a theory chemical structure organic substances. Founder of the School of Russian Chemists.
Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich
The list of “Russian chemists” undoubtedly includes another well-known scientist. Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov, born Nizhny Novgorod province, was born on December 25, 1837. Chemical scientist in the field organic compounds and author of the theory of the structure of oil and the chemical structure of matter in general. His labors played important role in the development of science. Markovnikov laid down the principles of organic chemistry. He did a lot of research at the molecular level, establishing certain patterns. Subsequently, these rules were named after their author.
In the late 60s of the 18th century, Vladimir Vasilievich defended his thesis on the mutual action of atoms in chemical compounds. Shortly thereafter, the scientist synthesized all the isomers of glutaric acid, and then - cyclobutane dicarboxylic acid. Markovnikov discovered naphthenes (a class of organic compounds) in 1883.
For his discoveries he was awarded a gold medal in Paris.
Sergei Vasilievich Lebedev
SV Lebedev was born in November 1902 in Nizhny Novgorod. The future chemist was educated at the Warsaw Gymnasium. In 1895 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.
In the early 20s of the 19th century, the Council of the National Economy announced international competition for the production of synthetic rubber. It was proposed not only to find alternative way its production, but also provide the result of the work - 2 kg of finished synthetic material. The raw materials for the manufacturing process also had to be cheap. Rubber needed to be obtained High Quality, not worse than natural, but cheaper than the latter.
Needless to say, Lebedev took part in the competition, in which he became the winner? He developed a special chemical composition rubber, affordable and cheap for everyone, having won the title of a great scientist.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov
Nikolai Semenov was born in 1896 in Saratov in the family of Elena and Nikolai Semenov. In 1913, Nikolai entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of St. Petersburg University, where, under the guidance of the famous Russian physicist Ioffe Abram, he became the best student in the class.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov studied electric fields. He conducted research on the passage of electric current through gases, on the basis of which the theory of thermal breakdown of a dielectric was developed. Later, he put forward the theory of thermal explosion and combustion of gas mixtures. According to this rule, the heat generated during chemical reaction, under certain conditions can lead to an explosion.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin
Nikolai Zinin, the future organic chemist, was born on August 25, 1812 in the city of Shushi (Nagorno-Karabakh). Nikolai Nikolayevich graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at St. Petersburg University. He became the first president of the Russian Chemical Society. which was blown up on August 12, 1953. This was followed by the development of the RDS-202 thermonuclear explosive, the power of which was 52,000 kt.
Kurchatov was one of the founders of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
Famous Russian chemists then and now
Modern chemistry does not stand still. Scientists from all over the world are working on new discoveries every day. But do not forget that the important foundations of this science were laid back in the 17th-19th centuries. Prominent Russian chemists have become important links in the subsequent chain of development of chemical sciences. Not all contemporaries use in their research, for example, Markovnikov's regularities. But we still use the long-discovered periodic table, the principles of organic chemistry, the conditions for the critical temperature of liquids, and so on. Russian chemists of past years have left an important mark on world history, and this fact is indisputable.
In the article we will talk about Russian biologists. We will review the most meaningful names discoverers, as well as get acquainted with their achievements. From the article you will learn about those Russian biologists who really made a significant contribution to the development of this science. Anyone who is interested in animals and flora, is simply obliged to know the names that we will name below.
Ivan Pavlov
This scientist in Soviet times did not even need to be introduced. However, in modern world far from every person can say for sure who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is. The man was born in 1849. His most significant achievement is the creation of the doctrine of the activity of higher nervous system. He also wrote many books on circulation and digestion. This is the first Russian scientist who received the Nobel Prize for achievements in considering the mechanisms of digestion.
