The history of the origin and development of hygiene. Brief historical information about hygiene
The historical foundations of hygiene were formed in ancient times. Already in Ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, India, the systematization and promotion of healthy conditions and lifestyle of a person, nutrition, physical culture and prevention of diseases began.
The great ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, in his treatises "On a healthy lifestyle" and "On air, waters and localities." He outlined observations and reasoning about the influence of a number of environmental factors on human health.
The origins of the name of the discipline of hygiene are found in the dictionaries of the Greek and Latin languages: hygienos (Greek) - health, bringing health; sanitas (lat.) - health.
Both terms "hygiene" and "sanitation" have survived in modern preventive medicine. Traditionally, the term "hygiene" is used as a name for the science of hygiene. The term "sanitation" reflects the practical implementation, supervision of the implementation of hygienic norms and rules.
In ancient Greek mythology, we find another interpretation of the term "hygiene". Asclepius (the god of medical art) had a daughter, Hygiea, the goddess of health. She was sung by poets, depicted by painters and sculptors in beautiful works of art, where she was depicted as a beautiful girl holding a bowl filled with water and entwined with a snake.
Greek writers - philosophers Plato and Aristotle in their works developed the idea of Hippocrates about the influence of the external environment on people's health. Therefore, in Greece, where at the beginning the main attention was paid to individual hygiene and Spartan education, based on physical training, gymnastic games, hardening. They began to carry out public sanitary measures in the field of water supply, nutrition, removal of urban sewage, etc.
The heirs of the cultural wealth of the Greeks were the Romans, whose sanitary measures were even more developed.
The pride of Ancient Rome was large water pipes, baths and baths, but not all citizens enjoyed these benefits, since water was heavily taxed. A monument to urban improvement remains the sewage system using sewage to fertilize fields and gardens.
The period of the Middle Ages (VI - XIV) is characterized by a complete decline in personal and public hygiene. Constant wars and the low cultural and material level of the population served as fertile ground for the development of epidemics.
Outbreaks of smallpox, cholera, typhus, the mass spread of leprosy, skin, venereal and eye diseases were a characteristic phenomenon for that time. The plague pandemic in the 14th century, known as the Black Death, killed about 25 million people.
However, many medieval physicians expressed valuable thoughts regarding hygiene. The work of the outstanding Tajik physician and philosopher Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) "The Canon of Medicine", published in the 11th century, became world famous.
The era of renaissance (XV - XVI centuries) is characterized by a certain revival of interest in hygiene, in particular in professional hygiene. The scientific treatise of the Italian physician Ramazzini on the diseases of artisans (1700) is the first work in this area.
The history of hygiene as an independent scientific discipline begins in the 1960s and 1970s. XIX century, when the first departments of hygiene at universities appeared in Western Europe and Russia.
In 1865, the outstanding German scientist, physician Max Pettenkofer headed the Department of Hygiene at the University of Munich. He was the founder of experimental hygiene, as he substantiated the methodology for studying environmental factors from the standpoint of their impact on human health. M. Pettenkofer creatively used the methods of the natural sciences (chemistry, physics) for hygienic research and regulation of air, soil and water parameters that affect a person every day. He and his students developed numerous laboratory research methods in hygiene.
Domestic hygiene developed to a large extent in an original way, and many sanitary measures were carried out in Russia earlier than in the West. For example, public water supply in Novgorod existed in the 11th century, paving of streets in Pskov took place in the 12th century, while in Western Europe these activities were carried out 300 years later.
The priority of creation and formation of hygienic science in Russia belongs to Aleksey Petrovich Dobroslavin and Fedor Fedorovich Erisman.
The first independent department of hygiene in Russia was organized in 1871 at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg by A.P. Dobroslavin (1842 - 1889). He is known for his work in various fields of hygiene, he created the first Russian textbook on hygiene and the journal "Health", the first hygienic experimental laboratory. A. P. Dobroslavin’s merit in the practical implementation of preventive medicine is great. He founded and was the permanent leader of the first city sanitary station in Russia, the St. Petersburg and provincial zemstvos.
In 1882, the Department of Hygiene was established at Moscow University and was headed by F.F. Erisman. His works on school, occupational and food hygiene are widely known. The name and deeds of F. F. Erisman are associated with the flourishing of zemstvo preventive medicine, within which zemstvo doctors carried out significant work on studying the sanitary condition of various counties, examining zemstvo, parochial educational institutions and schools of various departments.
In Moscow, F.F. Erisman created a hygiene laboratory. Now it is the Research Institute, which bears his name. Under his leadership, new buildings and clinics of the medical faculty were built on the Novodevichy field, where a monument to him stands near the hygienic building.
In the 20s of the XX century in Soviet Russia hygienic science and practice developed intensively. There is a differentiation of hygienic knowledge with the allocation of special disciplines: social hygiene and healthcare organization, communal hygiene, labor hygiene, food hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, and somewhat later military and radiation hygiene.
In creation and formation individual industries Soviet hygienists made a great contribution to hygienic science: N.A. Semashko - the first People's Commissar of Health, A. I. Sysin, A. A. Letavet, G. V. Khlopin, A. V. Molkov, V. A. Ryazanov, F. G. Krotkov, S. N. Cherkinsky, V. A. Pokrovsky, S. M. Grombakh and others.
In 1922, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the sanitary authorities of the republic" was adopted, which determined the state character of their actions. The main tasks and functions of the sanitary service were related to the prevention of epidemics and infectious diseases, preventive and current sanitary supervision was carried out over industrial enterprises, public utilities, medical institutions, food facilities, educational institutions etc.
In 1991, the Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population” was adopted, which significantly changed the content of the state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in Russia.
Since 1999, primary medical prevention has been regulated by the Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population”.
According to the law, the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is such a state of health of the population, the human environment, in which there is no harmful effect of environmental factors on a person and favorable conditions for his life are provided.
Implementation preventive measures The activities are carried out through the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, i.e. activities to prevent, detect and suppress violations of the legislation of the Russian Federation in order to protect public health and the environment. For this purpose, a sanitary and epidemiological service functions in Russia: bodies and organizations acting to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.
Today, no one even thinks about whether it is necessary to wash their hands after coming from the street, no one doubts the need to wash daily, clean the apartment, and remove dust and dirt. However, this was not always the case. There were times when people did not attach any importance to such things. Therefore, the history of the development of hygiene as a science has long roots that go back to the deep past. Its sprouts are still relevant and widespread in all countries, among all nationalities.
Hygiene as a science: subject, goals and objectives
What is this discipline and what does it study? Let's try to figure it out.
The purpose of this science is to develop comprehensive preventive measures that can provide a person with a normal existence in the environment and relieve him of unwanted ailments. That is, preventing the development of harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi around people, providing the latter complete information about how to keep your body and home in a healthy state, leave your health untouched.
Accordingly, the subject of study of science is man and the environment, their interaction with each other and mutual influence on the state and health of each other.
