Approaches to the study of linguistic personality. On the concept of linguistic personality in modern linguistics
Language is a sociocultural phenomenon that a person forms in the course of his life. At present, linguistics and sociolinguistics are dominated by the concept of “irreducibility” of the phenomenon of language to its codified version. As a result, the problems of the functioning of those forms of language that are considered "stylistically reduced" are being studied more actively - these are colloquial, slang, slang language means. The language of the blogosphere can also be attributed to such forms of language.
Linguists consider the most important problem of determining what specifically opens up the ability for mutual understanding in people, how the base of methods and techniques necessary in the process of solving this problem is accumulated. These facts led to the fact that the concept of slang, in particular the language of the blogosphere, belongs to the field of applied linguistics.
R. O. Yakobson reasonably argued that linguistics needs to explore language processes from all sides: modern, ancient, dead. Modern Internet- a fertile field for the study of language processes, since virtual world- this is a real "melting pot", in which the continuous development of the language and its transformation takes place. That is why modern linguistic research so often includes an analysis of the language of the blogosphere.
First of all, this is due to the unified direction of linguistics of our time, the essence of which is to explore the language and its result - speech, together with another object of study - the linguistic personality. Thus, when studying the problem of Internet slang, linguists not only consider the linguistic features of this type of jargon, but also reveal the features of the process of forming a native speaker.
In addition, in the course of studying the language of the blogosphere, it is possible to trace the processes of word formation and vocabulary changes, to study the processes of language development from the point of view of dynamics.
Speech is a super-complex multi-level complex, the main function of which is to establish relations between people and communities, and, with its more developed manifestation, the creation of culture and society as a whole.
The most necessary directions of the speech process: Subject-content;
actual; Emotional.
The listed aspects of speech have different values. Thus, they form a system with a certain hierarchy.
Most highest level belongs to the subject-content direction, which, as a rule, is called a message. In any individual communication process, several of the above directions are involved at once, but only one of them is considered dominant. Based on the observations, we can conclude that the communication process is motivated by the need to exchange messages between people. This motivation is considered the foundation of a formed and actively functioning speech process30.
Emotional and factual directions, on the contrary, can only be inside the speech process, moreover, for different reasons. The emotional direction is formed only by the subject of the message, or by an emotionally evaluating basis, in this case this direction becomes the carrier of direct verbal reflection31.
The concept of "linguistic personality" is linguistic term. Firstly, it is a characteristic of a native speaker based on the analysis of the texts he created in terms of how exactly he used the system tools of the language to represent his perception of the world around him and solve any problems. Secondly, "linguistic personality" is a way of describing the language ability of a person, information about a person, represented by his written text.
Modern anthropocentric linguistics puts this concept at the center of its activities. "Linguistic personality" is a person in speech dynamics, in his ability to perform speech acts.
The term "linguistic personality" was introduced into linguistics by V. V. Vinogradov.
Developing such concepts as "the image of the author" and "artistic image", the scientist investigated the relationship between the "linguistic personality", the artistic image and the image of the author in a work of art. The first description of a specific linguistic personality was also made by V. V. Vinogradov (chapter "Experiments in rhetorical analysis" in the collection "On the Language of Fiction").
An analysis of the functional features of an "uncodified" language is usually carried out from the point of view of the socio-linguistic features of the language subsystem under consideration, in our case, the slang of the domestic blogosphere.
The main socio-linguistic feature of the language of the blogosphere is its belonging to the so-called "network" culture. This culture is essentially a subculture, that is, relatively independent part universal culture.
The concept of subculture is used by such sciences as sociology, anthropology and cultural studies. The content of this concept lies in the designation of a closed community or social group, which differs from the prevailing majority in such aspects as behavior, manners, appearance, clothing, value system, language. Therefore, it is natural that bloggers, as representatives of the subcultural environment, have their own language.
Many forums on the Internet where bloggers communicate have one thing in common: they all abound in specific, “jargon” words and expressions. Strange words and definitions, anglicisms, neologisms, incomprehensible abbreviations and abbreviations - all this is a characteristic feature of the blogosphere: "epicfail", "cap", "bgg", "LOL", "PPKS" - all these phrases denote different degrees of emotional attitude of bloggers to commented topic.