Experiments on dogs
Ivan Pavlov is a Russian biological scientist who is known for doing experiments on dogs. In our country, there are many anecdotes and cartoons related to this. Moreover, when it comes to instincts, everyone immediately remembers Pavlov's dog. The scientist began to conduct experiments in 1890. He managed to develop conditioned reflexes in animals. For example, he achieved that the dogs secreted gastric juice after they heard the sound of a bell, and before this bell was always preceded by a meal. The peculiarity of the method of this scientist is that he saw the relationship between mental and physiological processes. Multiple subsequent studies have confirmed its presence.
The first work was published in 1923. In 1926 he began research in the field of genetics. For several years he worked in psychiatric clinics. The discoveries of Ivan Pavlov helped to learn a lot about mental illness, as well as about possible methods of their treatment. Thanks to the support of the Soviet government, Pavlov had enough resources to carry out all his experiments, which allowed him to achieve other outstanding results.
Ilya Mechnikov
We continue the list of Russian biologists with the famous name of I. I. Mechnikov. This is a famous microbiologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Born in Kharkov in 1845. He studied in the same city. He studied embryology in Italy, in 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1886, together with other scientists, he created a bacteriological station, which at that time was the first in Russia.
He wrote his first books on zoology and evolutionary embryology. He is the author of the theory of phagocytella. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, developed the theory of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Wrote a huge number of works on bacteriology. He experimented on himself, and thus proved that the causative agent of Asian cholera is Vibrio cholerae. He died in 1916 in Paris.
Alexander Kovalevsky
The list of famous Russian biologists will continue with the sensational name of Alexander Kovalevsky. This is a great scientist who was a zoologist. Worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Born in 1842. At first he studied at home, and then entered the Corps of Railway Engineers. After that, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in the department of natural sciences. Defended master's and doctoral dissertations.
In 1868 he was already a professor of zoology and worked at Kazan University. He spent three years in Algiers and the Red Sea, where he did his research. Most of them are devoted to the embryology of invertebrates. In the 1860s, he conducted research that made it possible to discover germ layers in organisms.
Nikolai Vavilov
It is simply impossible to present a list of Russian great biologists without the name of Nikolai Vavilov. This man created the doctrine of plant immunity. He also owns the discovery of the law on hereditary changes in the body and homologous series. He made a significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of biological species, created a huge collection of seeds of various plants. By the way, it is recognized as the largest in the world.
The future scientist was born in Moscow in 1887 in the family of a merchant. He was a peasant. For some time he worked as the director of his father's firm, which dealt with invoices. Vavilov's mother was from an artist's family. In total, the family had 7 children, but three of them died at an early age.
Training and achievements
Nikolai Vavilov studied at a commercial school, later entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, from which he graduated in 1911. After that, he began working at the Department of Private Agriculture. From 1917 he lectured at Saratov University, after 4 years he was already working in Petrograd. Thanks to his research, he described almost all the plants of the Volga and Volga regions.
The scientist devoted more than 20 years to the expedition, which he conducted in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. I remember my trip to Afghanistan in 1924 for a long time. All the collected materials helped Vavilov to determine not only the origin, but also the distribution of plants. His contribution is simply invaluable, because he greatly simplified further work breeders and botanists. It seems incredible, but Nikolai managed to collect more than 300 thousand different samples.
In 1926 he received a prize for his work devoted to the study of immunity, the origin of plants, and the discovery of the law of homologous series. Nikolai Vavilov is the owner of a huge number of awards and several medals.
However, there is also dark spot in his biography. A lot of party ideologists were opposed to the scientist because of scientific activity his student T. Lysenko. The opposition campaign was directed against the scientist's research in the field of genetics. In 1940, Vavilov had to finish all his scientific work. Moreover, he was accused of sabotage, and he was even arrested. A difficult fate befell this great scientist in his last years. He died in prison from starvation in the foreign city of Saratov in 1943.
Rehabilitation
The investigation lasted more than 10 months, during which the scientist was summoned for interrogation more than 400 times. After his death, this great Russian scientist was denied even a separate grave, as a result he was buried with other prisoners. Only in 1955 he was rehabilitated. All charges regarding his activities were dropped.