According to the goal, the discipline is aimed at solving the following problems:
- To study the influence of factors of the biotic and abiotic environment, as well as social factors on the health and condition of a person, including his psycho-emotional sphere. And based on the data obtained, develop a set of health measures that can limit or eliminate this impact.
- Develop methods to increase stability, resilience human body various factors.
- Consider the impact on people and create a set of measures to combat them.
So, what are the challenges of this science? Human hygiene is, first of all, prevention, prevention, elimination of possible troubles in advance.
Discipline classification
With the development of knowledge about hygiene standards, sections have appeared in this science that study any specific factors affecting a person. So, there are several main branches of hygiene.
- General- is aimed at the formation of a complex of vaccination of the population against the effects of ailments under the influence of the external environment.
- Communal hygiene- studies the direct impact of housing conditions and various settlements on human health. So, this includes the hygiene of soil, water, air, populated areas, dwellings and public buildings.
- nutrition. This industry is aimed at studying the influence of the quality and quantity of food on maintaining the normal vitality and health of people. It is department employees who are able to correlate a person’s lifestyle with the required number of calories, as well as develop dietary measures to prevent various diseases (obesity, anorexia, bulimia, diabetes mellitus, and others).
- Occupational health compares the working conditions of a person and as well as the mutual influence of these indicators.
- Hygiene of children and adolescents. A special branch, as it is aimed at shaping knowledge about the importance of preventive measures among schoolchildren and preschoolers. They are the first to know what the science of hygiene studies, why it is needed and what benefits it has.
The main sections of hygiene
In addition to those listed, there are a number of different sections of the discipline in question:
It is quite obvious that this science covers all social, biological, chemical, physical factors that can affect people's health. That is why hygiene is the science of health (in the first place). This is confirmed by its close ties with other human sciences.
The relationship of hygiene with other sciences
Given the specifics of the discipline in question, it is easy to guess that the main related sciences are:
- the medicine;
- epidemiology;
- ecology (general and human);
- microbiology;
- toxicology.
All of them are in close interaction, and in the formation of the theoretical base, hygiene is largely based on the data of these disciplines.
Human hygiene and ecology have a particularly close contact. After all, the object of the first is a person, and the subject of study of the second is the environment. Since people are in constant and continuous close contact with nature, the sciences indicated above cannot but interact. So, for example, hygiene defines the norms for the maximum permissible concentrations of gases and impurities in the air. Ecology relies on these indicators when calculating and characterizing the quality of the atmosphere.
The formation and development of science in the ancient world
The history of the development of hygiene has its roots deep in the past. Indeed, even in the ancient world, there were first signs of concern for the safety of health and the importance of ensuring cleanliness and order.
There are several main historical centers in which the foundations of hygiene were born. For example, in ancient India, a number of important laws were adopted. They reflected the basic rules (cleaning garbage from the streets, burying corpses to prevent the spread of infections, keeping the body clean, and so on).
Almost the same rules were included in the code of state laws of the ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Jews, Romans. All these peoples were required to observe the following rules:
- sexual hygiene;
- personal rules for keeping the body clean;
- compliance with the diet;
- isolation of sick people from healthy people;
- sunbathing;
- therapeutic exercises and more.
Fundamentals of communal hygiene in antiquity
They were the first to build the simplest plumbing systems. There were certain rules according to which the streets of the city were equipped. Gradually, all these skills and knowledge were transferred to other regions of the planet.
The Romans generally managed to build such sewer systems, which were considered simply a miracle of technology. Their streets were empty and free of impurities, cleanliness reigned around.
Ancient Greece became the main center for the accumulation and development of theoretical knowledge about what constitutes the history of hygiene.
Hippocratic contribution
Ancient Greece was famous for its beautiful people. After all, it was precisely on this that the inhabitants of Hellas made the main emphasis. Physical development and maintenance of strength, fitness and beauty of the body - all this was very important for every Greek. The main ones during this period were:
- healthy and normal nutrition;
- physical beauty of the body;
- exercises and workouts to develop strength and muscles.
All this was reflected in the works of the great philosopher, physician, scientist and thinker of that time, Hippocrates. In his work "On Air, Water and Soil" he makes it clear that he considers these factors to be very important factors for maintaining the normal state of human health. He also believed that even ordinary water and air can cure ailments if they are clean, healing.
Another of his works - "On a healthy lifestyle" - also confirms how much importance was already attached to the rules of hygiene and elementary sanitation at that time.
Discipline in the Middle Ages
The history of the development of hygiene during this period, like the formation of all other sciences, was stagnant. In many countries it was considered indecent to wash and clean their clothes and housing, people freely poured sewage directly from the windows of houses onto the streets of the city. During these periods, epidemics of diseases such as plague, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, cholera and so on rage.
Only a few states (Ottoman Empire, China, Japan, Russia) still pay due attention to cleanliness. Baths, hammams, baths - all these were facilities for washing the body.
However, virtually all of Europe suffered from unsanitary conditions. There were mass infections with syphilis, eye diseases, smallpox, and typhoid. Wars were fought everywhere, feudalism and serfdom were strong.
The development of hygiene as a science in the XV-XVII centuries
Since the 15th century, interest in hygiene has gradually revived in many countries. Water pipelines reappear, streets are laid out with stone, sewage merges into specially designated places. Ablutions were no longer considered a manifestation of stupidity and belonging to the lower class. On the contrary, there were bathtubs that were filled with fragrant water. Everywhere they began to cook soap with the addition of aromatic oils.
The number of epidemics decreased, but the situation still remained extremely unfavorable. The first person of that time who dared to theoretically substantiate the importance of hygiene was the Italian Bernardino Ramazzini. It was he who created the work "Reasoning about the diseases of artisans", in which he showed the dependence of people's health on the state of the environment.
XVIII-XIX centuries in the history of hygiene
The history of the development of the science of hygiene in this period is rapidly gaining momentum. After all, numerous cities are beginning to be built, the infrastructure is undergoing changes. People were afraid of outbreaks of epidemics, so they carefully monitored cleanliness and isolated the sick in time.
It was during this period that sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, and microbiology began to develop. This leaves its mark on hygiene. Now human health is considered only in conjunction with the state of the environment, inseparable from it. The influence of air, soil composition, drinking water quality, nutrition, cleanliness and general physical state person.
What else can the history of hygiene tell us? modern science may owe its origin to the German physician Pettenkofer. He was the first to open the faculty of hygiene at the department at the University of Munich, therefore he is rightfully considered the father of this discipline.
The historical past of hygiene in Russia
The history of the development of hygiene in Russia followed its own, special path. Approximately 300 years earlier than it happened in Europe, in Russia both practical and experimental hygiene were already given their due. Outstanding scientists who have made a great contribution to the development of this science are:
- Pirogov;
- Mudrov;
- Zakharyin;
- Dobroslavin;
- Erisman;
- Khlopin;
- Nikolsky;
- Osipov;
- Belousov;
- Solovyov and many others.
