Connection of the Russian language and history. Russian language in the context of modern culture
One of the most common in the globe, the most developed languages of the world, in which the richest literature is written, reflects the historical experience of the Russian people, the achievements of all mankind, is the Russian language.
The connection of the Russian language with the history and culture of the people
Stormy socio-political shifts in Russia in the last decade have led to a radical change in the social structure Russian society, which, of course, could not but affect the development and functioning of the Russian language.
Language is not only a system of signs, but also a historical form of the culture of the people. The main unifying feature of the nation is precisely the language, because. no general ideas cultural values and a joint household cannot exist without a common understanding of the verbal signs used in communication. Language arises simultaneously with the nation, is its creation, as well as the organ of the original thinking of the nation. As the founder of linguistics W. Humboldt wrote, “language is not a dead clockwork, but a living creation emanating from itself” Humboldt W. Selected works on linguistics / W. Humboldt. - M., 1984. - S.275 ..
A natural language does not arise as a result of a mathematical calculation of a group of “language creators”, but as a result of centuries-old efforts of people belonging to the same national community to make their speech generally understandable within the national community. Each language reflects the culture of the people - the native speaker. In the cultural and historical aspect, language is seen as an important element of national identity.
The Russian language is the language created by the Russian people, on which they build their culture; for a Russian person, he is - native language. The Russian language has evolved over many centuries. His vocabulary and grammatical structure were not formed immediately. The dictionary gradually included new lexical units, the appearance of which was dictated by new needs. community development. The grammatical structure gradually adapted to a more accurate and subtle transmission of thought following the development of national social and scientific thinking. So the needs cultural development became the engine of the development of the language, and the language reflected and preserved the history of the cultural life of the nation, including those of its stages that have already become a thing of the past. Thanks to this, the language is for the people a unique means of preserving national identity, the largest source-cultural value. “Language, whatever form it takes, is always the spiritual embodiment of the individual life of the nation” and moreover, “language is the breath, the very soul of the nation.” There. - P.72,303.
The entire conscious life of a person is carried out through language. That is why it is, in essence, the main way of spiritual existence, the main tool for mastering the surrounding world, a school of thought and the only means of obtaining knowledge (education). In its highest manifestations, language is a monument of culture, a spiritual heritage and a shrine of the people. At the same time, language is the habitat of a person and a people and a form of spiritual energy that often manifests itself unexpectedly and unexpectedly ... All this must be taken into account when discussing the problems of education, spiritual and moral education, sociology, lawmaking, and so on and so forth.
Language as a spiritual value invariably relies on continuity, on a fruitful tradition, without which it is impossible to imagine culture. Tradition is an indispensable sign of culture and healthy organic development of any phenomenon. It gives to human being, human history true sense, high value, moral meaning and provides creative stability and co-natural life order of various spheres of human life.
Each epoch is judged on the basis of its inherent categories and concepts, since each epoch is unique, irreversible in time and characterized by its own circumstances, expressed in historical terms.
AT different periods historical development society took different forms, the degree of its maturity changed, internal structure, i.e. economic, social-class, political structure. The formation of society, the centuries-old achievements of its material and spiritual culture, the formation and development of nations are reflected in the language. Language and history are inextricably linked. The path traveled by the people in its development becomes the property of subsequent generations thanks to the language.
Performing the function of a source and custodian of information, language is at the same time a way of expressing accumulated knowledge and a basis for the formation of a new one. A specific language as a “carrier of information” acts as a tool of social heredity, thanks to which a person can refer to the knowledge and experience of previous generations, in order to then, by making a thought experiment, gain new knowledge (Weizsacker C.Fr.von. 1959.S.49) . It is thanks to the language that the information picture of the world is radically changing for the better. By maintaining an active attitude to past experience, what is preserved and created contributes to further development society.
However, everything that has not been recorded in writing "remains soundless and mute", past without history (G. W. Hegel, 1993, p. 479). The history of mankind was made possible only by language.
Fundamentally significant is the fact that “in the process of transmitting information, three levels are distinguished - syntactic, semantic and pragmatic, due to internal structure transmitted signs, as well as their content and value ”(Reiman H., 1968, S / 87).
The peculiarity of the law of England is the continuity and continuity of its development. Due to the originality of the English legal system, the difference between its legal theory and history is almost not visible. So the analysis of law by the English is always more like a study of its history. "None modern composition according to English law, - notes Professor Raoul van Konegem, - one cannot fully understand if it does not contain sufficiently extensive excursions into history ... The law of England, much more than any other legal system based on codification, is a product of its historical development, so like any codification, it is always an ax blow on the continuous connection of times ”(Caenegem R.C. van Op.cit. p. 16).
It is quite natural to study the specific laws of the emergence, development and functioning of the state and law as unified and integral systems. The relationship is manifested in the fact that: a) the state and law arise simultaneously due to the same reasons; b) in the process of their historical development, the type of state and the type of law coincide, corresponding to a certain socio-economic formation. Their transition from one type to another occurs simultaneously and for the same reasons; c) the state and law are organically linked and closely interact in the process of their functioning, in practice they cannot exist separately (MI Baitin, 2000, p. 18).