Alexander Vereshchak
We have already talked about Russian biologists who received the Nobel Prize, but this does not mean that we should forget about other researchers, because their contribution is also significant. Alexander Vereshchak is a Russian oceanologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Studied at Moscow State University Faculty of Biology. In 1990 he became a doctor of sciences. Since 2007, he headed the laboratory, which belonged to the Institute of Oceanology. So smoothly we moved on to the consideration of Russian biologists of the 21st century. The scientist wrote more than 100 scientific works. Its main achievements are related to how you can apply modern methods analysis in the field of geoecology and oceanology.
Conducted more than 20 dives and 200 expeditions. He is the creator of the hydrothermal system model. Developed the concept of an ecosystem inhabited by a special fauna. Together with employees from other countries, he jointly created a methodology that allows you to determine the role of marine nano- and microbiota. He discovered and described more than 50 species of crustaceans.
Gennady Rozenberg
He was born in 1949 in Ufa. In his name, we also continue to review the list of Russian biologists of the 21st century. He planned to become an engineer, but soon headed the laboratory at the Institute of Biology. In 1987 he moved to Tolyatti. He is the creator of the method for analyzing the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Created his own system of ecology of large regions for the purposes of analytics.
Yuri Ilyin
The future scientist was born in the winter of 1941 in Asbest. Famous molecular biologist. He was a specialist in molecular genetics and biology. In 1976, he conducted a study of mobile genes. It is extremely difficult to overestimate its significance, since it has significantly advanced all of science. Studied the mobile elements of eukaryotes. He is the creator of the theory of the role of mobile genes in carcinogenesis, evolution and mutagenesis.
Zinaida Donets
Other names
It should be noted that Russian biologists and their discoveries were not always appreciated. There are many researchers who are known only to those who also connected their lives with this science. For example, it is worth mentioning the name of Nikolai Koltsov, a Russian biologist who is considered the founder of experimental biology. He was the first to hypothesize molecular structure chromosomes and their matrix reproduction. The discovery was made in 1928. Thus, this eminent scientist anticipated all the basic provisions modern biology and genetics.
It is impossible not to mention the Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He was born in 1843. He is the discoverer of the patterns of photosynthesis. He discovered and substantiated the process of the influence of light on the formation of organic substances in the layers of a plant.
Chetverikov Sergei is a talented Soviet geneticist, who is rightfully considered one of the founders of population and evolutionary genetics. This is one of the first researchers who found the relationship between the patterns of selection of individuals in a population and the speed of dynamics in evolutionary processes.
Alexander Tikhomirov is a Russian scientist who discovered artificial parthenogenesis. But this phenomenon is considered the most important section of the doctrine of individual development living being. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture in our country.
So we reviewed the information briefly about Russian biologists and their discoveries. However, I would also like to mention a few names that very few people know about.
It is worth mentioning Ivan Gmelin - a member of the Great Northern Expedition and a naturalist. The scientist is an academic researcher of Siberia, an ethnographer and a botanist. Described more than 500 species of Siberian plants. There he passed more than 34,000 km. Wrote a voluminous work on the flora of the region.
Nikolai Turchaninov is the first scientist who described the fauna of Transbaikalia and the Baikal region. Collected a huge private herbarium. Described more than 2,000 plant species from around the world. He is the most significant researcher of Asian flora.
It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrei Famintsyn, who is the discoverer of the semiotic nature of lichens. He also discovered the symbiosis of algae and radiolarians. Globally researched artificial lighting for plants.
This concludes our review of the biographies of Russian biologists and their discoveries (briefly). We have mentioned all the most significant names, without which it is simply impossible to imagine Russian biology. However, despite this, there are still many scientists whose contribution to the development of this science is simply invaluable. Russian biologists are worthy of attention, because they literally created the basic principles modern science and actually laid the first foundations.