Hygiene has received the most intensive development only in XIX-XX centuries. It was then that diseases and ailments of a person that are associated with the environment were identified.
Even in ancient times, a person, based on his life experience, carried out the simplest hygienic measures aimed at maintaining his health. Empirical folk medicine gradually accumulated knowledge and experience in the prevention of diseases.
In the 4th-1st millennium BC in Egypt, India, and China, hygiene was a system of practical rules derived both from everyday skills and from religious prescriptions. These rules concerned the protection of the soil from pollution, the choice and arrangement of sources of water supply, the possibility of eating various plant and animal products, keeping the body clean, preventing the spread of infections, isolating patients with contagious diseases, burning their belongings, burying corpses, etc.
The development of hygiene in the ancient world (Ancient Greece) went, moreover, in the direction of strengthening the physical strength and beauty of the body. Spartan education, based on physical training, gymnastic games, hardening, is characteristic of this historical period.
The first generalization of the accumulated empirical hygienic knowledge was made by one of the founders of ancient medicine - Hippocrates. From the treatises "On Air, Water and Soil", "On a Healthy Lifestyle", etc., it is clear that Hippocrates assigned an important role in the occurrence of diseases to the external conditions surrounding a person, and attached great importance to hygienic measures in the prevention and treatment of diseases.
The Roman Empire inherited Greek culture, in particular its achievements in the field of hygiene, and developed the latter towards practical sanitary measures. Sanitary rules for the troops, Roman water supply, which supplied 1.5 million m 3 of water per day, Nero's building charter, which took into account hygiene factors in the development of cities, sewerage with cleaning Wastewater in the fields of irrigation, food quality control in the markets characterize the level of sanitary measures of that time.
However, the low level of hygienic knowledge and the use of sanitary measures mainly in the interests of the ruling classes could not serve as a serious obstacle to the devastating epidemics of that time. Average life expectancy in Ancient Rome was 25 years old.
In the era of feudalism, the doctors of the peoples of the East, in particular the Arab caliphates, played a progressive role. The development of the economy, trade, navigation, agriculture and crafts contributed to the improvement of various branches of knowledge, including hygiene, mainly individual.
A great contribution to hygiene was made by a prominent scientist of the 10th-11th centuries, an outstanding Tajik doctor, the "prince of doctors", Abu-Ali Sina, or, as he was called in Europe, Avicenna. He worked out the issues of housing hygiene, clothing, nutrition, raising children, etc. Avicenna suggested the spread of diseases through the soil and drinking water.
In Western Europe, in the era of feudalism, all sciences, including hygiene, fell into complete decline. The religious views of the gloomy Middle Ages, the preaching of asceticism, calls for the rejection of all hygiene rules and skills that found a place in Greece and Rome, did their job: elements of sanitary improvement disappear in the medieval city. It is chaotically built up, tall, obscuring each other houses crowded in narrow streets inside the fortress walls. The era of the Middle Ages went down in history as an era of terrible epidemics of plague, typhus, cholera, leprosy, syphilis and many other infectious diseases. The average life expectancy during this period stood at the level of 20-23 years, reaching in England at the end of the 14th century up to 17-20 years.
The final period of the era of feudalism, the so-called Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries), is characterized by a certain revival of interest in hygiene issues. However, a number of provisions of this period, related to "hygiastics", bear the stamp of superstition and prejudice, which expressed the internal contradiction, split of the figures transition period. At the same time, the authors of the socio-utopian theories of the Renaissance ("Utopia" by Thomas More, 1478-1535; "City of the Sun" by Tomaso Campanella, 1568-1639) give prevention and doctors a prominent place in resolving issues of personal and social life.
In the time of transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism, in the so-called manufacturing period, especially in Italy, there appear, as K. Marx pointed out, the conditions for the emergence of extensive industrial pathology. This period includes the work of the Italian physician Bernardino Rammacini (1633-1714) "Discourse on the diseases of artisans" (1700), dedicated to the description of sanitary hazards and occupational diseases to prevent them.
As industrial capitalism develops, the proletariat grows in numbers and its living conditions become more and more difficult. Along with economic workers put forward and sanitary requirements. In hygiene, two complementary directions appear, which mainly pursue the interests of the ruling class - the capitalists. On the one hand, this is propaganda of the beginnings of individual hygiene, the most striking expression of which is the work of the professor of medicine in Jena (Germany) H. W. Hufeland (1762-1836) "Macrobiotics, or the art of human life"(1796). Hufeland put macrobiotics above medical medicine, arguing that the latter, at best, can only "restore lost health," and therefore is only an "auxiliary science." the work of the rector of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy I.P. Frank (1745-1821) under the title "The complete system of medical police".
The further development of capitalism, the growth of industry, the emergence of a large-scale machine industry, the development of precise scientific knowledge led to the revival and formation, among other sciences, of hygiene. However, the development of sanitary measures in this, as well as in the previous period, is carried out in the interests of the propertied classes. Only the central districts of the cities, where the bourgeoisie lives, are being improved, while the outskirts, inhabited by working people, are distinguished by extremely unfavorable sanitary conditions of life. An unreasonably long working day, in the absence of the necessary measures for hygiene and labor protection, leads to mass occupational diseases of workers, undermining their health and reducing life expectancy. Emissions from hazardous industries pollute and poison the air, soil and water bodies. In the first half of the 19th century, the average life expectancy in Manchester for the well-to-do classes was 35 years and for the working classes 18 years.
In the 19th century, the following points played a role in the development of hygiene under capitalism:
1. The revolutionary movement of the working class, which demanded a shorter working day, improved working conditions, living conditions, etc.
2. Major epidemics in Europe, which threatened the well-being of the bourgeoisie itself and pushed it to seek measures to combat them.
In addition, epidemics and other mass diseases stopped the life of the country, hindered trade, affected production, and, by increasing the death rate of the population, reduced the size of the armies.
3. The development of natural science, which created the conditions for the transition of hygiene to the path of experiment. The improvement of physical, chemical, physiological, and later microbiological research methods made it possible to create a hygienic laboratory and move from general descriptions characteristic of the period of empirical hygiene to an accurate and objective study of environmental factors and their impact on public health. The discoveries of L. Pasteur, R. Koch, I. I. Mechnikov, N. F. Gamaleya and other microbiologists armed hygiene with the most valuable data on the nature and ways of spreading infectious diseases. The development of technology contributed to the construction of water supply, sewerage, central heating, mechanical ventilation and other sanitary-technical devices, which play an important role in the improvement of the external environment.
In the middle of the 19th century, conditions were created for the development of experimental hygiene. Its founders in Russia were A.P. Dobroslavin and F.F. Erisman, in Germany - M. Pettenkofer, K. Flügge, M. Rubner, in England - E. Parks and J. Simon, in France - M. Levy.