Legal terminology is one of the most interesting objects of research. In the system of its terms, we can observe the life of any state, the range of values of a particular human society at this stage of development. Consequently, the process of forming a legal terminology system is closely related to historical events, views of human society. Functioning and formation studies
This category of terminological vocabulary is also of interest to researchers because, developing as a terminological system, it chooses a commonly used language as a source of verbal expression, and draws its conceptual apparatus from the norms of customary law.
Many linguistic processes are not amenable to regulation, they act according to their own laws, although attempts to regulate this have been made repeatedly (GV Lashkova, 2000, p. 97).
The importance of knowing a particular era, the culture of one or another - the state for the study of the terminology of law is great. The term is subject to the laws in force in the language, that is, under certain conditions, it must reflect the history of the era in which it operates.
The history of England is naturally complemented by history of English language. In turn, the history of the English language is based on the history of England.
The English language has been known from written monuments since the 7th century AD. The history of the language is divided into three main periods: 1)
the Old English period (until the end of the 11th century) is distinguished by the fact that the laws are represented only by local customs. 2)
the Middle English period (XIV - XVII centuries) is characterized by the flourishing of the common law. 3)
in modern period(from the 18th century to the present), common law is faced with an unprecedented development of legislation, therefore it is forced to adapt to a society where the role of state administration is constantly increasing (S.P. Khizhnyak, 1986; Rene David, 1999; A.K. Romanov, 2000 ).
This periodization takes into account socio-economic and historical changes in a society that predetermined the change in the composition of English legal terminology
Hello dear site readers! Have you ever thought about what speech is and the words that we pronounce? Let's talk in more detail in this article about the role of the language, its functions, types and features.
Language is a tool with which people can communicate, express their feelings and thoughts. Also, the dialect of each nation keeps a whole history, traditions and culture.
The role of language in the history of the people
The history of the people and dialect have a close relationship with each other. Experts have noticed that over time, the dialect of people changes, which means that the dialect constantly has a different speech form. Such a factor prompted him to study more in order to better master the history of peoples and the whole world.
Protecting the native language is the duty of every nation. If it is not preserved, history can be lost, because ignorance of one's dialect is the spiritual poverty of people and the decline of culture. The last factor influences the thinking on which the fate of the whole country depends.
Philosophers such as G.A. Brutyan, E.S. Markaryan, S.A. Atanovsky, E.I. Kukushkin, were the first who began to study the relationship of history, culture and dialect. They noticed that when national traditions or beliefs change, the style of speaking changes. The Prague School also tried to answer the question of the influence of speech, whose specialists confirmed the previous hypotheses.
Language is the consciousness of a person, without which he simply does not have a place to be. Many works of scientists confirm the fact that countries that speak the same dialect are similar in character, cultural enlightenment, literacy, traditions and beliefs.
No nation would know its history and origins if it were not for the ability to speak. People wrote chronicles, told stories and legends from generation to generation, this is how information about the ancient world reached us.
Studies and analyzes are not interrupted so far. It is considered an open question that attracts writers, scientists, philosophers and politicians. It shapes humanity and the relationship of peoples.
Scientists confirm that language does not stand along with other sciences (geography, mathematics, biology, etc.), it goes forward and leads the sciences, forming them. It turns out that it is speaking that generates intelligence and creativity. All the discoveries that people have made have been described, studied through speaking.
No one knows exactly how speech abilities appeared, but it is clear that everything depended on the picture that people saw around them.
If these were peoples in enslavement, then their speech was not distinguished by melody and softness. Conversely, good-natured people spoke in a friendly and affectionate dialect. The dialect of one people therefore changed its forms, as people experienced different periods: war, illness, peacetime, time of discovery, and so on.
Functions of the language, its types and features
Speech is an intangible thing, we can only hear a combination of consonants and vowels.
Today, four speech functions can be distinguished:
- Communication (communication). This is the main function, without which the language would not exist at all. When interacting, people need to express their opinion, consent, or vice versa, convey important information, and so on. Speaking helps to find the one through which communication is established.
- The function of knowing the world , consolidation of the received information (cognitive). This aspect especially affects history, before people did not write it down, they passed it on by mouth, telling children about how to live, hunt, what to eat and so on.
- Accumulation function (accumulative). The aspect is responsible for the preservation and accumulation of knowledge. There is a relationship between speaking and nervous system, which is involved in the transmission of the received information.
- Expression of feelings (emotive). In this case, speech interacts with intonation and emotions.
The type of dialect may depend on the position of a person in society, or maybe on the literacy of the population.
In the first case, the language has the following types:
- State;
- Official;
- Regional;
In the second case:
- Native;
- Everyday;
- Colloquial:
- Worker;
- Foreign.
If we talk about the signs of language, then they include:
- Historically appeared tool of communication;
- An indicator of the state of the people;
- Necessary for every person;
- Stability, normativity;
- Not associated with individualism;
- Refers to any state.