Every person should know these names, if only because biology is the science of life itself. Summing up the results of the article, I would like to once again express respect to Russian biologists, thanks to whom we have the opportunity to study the integral complex science. Remember that these names can and should be proud of. Of course, the contribution of scientists from all over the world is important, but we must know and respect our own heroes.
Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC)
Every student knows: right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs. But few people know that Pythagoras was still a philosopher, religious thinker and politician, it was he who introduced the term “philosophy” into our language, which means “love of wisdom”. He founded a school whose students were called Pythagoreans, and he was the first to use the word "cosmos".
Democritus (460-c. 370 BC)
Democritus, like other philosophers ancient world, has always been interested in the question of what is the fundamental principle of the Universe. Some sages believed that water, others - fire, others - air, and fourth - all together. Democritus was not convinced by their arguments. Reflecting on the fundamental principle of the world, he came to the conclusion that it is the smallest indivisible particles, which he called atoms. There are a great many of them. The whole world is made up of them. They connect, they separate. He made this discovery by logical reasoning. And after more than two thousand years, scientists of our time with the help of physical instruments proved him right.
Euclid (c. 365-300 BC)
A student of Plato - Euclid wrote the treatise "Beginnings" in 13 books. In them, the scientist outlined the basics of geometry, which means in Greek "the science of measuring the Earth", which for many centuries was called Euclidean geometry. The ancient Greek king Ptolemy I Soter, who ruled in Egyptian Alexandria, demanded that Euclid, who explained the laws of geometry to him, make it shorter and faster. He replied: “Oh, great king, there are no royal roads in geometry ...”
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes remained in history as one of the most famous Greek mechanics, inventors and mathematicians, who amazed his contemporaries with his amazing machines. Watching the work of builders who moved stone blocks with the help of thick sticks, Archimedes realized that the longer the lever, the greater the force of its impact. He told the Syracusan king Hieron: "Give me a foothold, and I will move the Earth." Hieron didn't believe it. And then Archimedes, using a complex system of mechanisms, with the effort of one hand, pulled a ship ashore, which was usually pulled out of the water by hundreds of people.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
The great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci showed himself to be a universal creator. He was a sculptor, architect, inventor. A brilliant master, he made a huge contribution to art, culture and science. In Italy, he was called a sorcerer, a magician, a man who can do anything. Infinitely talented, he created various mechanisms, designed unprecedented aircrafts type of modern helicopter, invented the tank.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Nicolaus Copernicus in the scientific world gained fame for his astronomical discoveries. His heliocentric system came to replace the former, Greek, geocentric. He was the first to scientifically prove that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa. The earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Nicolaus Copernicus was a versatile scientist. Widely educated, he was engaged in the treatment of people, was well-versed in the economy, he himself made various instruments and machines. Nicolaus Copernicus wrote in Latin and German all his life. Not a single document written by him in Polish has been found.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
The young Florentine Galileo Galilei, who studied at the University of Pisa, attracted the attention of professors not only with clever reasoning, but also with original inventions. But the gifted student was expelled from the 3rd year, as his father did not have money for his studies. But Galileo was lucky - the young man found a patron, the rich Marquis Guidobaldo del Moite, who was fond of science. He supported the 22-year-old Galileo. Thanks to the Marquis, the world got a man who showed his genius in mathematics, physics, astronomy. Even during his lifetime, Galileo was compared with Archimedes. He was the first to declare that the universe is infinite.
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Like many great thinkers of antiquity, Descartes was universal. He laid the foundations of analytical geometry, created many algebraic notations, discovered the law of conservation of motion, explained the root causes of the motion of celestial bodies. Descartes studied at the best French Jesuit college in La Flèche. And there, at the beginning of the 17th century, strict orders reigned. The disciples got up early and ran to prayer. Only one, the best pupil, was allowed to stay in bed due to poor health - it was Rene Descartes. So he developed the habit of reasoning, finding solutions math problems. Later, according to legend, it was during these morning hours that he had a thought that spread all over the world: "I think, therefore I exist."