In the last third of the 19th century, pre-monopoly capitalism began to pass into the stage of imperialism. Economic crises of overproduction are repeating more and more frequently, the army of unemployed is growing, and the poverty of the toiling masses of town and countryside, with an enormous concentration of wealth in the hands of the exploiters. A particularly difficult situation is emerging for the working masses of the colonies, semi-colonies and dependent countries, which are mercilessly exploited by the major imperialist states.
After a period of some progress in the fight against infectious diseases, in the beautification of populated areas and in carrying out other activities, the pace of development of hygiene under capitalism is slowing down, although some advanced scientists are conducting deep scientific research that deserves serious attention.
In recent decades, in connection with the general crisis of capitalism in bourgeois society, the reactionary teachings of Malthus, Spencer, Freud, and others, once exposed by the classics of Marxism-Leninism, have begun to be widely preached under various new names. Racial hygiene, eugenics, etc. appear. Neo-Malthusians claim that the globe is allegedly overpopulated, that food is allegedly insufficient, that hygiene is not needed, since wars, famine, disease and epidemics regulate the population the globe, contribute to the survival of the strongest part (or races) of the human race, and that hygiene is even harmful, since hygiene measures help the survival of the weak.
The successes of socialist construction and the achievements of science in the USSR and other countries of people's democracy refute these fabrications of the neo-Malthusians with their pseudo-scientific theory of "absolute overpopulation", with their savage racial theory, and reveal the essence of the attempts of the imperialists to use them to cover up the miserable existence of the working masses in the capitalist countries.
Abroad, they talk a lot about the so-called diseases of civilization, which include neuropsychiatric diseases that are becoming more frequent there, malignant neoplasms, caries, street injuries, etc. However, the recognition of these facts is also aimed at justifying capitalism, since the unavoidable adverse consequences of urbanization and industrial development does not exist.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYGIENE IN RUSSIA. Hygiene in Russia developed independently in connection with the peculiar conditions of social and economic development countries.
Monuments of ancient Russian fine arts and writing show that the Russian people at the dawn of their history were characterized by correct ideas in the field of personal and public hygiene. For example, in the monuments of the time of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978-1015), stools, tables for eating are depicted, and on them - bowls, ladles, salt shakers, knives, spoons. Cooking is depicted in many ancient miniatures. For example, an oven with a smeared cauldron, a table for cutting food, a sieve suspended from the ceiling above the table, various wooden and metal utensils. In Domostroy (a document from the time of Ivan the Terrible) there are instructions that tableware should always be thoroughly washed, cleaned, scraped, rinsed with hot water and dried.
The antiscorbutic properties of vegetables have long been known, and a rosehip decoction was used to prevent scurvy. The document, dated 1624, contains a number of sanitary instructions to special bailiffs appointed in Moscow "to supervise the baking and sale of bread." In ancient books there are many strikingly correct recommendations on the choice and arrangement of water supply sources. Already in the documents of the X century there are indications of the Korsun water supply. There is a lot of information about the widespread use of baths in Kievan Rus. Bathing in the baths became so part of the life of our ancestors that Oleg demanded from the Greeks that they make it possible for the Russian ambassadors and merchants in Constantinople to "create my own face". Ancient Novgorod in the XII century was one of the most comfortable cities in Europe. In Moscow, it was forbidden to pour sewage into the street in 1650, that is, 130 years earlier than in Paris.
The materialistic traditions of Russian hygiene go back to M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765), who, being an encyclopedist, did not pass by the issues of hygiene that were relevant for his time. In his work "On the Reproduction and Preservation of the Russian People" (1761), he puts forward a number of social and hygienic problems, pointing out that the "reproduction" and preservation of the health of the people "consists the power and wealth of the entire state." In this regard, he dwells on the issues of household hygiene and public nutrition. In other works, he considered some issues of occupational health in the mining industry that began to develop, as well as issues of hygienic provision of navigation in the northern seas.
In the 18th century, medical topographic descriptions of individual areas of Russia began to be compiled, the authors of which connect the local features of the incidence of the population with environmental conditions.
In the second half of the XVIII century, significant progress is planned in the development of military hygiene. In 1793, the military physician-head doctor E. Belopolsky, on the instructions of A. V. Suvorov, compiled the "Rules for Medical Officers", in which he paid special attention to hygiene issues: but between the healthy in regiments, battalions, companies, corporations and various separate teams, examining their food, drink, and dugouts, the time of their construction, space and cookware, all maintenance, various exhaustions.
Major wars at the beginning of the 19th century caused the appearance of the first manuals on military hygiene, written by M. Ya. Mudrov (1826) and R. S. Chetyrkin (1834).
It must be emphasized that the development of public hygiene in that period is largely due to progressive views on the importance of prevention in protecting the health of the population of the leading physicians of the 19th century N. I. Pirogova, S. P. Botkin, G. A. Zakharyin (1829-1897), A. Ostroumova (1844-1908) and others.
The classics of Russian materialistic philosophy of the 19th century A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, the great literary critic and publicist V. G. Belinsky had a strong ideological influence on the formation of these advanced scientific views. , as well as a galaxy of great Russian scientists - I. M. Sechenov, D. I. Mendeleev and K. A. Timiryazev, who in their scientific works covered the problem of the relationship between the human body and its environment from materialistic positions.
The founders of domestic hygiene as an independent science were A.P. Dobroslavin (1842-1889) and F.F. Erisman (1842-1915).
A.P. Dobroslavin is the first professor of hygiene in Russia, who in 1871 headed the Department of Hygiene at the Medico-Surgical Academy, which was first organized in St. Petersburg.
Thanks to A.P. Dobroslavin, the young department became the center of scientific and hygienic thought. He created the first hygienic school in Russia, from which prominent hygienists came out - M. Ya. Kapustin, S. V. Shidlovsky and others. A. P. Dobroslavin enriched various branches of hygiene with valuable theoretical research and practical proposals, in particular in the field of food hygiene, school hygiene, etc. He wrote the manual "Hygiene - a course in public health" (1882). On his initiative, a sanitary laboratory was established in St. Petersburg for the study of food products. He participated as a military sanitary specialist in the army during the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878). Since 1882, A.P. Dobroslavin began to read a course in military hygiene, and then wrote the manual "Course of Military Hygiene" (1885-1887). He organized the "Russian Society for the Protection of National Health" and founded the popular scientific hygienic journal "Health".
F. F. Erisman also began his career as a hygienist in St. Petersburg, where he deeply and comprehensively studied the issues of school hygiene and sanitary conditions in the dwellings of workers. He owns the capital work "Guide to Hygiene" (1872-1877). F. F. Erisman was interested in issues of occupational hygiene and in 1877 wrote the second major work "Professional Hygiene, or Hygiene of Mental and Physical Labor", where he touched on a wide range of issues in this branch of science, including military hygiene. Like A.P. Dobroslavin, F.F. Erisman took part as a hygienist in the army in the Russian-Turkish war. The activities of F.F. Erisman were especially fruitful after he moved to Moscow in 1879, where he worked as a zemstvo sanitary doctor of the Moscow district. This period includes his well-known works, written jointly with A. V. Pogozhev, E. M. Dementiev, and others, on the sanitary study of factories and plants in the Moscow province. Published in large collections, they are still of great scientific interest.