What languages are spoken all over the world - TOP 5 popular
Experts have more than 7 thousand different speeches. Some of them are unknown to anyone except small tribes. Others are at their peak.
1) Chinese. It is spoken by about 1.3 billion people, of which not all are citizens of the People's Republic of China. This language is official in the UN.
2) English language. In general, it is spoken in 106 countries (600 million people), which is quite a lot. 6 countries, including the UK, recognized it as official. But every nation still has a native dialect. In this way, their history is preserved.
Be sure to read why I started from scratch and what lessons I use for this.
3) Hindi. 4 countries use this dialect (490 million people). Experts predict that Hindi may take first place in the list of popular dialects. But when this will be at the moment is not known.
4) Spanish. On the official language The UN speaks to 427 million people in 31 countries. He appeared at the time when the great geographical discoveries, medieval times.
5) Arabic language. It is also officially registered with the UN association. In total, there are 267 million speakers of such speaking in 58 countries. Fame came because of the Muslim religion and the Koran.
Language is like a carrier of the mentality of a certain people. This topic is not quite simple, but each person should delve into and appreciate the history of the country, culture and their dialect.
Since the time when the language was recognized as a historically changing phenomenon, its connection with the history of the people and the need to study it for the purposes of history and inseparably with it have been repeatedly emphasized. Already one of the very first founders of comparative historical linguistics - Rasmus Rask wrote: "Religious beliefs, customs and traditions of peoples, their civil institutions in ancient time- all that we know about them - at best, can only give us a hint of the kinship and origin of these peoples. The appearance in which they first appear before us may serve to draw some conclusions about their previous state, or about the ways in which they arrived at the present. But no means of knowing the origin of peoples and their kinship in hoary antiquity, when history leaves us, is as important as language. "(P. Rusk. Research in the field of the ancient northern language.)
Even Soviet linguists proceeded from the premise that the language and history of the people are closely related to each other.
In this regard, they continued the scientific tradition, which was founded with the understanding of language as a phenomenon changing in time and which went through all the subsequent development of the science of language, enriched by understanding social role language. This last demanded that the historical approach to the study of language cease to be limited by the actual linguistic framework and be connected with the history of society. In other words, we are now talking not just about the history of language, but about the history of language as a social phenomenon.
Thus, the provision on the connection between language and society remains an unshakable basis for scientific study language. But this provision should not be interpreted too narrowly and one-sidedly. First, language learning cannot be limited to the historical aspect. Secondly, studying the language and history of the people in close connection with each other, one should not forget about the specifics of the patterns of development inherent, on the one hand, to the language, and on the other hand, to the native speaker of this language - the people. Thus, in linguistics, the problem of the relationship of language with history should be considered from the point of view of how the structure of language reacts to facts. common history(what refraction in the structure of the language these facts receive). And, thirdly, the question of the connection between the history of a language and the history of a people cannot be limited to only one direction and trace only the influence of the history of society on the development of the language. Undoubtedly, the most directly related to this problem are also different kinds contacts of languages (which are determined by historical and territorial factors), the processes and forms of crossing languages, the relationship of language and culture, the permeability of various spheres of languages, the relationship of language to social structure societies, etc.
Language is not only a system of signs, but also a historical form of the culture of the people. Natural language arises as a result of centuries-old efforts of people belonging to the same national community to make their speech generally intelligible within the national community. The Russian language has evolved over many centuries. His vocabulary and grammatical structure were not formed immediately. The dictionary gradually included new lexical units, the appearance of which was dictated by the new needs of social development. The grammatical structure gradually adapted to a more accurate and subtle transmission of thought following the development of national social and scientific thinking. Thus, the needs of cultural development became the engine of the development of the language, and the language reflected and preserved the history of the cultural life of the nation, including those stages that have already passed into the past.
Thanks to this, the language is for the people a unique means of preserving national identity, the largest source-cultural value.
As W. Humboldt wrote, "language, no matter what form it takes, is always the spiritual embodiment of the individual life of the nation" and moreover, "language is the breath, the very soul of the nation." Thus, the culture of speech is an important part national culture generally.
Conclusion
In the modern era, which requires the receipt and processing of a large amount of information, operational actions, quick decision-making, from a specialist for success in his professional activity Skills in speaking and writing are required.
The famous Russian scientist D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Language is not only the best indicator of culture, but also the educator of a person. A clear expression of one's thoughts, a rich language, an accurate selection of words in speech forms a person's thinking and his professional skills in all areas. human activity... If a person can accurately name the mistake he made in his work, then he has determined its essence.
The Russian language is the language of the Russian nation. Nation (lat. tribe, people) - a historically established community of people, emerging in the process of forming a commonality of their territory, economic ties, literary language, culture and character.
National language- a socio-historical category that denotes a language that is a means of communication for a nation and acts in two forms: oral and written (Linguistics. Large encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1998).
The national Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition, as it is used by people of different social status, cultural level, age and occupation.