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Isaac Newton - a brilliant English scientist, experimenter, researcher, he is also a mathematician, astronomer, inventor, made a lot of discoveries that determined the physical picture of the world around him. According to legend, the law gravity Isaac Newton discovered in his garden. He watched a falling apple and realized that the Earth attracts all objects to itself, and the heavier the object, the stronger it is attracted to the Earth. Reflecting on this, he deduced the law of universal gravitation: All bodies are attracted to each other with a force proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
James Watt (1736-1819)
James Watta is considered one of the creators of the technological revolution that transformed the world. They tried to tame the energy of steam in ancient times. The Greek scientist Heroes, who lived in Alexandria in the 1st century, built the first steam turbine, which rotated when wood was burned in a heater. In Russia in the 18th century, the mechanic Ivan Polzunov also tried to tame the energy of steam, but his machine was not widely used. And only the English, or rather, the Scottish self-taught mechanic James Watt managed to design such a machine, which they began to use first in mines, then in enterprises, and then on steam locomotives and steamships.
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - diversified, he was successfully engaged in financial transactions, but was especially fond of chemistry. He made many discoveries, to his liking became the founder of modern chemistry and would have done a lot if it were not for the radicalism of the Great french revolution. In his youth, Antoine Lavoisier participated in the competition of the Academy of Sciences for The best way street lighting. To increase the sensitivity of his eyes, he upholstered his room with black cloth. Antoine described the acquired new perception of light in the work that he submitted to the Academy, and received for it gold medal. Per Scientific research in the field of mineralogy, at the age of 25 he was elected a member of the Academy.
Justus Liebig (1803-1873)
Justus Liebig is credited with creating food concentrates. He developed the technology for the production of meat extract, which today is called the "bouillon cube". German chemical society erected a monument to him in Munich. The outstanding German professor of organic chemistry, Justus Liebig, spent his whole life researching the methods of plant nutrition and solving the issues of rational use of fertilizers. He did a lot to increase crop yields. Russia awarded the scientist with two Orders of St. Anne for the assistance rendered to her in the rise of agriculture, England made him an honorary citizen, in Germany he received the title of baron.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur is a rare example of a scientist who had neither medical nor chemical education. He made his way into science on his own, without any protégés, based on personal interest. But scientists showed interest in him, who noticed considerable abilities in the young man. And Louis Pasteur became an outstanding French microbiologist and chemist, a member of the French Academy, created the process of pasteurization. Especially for him, an institute was created in Paris, later named after him. A Russian microbiologist, laureate Nobel Prize in the field of physiology and medicine Ilya Mechnikov.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896)
Alfred Bernhard Nobel - Swedish chemical engineer invented dynamite, who patented it in 1867 and suggested using it for tunneling. This invention glorified Nobel all over the world, brought him enormous income. The word dynamite in Greek means "strength". it explosive, which consists of nitroglycerin, potassium or sodium nitrate and wood flour, depending on the volume, can smash a car, a house, destroy a rock. In 1895, Nobel made a will, according to which most of his capital went to awards for excellence in chemistry, physics, medicine, literature, and the promotion of peace.
Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (1843-1910)
Close contact with nature later determined the choice of profession - Robert Koch became a microbiologist. And it started in childhood. Robert Koch's grandfather on his mother's side was a great lover of nature, he often took his beloved 7-year-old grandson with him to the forest, told him about the life of trees, herbs, talked about the benefits and harms of insects. Microbiologist Koch fought against the most terrible diseases of mankind - anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis. And he emerged victorious. For his achievements in the fight against tuberculosis in 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)
In 1895, a photograph of the hand of the wife of Wilhelm Roentgen, made using x-rays (x-ray, later named after their discoverer x-rays), was published in a German scientific journal, aroused great interest in the scientific world. Before Roentgen, none of the physicists did anything like this. This photograph testified that penetration into the depths took place. human body without physical opening. It was a breakthrough in medicine, in the recognition of diseases. For the discovery of these rays, William Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
During his life, Edison perfected the telegraph, the telephone, created a microphone, invented the phonograph and, most importantly, lit up America with his incandescent light bulb, and behind it the whole world. AT American history there was no more inventive person than Thomas Edison. In total, he is the author of over 1,000 patented inventions in the United States and about 3,000 in other countries. But before achieving such an outstanding result, he, according to his own frank statements, made many tens of thousands of unsuccessful experiments and experiments.
Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934)
Maria Skłodowska Curie graduated from the Sorbonne, the largest educational institution France, and became the first female teacher in its history. Together with her husband Pierre Curie, she first discovered radium, a decay product of uranium-238, then polonium. The study and use of the radioactive properties of radium played a huge role in the study of the structure atomic nucleus, phenomena of radioactivity. Among world-class scientists, Maria Skłodowska-Curie ranks special place She won the Nobel Prize twice: in 1903 in physics and in 1911 in chemistry. Such an outstanding result a rare event even among men.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein - one of the founders of theoretical physics, Nobel Prize winner, public figure. But he made a strange impression on his contemporaries: he dressed casually, loved sweaters, did not comb his hair, could show his tongue to a photographer, and generally did God knows what. But behind this frivolous appearance was a paradoxical scientist - a thinker, the author of over 600 works on different topics. His theory of relativity revolutionized science. It turned out that the world not so simple. Space-time is curved, and as a result, gravity changes, the course of time changes, the sun's rays deviate from the direct direction.
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
Alexander Fleming, a native of Scotland, an English bacteriologist, spent his whole life looking for medicines that could help a person cope with infectious diseases. He was able to detect a substance that kills bacteria in the penicillum mold. And the first antibiotic appeared - penicillin, which revolutionized medicine. Fleming was the first to discover that there is a special liquid in the human mucous membranes, which not only prevents the penetration of microbes, but also kills them. He isolated this substance, it was called lysozyme.
Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)
Robert Oppenheimer - American physicist atomic bomb, was very worried when he learned about the terrible casualties and destruction caused by the American atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. He was a conscientious person and further urged scientists around the world not to create weapons of enormous destructive power. He entered the history of science as the "father of the atomic bomb" and as the discoverer of black holes in the universe.
photo from internet
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is an outstanding ancient Greek scientist, encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were refuted, they significantly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes is a famous ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. Among his contributions to the field of physics are the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of action on a lever. He is credited with inventing pioneering mechanisms, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.
Galileo (1564–1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Michael Faraday - English physicist and a chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the action magnetic field to the light, the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his day, with a record 1,093 patents in his name and 1,239 elsewhere. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, an improvement in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Maria Sklodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win the Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. First female professor teaching at the Sorbonne University. Her achievements include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work in bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him later. All Pasteur's works became a prime example combination of fundamental and applied research in the field of chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)
Isaac Newton is an outstanding English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, Bible student and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to mathematically describe the phenomenon of tides.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of the general and special theory relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
The greatest scientist of all time is considered to be Nikola Tesla - a Serbian and American inventor, physicist, electrical engineer, known for his achievements in the field of alternating current, magnetism and electrical engineering. In particular, he owns the invention of alternating current, polyphase system and alternating current electric motor. In total, Tesla is the author of about 800 inventions in the field of electrical and radio engineering, including the first electric clock, solar-powered engine, radio, etc. He was a key figure in the construction of the first hydroelectric power station at Niagara Falls.
- The displacement is called the vector connecting the start and end points of the trajectory The vector connecting the beginning and end of the path is called
- Trajectory, path length, displacement vector Vector connecting the initial position
- Calculating the area of a polygon from the coordinates of its vertices The area of a triangle from the coordinates of the vertices formula
- Acceptable Value Range (ODZ), theory, examples, solutions