Since 1880, F. F. Erisman has headed the Department of Hygiene at Moscow University organized by him. On his initiative, the building of the Hygienic Institute with laboratories, museums, and a library is being built in Moscow. At the department of F. F. Erisman creates a city sanitary station, which conducted a large scientific and practical work. The classic annual reports of this station are known, containing valuable materials on the methods of hygienic research. F. F. Erisman was the first and permanent chairman of the Moscow Hygienic Society established in 1892.
I. M. Sechenov, describing the activities of F. F. Erisman, said: "Before him, hygiene existed only nominally, and in his hands it became an active principle against many domestic shortcomings and ulcers."
A. P. Dobroslavin and F. F. Erisman were the spokesmen for the progressive ideas of Russian social thought in the 60s in hygiene. Their activities were associated with the activities of the first zemstvo and city sanitary authorities, as well as the Society of Russian Doctors in memory of N. I. Pirogov. They were the leaders of the research sanitary works that subsequently received wide development. F. F. Erisman and Moscow zemstvo doctors (E. A. Osipov, P. I. Kurkin, S. M. Bogoslovsky) introduced sanitary-statistical methods into the practice of studying the sanitary condition of populated areas and the health of the population.
Thanks to A.P. Dobroslavin and F.F. Erisman, from the first steps of its inception, domestic scientific hygiene favorably differed from foreign ones in its social character, connection with practical sanitary activities, setting urgent health problems and improving the health of the general population, the desire to overcome the limitations of the narrow laboratory and sanitary -technical direction of Western European hygienic schools.
Many students and followers of A. P. Dobroslavin and F. F. Erisman organized and headed departments of hygiene in a number of Russian cities (M. Ya. Kapustin, I. I. Skvortsov, P. N. Lashchenkov, P. N. Diatropov, G V. Khlopin, N. K. Ignatov and others).
The public nature of sanitary activities in Russia is associated with the development of zemstvo medicine. Zemstvo, according to the definition of V. I. Lenin, was one of those concessions that the autocratic government made under the pressure of public excitement and revolutionary onslaught. However, under the conditions of the bourgeois-landlord Zemstvos, it was impossible to achieve a solution to the cardinal issues relating to the life of society, in particular the protection of its health. During the period of reaction after the suppression of the first Russian revolution in 1905, conservative tendencies intensified in zemstvo medicine. Hygiene was in the position of "stepson"; sanitary legislation was absent, sanitary organizations were dispersed.
A group of Bolshevik doctors (N. A. Semashko, Z. P. Solovyov, S. I. Mitskevich, and others) and the advanced hygienists and sanitary doctors adjoining them actively fought against these reactionary tendencies.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYGIENE IN THE USSR. The Great October Socialist Revolution created exceptionally favorable conditions for carrying out extensive health-improving measures on a national scale and for the development of hygienic science.
At the VIII Congress of the RCP (b) in 1919, the Program of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was adopted, proclaiming prevention the main principle of Soviet health care. This Program stated that "the RKP sets as its immediate task the resolute implementation of broad sanitary measures in the interests of the working people, such as:
a) improvement of populated areas (protection of soil, water and air);
b) setting up public catering on a scientific and hygienic basis;
c) organizing measures to prevent the development and spread of contagious diseases;
d) creation of sanitary legislation" * .
* (CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. Part 1. Edition, 7th, Gospolitizdat. M., pp. 429-430.)
The entire subsequent period of socialist construction is characterized by the steady implementation of the principles proclaimed by the Program of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and adopted by the Party Congress.
The implementation of the grandiose tasks arising from the new Party Program and the decisions of the 23rd Congress of the CPSU in the field of public health is aimed at strengthening the health and prolonging the life of the population of our country.
The needs of practical life urgently demanded the development of hygienic science. Already in the first days after the revolution, the need was revealed for the development of hygiene standards, sanitary rules and measures necessary to improve working conditions, settlements, dwellings, schools, public catering, etc. To address these issues, a network of research hygienic institutes was created , and on medical faculties- departments of food hygiene, occupational health and occupational diseases, communal hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, epidemiology.
The norms and scientifically substantiated provisions developed by hygiene are introduced into practice through sanitary legislation and serve as the basis for the activity of a sanitary organization.
In the very first years of Soviet power, a state sanitary service was created by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of 15/11, 1922. Its tasks, functions and activities developed in accordance with the development of the national economy and culture and were specified by subsequent government decrees.
On December 23, 1933, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the Decree "On the Organization of the State Sanitary Inspectorate", which significantly expanded the legal basis for the activities of the sanitary service, strengthened its control functions and ensured its independence in the implementation of sanitary supervision. Great value for the activities of the sanitary organization, they have the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 1960 "On measures to further improve medical care and protect the health of the population of the USSR", which provides a program for improving sanitary affairs in our country, and the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 29 1963 "About the state sanitary supervision in the USSR".
The multifaceted activities of sanitary authorities include: sanitary protection of state borders, sanitary protection of working and living conditions of the population, sanitary protection of atmospheric air, water bodies and soil, ensuring sanitary norms and rules during the construction and improvement of populated areas, industrial enterprises, dwellings, cultural and domestic and medical institutions, sanitary protection of food products and sanitary provision of public catering, measures to eliminate and prevent infectious and mass diseases, occupational and other diseases, management of sanitary and preventive activities of health care institutions, organization and management of public sanitary assets, conducting sanitary propaganda among population.
The sanitary service includes a large network of regional, city and district sanitary and epidemiological stations, established back in 1939, as well as various specialized sanitary and anti-epidemic institutions, research institutes, departments and laboratories.
At present, important measures are being taken to enlarge existing and create sanitary and epidemiological stations in the countryside, equipped with modern equipment and laboratory equipment, staffed by specialists capable of carrying out and solving in full the responsible tasks assigned to the sanitary service of the country.
Sanitary-epidemiological stations systematically study the sanitary condition of objects located in the territory they serve, as well as the state of health of the population they serve, develop plans for sanitary measures and monitor their implementation by all state, economic and public enterprises and institutions, study the effectiveness of the implementation of these measures.
Resolving these tasks, the sanitary organization carries out preventive and current sanitary supervision.
Preventive sanitary supervision consists in monitoring compliance with hygiene standards and sanitary rules during the design and construction of populated areas, industrial enterprises, communal facilities, medical institutions, schools, canteens, etc., and ends with the issuance of a sanction for their operation.
The tasks of preventive sanitary supervision also include control over products that may have an impact on public health, for example, control of new polymeric materials used in construction, utensils and equipment for food enterprises, new types of food products, hygienic assessment of agricultural machinery, as well as pesticides used in agriculture for pest control, etc.
Current sanitary supervision is carried out in respect of operated facilities and is carried out periodically in accordance with the specifics of each of them. It is aimed at studying the sanitary condition of the object, its impact on the health of the population, includes the development of specific health measures on this basis, the implementation of these measures and taking into account their effectiveness.
Doctors and paramedical personnel of the medical and preventive network are widely involved in the current sanitary supervision.
In the work of medical institutions of a medical profile, prevention takes more and more space. The preventive direction finds a particularly vivid expression in the dispensary method of servicing the population, in which an in-depth medical examination of certain contingents of the population is carried out to identify the initial forms of diseases.
At the same time, the working and living conditions of the subjects are studied. This allows you to identify the causes of diseases and take measures aimed at both improving the conditions of the external environment and treating the sick.
The legal basis for the implementation of preliminary and current sanitary supervision is Soviet legislation, decrees and orders of central and local bodies of Soviet power, approved in the appropriate manner "Sanitary norms and rules", State All-Union Standards (GOST), sanitary rules, instructions issued by the All-Union State Sanitary Inspectorate , Sanitary norms and rules (SN and P), published by the Gosstroy of the USSR in agreement with the sanitary authorities, etc.
On July 1, 1970, the law "Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Public Health" adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was put into effect. The third section of this law is devoted to ensuring the sanitary and epidemic well-being of the population, and the implementation of the necessary sanitary and hygienic and sanitary and anti-epidemic measures aimed at eliminating and preventing environmental pollution, improving working conditions, living and recreation of the population, and preventing diseases is the responsibility of all state bodies. , enterprises, institutions, collective farms, trade unions and other public organizations.
The organs and institutions of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Ministry of Public Health of the USSR and the Union Republics are entrusted with state sanitary supervision over the implementation of the necessary measures by the said organizations.
Violation of sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-anti-epidemic rules and norms entails the involvement of the guilty and disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability in accordance with the legislation of the USSR.
The expansion of the content and tasks of Soviet hygiene led to its differentiation. This was required by the need for an in-depth study of various and large hygienic problems, this was also dictated by sanitary practice, for which sanitary doctors became necessary - specialists in various branches of hygienic knowledge. Such branches of hygiene as communal hygiene, labor hygiene, food hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, represented by the relevant departments of medical institutes that train sanitary doctors at sanitary and hygienic faculties, have received special development.
In a relatively short period, a large amount of scientific material has been accumulated, a number of important scientific problems have been resolved, hygienic standards and a number of recreational measures have been proposed.
In the USSR, all conditions have been created for the successful activity of a whole galaxy of prominent hygienists. The activity of one of them - G. V. Khlopin (1863-1929) - proceeded at the turn of two eras. Having started his work as a hygienist at the Perm sanitary station, not yet a doctor, he continued it as a laboratory assistant and dissector at the department of F. F. Erisman. Heading since 1896 departments of hygiene in a number of cities (Yuriev, now Tallinn, Odessa, St. Petersburg), and since 1918 at the Military Medical Academy, G. V. Khlopin fruitfully worked in various branches of hygiene. Through his work, the experimental method in hygiene was developed and deepened. Many of the methods of hygienic research proposed by him have become firmly established in hygienic practice. GV Khlopin owns a number of works on the study of the sanitary condition of cities, various aspects of the nutrition of the population, and on school and professional hygiene. He left a large literary legacy, including the textbook "Fundamentals of Hygiene" and "Course of General Hygiene".
The name of N. A. Semashko (1874-1949) and Z. P. Solovyov (1876-1928) is associated with the implementation of preventive measures in the USSR. They were the organizers and the first heads of n. A. Semashko. departments of social hygiene.
The departments of health organization that existed in medical institutes, as well as the Research Institute of Health Organization of the USSR Ministry of Health, have now been renamed into departments and the Institute of Social Hygiene and Health Organization. This creates great opportunities for the development of social hygiene as a subject of teaching and research.
The development of communal hygiene in the USSR was promoted by A. N. Sysin, Z. G. Frenkel, N. G. Ignatov, A. N. Marzeev and others.
The development of occupational health in the USSR is associated with the names of V. A. Levitsky, S. I. Kaplun, A. A. Letavet, N. A. Vigdorchik, E. M. Kagan, Z. B. Smelyansky and others.
In the field of food hygiene, the works of M. N. Shaternikov, I. P. Razenkov, O. P. Molchanova, A. V. Palladin, B. A. Lavrov and others are of great importance.
D. D. Bekaryukov, V. M. Bonch-Bruevich (Velichkina), A. V. Molkov, N. A. Semashko made a valuable scientific contribution to school hygiene.
In addition to G. V. Khlopin and Z. P. Solovyov, V. A. Uglov, F. G. Krotkov and others dealt with issues of military hygiene.
The congresses of hygienists and sanitary doctors played an important role in the development of hygienic science and sanitary practice.
In all areas studied by it, Soviet hygiene took the path of close connection with physiology, pathology, and clinical disciplines, the path of experimental hygienic research, which makes it possible to scientifically substantiate hygienic standards and recommendations. This post-war period in the development of hygiene is characterized by significant progress in the field of hygienic regulation of environmental factors (hygienic standards for the microclimate of industrial premises, dwellings, for maximum permissible concentrations of toxic substances in the air and water bodies, physiological and hygienic nutritional standards, etc.).
During the years of Soviet power, a large number of measures have been carried out on a national scale for the planning of populated areas, their improvement, the sanitary protection of water bodies and atmospheric air, the rationalization of the nutrition of the population, the improvement of working conditions in industry and agriculture, the sanitary provision of children's contingents, etc.
As a result of the majestic victories won by the Soviet people under the leadership of the Communist Party, as a result of the improvement of the sanitary condition in the country and the successes of medical science and Soviet health care, huge positive changes in the health of the population took place in the USSR in the post-October period. This is evidenced by such sanitary indicators as the general mortality of the population, which has decreased by more than 4 times compared to that of the pre-revolutionary period (Fig. 1), and infant mortality under the age of 1 year, which has decreased by 9 times (Fig. 2). The total mortality of the population of the USSR in 1966 was 7.3 per 1,000 people, and infant mortality was 2.6 per 100 newborns*. And at present, the general mortality rates in the USSR continue to be lower than in the USA, England, France and other capitalist countries (Fig. 3). It is also important that the curve characterizing the rate of decline in mortality is much steeper in the USSR than in the largest capitalist countries. The incidence of the population, especially infectious diseases, has been greatly reduced. Many dangerous infectious diseases (cholera, plague, smallpox, etc.) have been completely eliminated, while others (for example, diphtheria, brucellosis, tularemia) are very rare. The incidence of occupational diseases, industrial and agricultural injuries have been sharply reduced and are decreasing every year. From year to year, indicators of the physical development of children and adolescents are improving.
* (The national economy of the USSR in 1967. Statistics. M., 1968, p. 36.)
As a result, the average life expectancy in the USSR increased from 32 to 70 years by 1966, i.e., more than doubled (Fig. 4).
The successful construction of communism in the USSR, on the one hand, constantly puts forward new problems for hygienic science, on the other hand, it opens up enormous opportunities and prospects for realizing its achievements, putting them into practice in the interests of protecting public health. This explains the flourishing of the advanced Soviet hygienic science, the role of which grows even more during the period of implementation. main task the ninth five-year plan outlined by the XXIV Congress of the CPSU "... to ensure a significant rise in the material and cultural standard of living of the people."
The origins of hygiene as a science go back to ancient times. Historical documents testify that the ancient peoples of Egypt, India, and China had the simplest hygienic rules for caring for the body, nutrition, choosing sources of water supply, and preventing infectious diseases.
Hygiene received significant development in ancient Greece, where they supervised the construction of houses and the sale of food products, sewerage, etc. For hygienic purposes, the Greeks widely used different kinds physical exercise and hardening. The thinker, scientist, physician of Ancient Greece Hippocrates (460-377 BC) created the first works on hygiene: the treatises “On a Healthy Lifestyle”, “On Air, Water and Soil”.
In ancient Rome, sanitary measures were carried out even more widely. Water pipes, public baths, and sewerage were arranged in the cities. Control over the work of these structures was carried out by specially hired officials - aediles. However, in ancient Rome and Greece, where class inequality was pronounced, the main attention was paid to the protection and strengthening of the health of representatives of the ruling classes. Therefore, among the poorest segments of the population, high morbidity and mortality were noted.
Middle Ages (lateV- middle XVII c.) during the period of feudalism, hygiene fell into decay. This in to a large extent promoted religious views, contributing to the complete oblivion and denial of hygienic rules. In cities, almost no sanitary facilities were built. All this was the cause of the devastating epidemics of smallpox and plague. For example, in XIV in. in Europe, 25 million people died from the plague, i.e., a quarter of its entire population.
During the Renaissance (XV- XVIIcenturies) in connection with the change in socio-economic conditions, the development of natural science, interest in hygiene is again shown.
In subsequent periods, a gradual revival of hygienic knowledge is noted. In Russia, hygiene developed in an original way, and our ancestors learned to carry out sanitary measures earlier than other peoples. Historical materials indicate that even in Ancient Russia some information was known about hygienic rules for the prevention of infectious diseases, about body care, nutrition, and improvement of cities. For example
in ancient Novgorod already inXIin. water supply and sewerage were built.
AT XIX in. hygiene began to develop rapidly, which was due to a number of reasons: the rapid growth of industry in cities, the harsh exploitation of workers, unfavorable living conditions, etc. In the course of the struggle for their rights, the working class put forward demands for improved sanitary conditions of work and life.
This stimulated the development of hygiene, which was also greatly facilitated by the successes of natural science, physics, chemistry and other sciences. The use of physical, chemical and microbiological methods in hygiene has opened up the possibility for the scientific substantiation of hygiene norms and rules, as well as for the development of effective sanitary measures. Thus, the stage of accumulation of empirical hygienic knowledge was completed and the stage of development of experimental (scientific) hygiene began. In the second half XIX in. hygiene has developed into an independent science.
The founders of scientific hygiene are considered in Germany M. Pettenkoffer, in Russia - A.P. Dobroslavin and F.F. Erisman, in England - E. Park. The most prominent representatives of domestic medicine, natural science and culture constantly expressed progressive ideas about the need to develop the preventive direction of medicine. This greatly contributed to the development of hygiene in Russia. Laureate Nobel Prize Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote: “Only by knowing all the causes of diseases, real medicine turns into the medicine of the future, that is, hygiene in the broadest sense of the word.”
A. P. Dobroslavin (1842-1889) and F. F. Erisman (1842-1915) determined the social direction
hygiene, began to conduct experimental research, took care of the training. A. P. Dobroslavin organized the first department of hygiene in the country at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg (1871) and opened an experimental hygienic laboratory. He spent Scientific research in many areas of hygiene and fruitfully carried out pedagogical and social activities. He published a two-volume course on hygiene.
F. F. Erisman headed the department of hygiene at Moscow University in 1882 and organized a city sanitary station with it.
In 1892, F. F. Erisman created the Moscow Hygienic Society.
- Source-
Laptev, A.P. Hygiene / A.P. Laptev [and d.b.]. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1990.- 368 p.
Post Views: 31
abstract
On physical culture
Topic: The value of hygiene requirements and norms for the body
First-year student of the Faculty of Philology
Correspondence form of education
Barasiy Anastasia
Teacher: Belykh Sergey Ivanovich
Donetsk 2015
Plan
Introduction
1. The concept of hygiene and its tasks
1.1 Personal hygiene
1.2 Personal hygiene rules
2. Hygiene of rest
3. Hygiene of physical culture
4. Food hygiene
5. Sleep hygiene
6. Occupational health
7. Hygiene of children and adolescents
8. Radiation hygiene
- Conclusion
· Bibliography
Introduction
· Hygiene- the science of health, a preventive discipline that develops, based on the study of the interaction of the body and environmental factors (natural and social), standards and measures, the implementation of which ensures the prevention of diseases, creates optimal conditions for the life and well-being of a person.
The term hygiene itself comes from the Greek word, which means "healing, bringing health" and comes from the name of the ancient Greek goddess of health, Hygiene.
Hygiene as a science includes several disciplines, such as personal hygiene, food hygiene, occupational health, tempering hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, etc.
It is necessary to distinguish between the terms "hygiene" and "sanitary".
Hygiene is a science, and sanitation is a set of practical measures aimed at implementing hygiene requirements. That is, hygiene is the theoretical basis of sanitation.
People have always instinctively sought to preserve their lives and health. Therefore, they constantly accumulated experience and skills in protecting personal and then collective health. Archaeological excavations carried out in various parts of the globe indicate that already in ancient times people owned elementary rules for maintaining health.
Much attention at that time was paid to nutrition, personal hygiene, home improvement, etc.
Human health and the quality of life can be restored and preserved only if the whole complex of measures related to hygiene in general is used.
The purpose of hygiene is the prevention of diseases, ensuring optimal conditions for the life of the body, maintaining health and prolonging human life, ensuring its high performance. Hygiene is the basis for the prevention and elimination of diseases.
Not many people know that in fact hygiene is a set of rules, laws and methods that allow the body to provide all the necessary conditions for eliminating diseases and maintaining health, and not just the sanitary standards we are used to.
Hygienists have long come to the conclusion that it is necessary to calculate special norms and standards for restoring and maintaining the health of groups of different ages, different working conditions, gender, climatic areas, etc.
The concept of hygiene and its tasks
Hygiene is a complex, versatile science covering all aspects of human life. Hygiene includes a number of sections, each
of which it covers an independent area of hygienic science and practice: food hygiene, occupational health, hygiene of children and adolescents, radiation, space hygiene, etc. Even nutritional hygiene as such has its own sections: nutritional hygiene of the elderly; nutritional hygiene of children and adolescents; food hygiene of persons exposed to harmful working conditions; nutritional hygiene of athletes, etc.
Human health and the quality of life can be restored and preserved only if the whole range of measures related to hygiene in general (hygiene internal environment organism, social hygiene, environmental hygiene). The impact on the human body in order to effectively overcome physical distress should include all elements of a complex system, each of which, applied separately, is not able to lead to the desired result.
All these measures aimed at eliminating diseases and social ill-being belong to the concept of "hygiene" and are divided into three main groups:
1. Hygiene of the internal environment of the body.
2. Social hygiene.
3. Occupational and environmental hygiene.
The main tasks of hygiene are the study of the influence of the external environment on the state of health and working capacity of people; scientific rationale and development of hygienic norms, rules and measures to improve the external environment and eliminate harmful factors; to increase the body's resistance to harmful influences in order to improve health and physical development, increase efficiency.
The goal of a person who feels discomfort (physical - diseases, social - poverty, psychological - dissatisfaction with himself and his place in society) is to eliminate the causes of this suffering. At the same time, it is impossible to get rid of any of the causes of such trouble by trying to use only one remedy or one method, one link in a holistic hygiene system. Having set the goal - to restore lost health, it is unreasonable to try to locally act on individual organs and systems with biologically active substances, not knowing about the laws of hygiene in general.
Prolonged violation of food hygiene, occupational health, environmental hygiene, social hygiene can lead (and does lead) to a variety of disorders, which are based on changes in the metabolism of organ cells associated with damage to the hygienic apparatus, insufficiency or excess of substances coming from the environment (food , air, etc.).
The complex impact of socio-hygienic, biomedical, environmental factors can lead to both an increase in the level of health and its decrease. If we talk about critical components, then, of course, the most important thing is what and how we breathe (without oxygen, our body can die in a few minutes). Then water (here the bill goes for days) and food (you can live up to 2 months without food). Work, clothing, living conditions, physical and mental activity are important.
Personal hygiene
The basis of human health is individual (personal) hygiene. A person must know and follow the rules for creating favorable conditions for the organs and systems of his body to perform their intended functions. Prolonged violation of food hygiene, occupational health, environmental health, social hygiene can lead to a variety of disorders, which are based on changes in the metabolism of organ cells associated with damage to the genetic apparatus, insufficiency or excess of substances coming from the environment.
Personal hygiene is a set of hygienic rules of human behavior at work and at home. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene contributes to the preservation and strengthening of human health.
Personal hygiene includes:
1. The correct alternation of physical and mental labor, as well as rest;
2. Physical education;
3. Proper nutrition;
4. Hardening;
5. Full sleep.
The rules of personal hygiene also include the regime of the day, work and rest, skin care, hygiene of clothes, shoes and housing.
A clearly and rationally drawn up daily routine saves a person’s strength, preserves his health, and increases life expectancy. The daily routine cannot be the same for all people, regardless of age, profession and state of health. However, there are general hygiene requirements that are the same for people of any age: the right combination of mental and physical labor, physical education, regular meals, alternation of work and rest.
In a narrow sense, personal hygiene is the hygienic maintenance of the body, clothing and household items. Violations of personal hygiene requirements can affect the health of one person, or very large groups people (groups of enterprises, families, members of various communities and even residents of entire regions).
Personal hygiene rules
Human skin protects the entire body from all kinds of environmental influences. Maintaining the cleanliness of the skin is extremely important, because in addition to the protective function, it performs the following functions: thermoregulatory, metabolic, immune, secretory, receptor, respiratory and other functions.
Wash daily with warm water. The water temperature should be 37-38 degrees, i.e. slightly above normal body temperature. Up to 300 g of fat and up to 7 liters of sweat are released through the skin of a person per week. So that the protective properties of the skin are not violated, these secretions must be washed off regularly. Otherwise, favorable conditions are created on the skin for the reproduction of pathogenic microbes, fungi and other harmful microorganisms.
· It is necessary to take water procedures (bath, shower, bath) using a washcloth at least once a week.
Keep your hands and nails clean. Exposed areas of the skin are particularly prone to contamination. Dirt containing pathogenic microbes can get from hands to mouth through food. Dysentery, for example, is called the disease of dirty hands. Hands should be washed before going to the toilet and always after the toilet, before eating and after eating, after contact with animals (both street and domestic). If you are on the road, then you need to wipe your hands with a damp cloth to eliminate at least some of the germs.
Feet should be washed every day with cool water and soap. Cold water reduces perspiration.
Hair hygiene. Proper care of the scalp and hair normalizes the activity of the sebaceous glands, and also improves blood circulation and metabolic processes. Therefore, the procedure for washing the head must be treated responsibly.
The head must be washed as it gets dirty. It is impossible to say the exact number of times. How often you wash your hair depends on various factors: hair length, type of hair and scalp, nature of work, season, etc. In winter, as a rule, the head is washed more often, because the headdress does not allow the scalp to breathe, which is why sebum is released much more than usual.
Do not wash your hair with hot water. Hair can become very greasy, as hot water activates the sebaceous glands. In addition, this water helps detergents (soaps and shampoos) settle on the hair in the form of a gray coating that is difficult to wash off.
· Carefully choose hair care products (shampoos, balms, lotions, etc.). Hair absorbs water very well, and with it substances that can harm the hair, scalp and body as a whole.
· After rinsing, it is useful to douse the hair with cool water.
Dry your head after washing, preferably with a warm towel, and then let your hair dry in the air. It is undesirable to use a hair dryer, as it dries the hair very much.
· When combing hair, it is unacceptable to use other people's combs.
Oral hygiene. Proper care of the oral cavity helps to keep the teeth in good condition for many years, and also helps to prevent many diseases of the internal organs.
· Brush your teeth daily in the morning and evening.
· Do not use another person's toothbrush.
Be sure to rinse your mouth after eating.
· At the first signs of tooth or gum disease, contact your dentist immediately.
· Visit your dentist at least twice a year for routine check-ups.
Hygiene of underwear and clothing and footwear. An important role in personal hygiene is the cleanliness of our clothes. Clothing protects the human body from pollution, mechanical and chemical damage, cooling, insect ingress, and so on.
· Underwear must be changed after each wash, i.е. everyday.
· Socks, socks, stockings, tights are changed daily.
· Clothes should be washed regularly.
It is unacceptable to wear someone else's clothes and shoes
· Clothing and footwear must be suitable for climatic conditions.
It is advisable to give preference to clothing made from natural fabrics, and shoes made from natural materials.
The cut of clothes and shoes should take into account the anatomical features and correspond to the size of the person.
Recreational hygiene
Reasonable use of rest time at the end of the working day and at the end of the working week is a prerequisite for restoring strength and maintaining high labor productivity. At the same time, physical culture, sports, various games on the ground play an important role. outdoors, air and solar baths. These activities and procedures harden the body, increase metabolism, develop and strengthen muscles, tone the heart and blood vessels.