Actually, there is nothing exceptional in this - any Internet community, and even any community of interest, as a rule, has its own slang words that belong exclusively to them. But, as a rule, slang words and phrases are used only and exclusively in a “special” environment.
But this cannot be said about the language of the blogosphere - active Internet users of all ages use it not only in their forums and among like-minded people, but also use it in Everyday life, often causing irritation among other participants in communication, those who are "off topic".
The modern period is characterized by certain features in the cultural and educational sphere: the expansion educational space, direct links between Russian and Western cultures, the desire for self-realization. Thanks to all these circumstances, bloggers have every opportunity to create and update lexical units related to English language, information technology, financial and economic activities, etc.
In modern social groups, we can observe the phenomenon of a mobile system, which includes a variety of subcultural formations (professional, territorial, status, etc.), and each has its own specific vocabulary, its own slang.
A characteristic feature of modern subcultures is their openness. Now, as a rule, it is natural for any modern, educated person to belong to several subcultural communities at once - for example, a blogger, a computer engineer, former student, car enthusiast, hockey fan, etc. At the same time, everyone who once blogged on social networks remembers and understands the jargon of bloggers.
The virtual linguistic personality of the blog discourse subject includes a real linguistic personality and has special communicative competencies that ensure communication in a virtual environment - it realizes itself in a virtual discourse, forming a new dynamic image with a high degree of freedom. The behavior of a virtual linguistic personality is characterized by polyidentity, and the structure of its self-presentation includes such components as self-characterization and influence.
A linguistic personality in the process of communication faces the problems of self-identification. On the one hand, this is due to the contradiction between the globalization of society, when each participant in the communicative situation is interchangeable and becomes an average representative of the masses, and on the other hand, a surge of individualism, the desire to preserve identity, individualization of the personal principle, increased attention to one's own "I".
The identity of a linguistic personality is a key element of subjective reality, formed social processes and supported by social relationships.
One of the clear and systematic ideas about the structure of a linguistic personality was given by Yu.N. Karaulov: He distinguishes three levels at which the linguistic personality is considered:
On the verbal-semantic; On the cognitive; On motivational.
The verbal-semantic level is the consideration of words and their meanings. Cognitive level- consideration of concepts. At the highest, motivational level, the question of the purpose for which the author of the text uses words and concepts, about main idea text.
Such an idea of the structure of a linguistic personality and the methods of linguistic analysis is no longer purely linguistic, but is at the intersection of psychology and linguistics.
Worldview is a purely philosophical concept, but it can also be considered from a linguistic point of view, as a feature of a linguistic personality, characterized by a combination of its cognitive and pragmatic levels. The values of a person, his picture of the world, interact with the motives of behavior and are manifested in the text produced by the personality.
According to the definition of Yu.N. Karaulov, a linguistic personality is “a set of human abilities and characteristics that determine the creation and perception of speech works (texts) by him, which differ:
- a) the degree of structural and linguistic complexity,
- b) the depth and accuracy of the reflection of reality, c) a certain target orientation.
So the features of a person's worldview manifest themselves in the features of the text generated by him.
The interpretation of a linguistic personality is not only a linguistic aspect of the psychology of a personality as a whole, but a full-fledged representation of a personality that includes all aspects - from the mental and social to other components reflected in the linguistic discourse.
The realization of the linguistic personality of a blogger, as a virtual personality, takes place in the conditions of virtual communication.
In a virtual communicative environment, the identification of a blogger implies the separation of his external and internal "I". The linguistic personality of a blogger on the Internet is an alienated representation of his real personality. Virtual images of subjects imply a change in social categorization, national-cultural, age, socio-economic and even gender characteristics. The most striking illustration of this situation is the history of the Internet meme "Crimean woman, daughter of an officer." The history of this meme is as follows: on March 9, 2014, during a discussion of a YouTube video on “Ukrainian” topics, a user under the pseudonym “Dmitry Kakegotam” left a comment written in the feminine gender: “Believe me !!! I myself am a Crimean, I have been living here for 50 years. Officer's daughter. Just believe me - not everything is so simple with us ... Nobody wants a separation!!!”
The expression "Crimean woman, daughter of an officer" has become a meme and a source for various jokes and parodies addressed to pro-Western and pro-Ukrainian commentators.
The behavior of a person in a virtual environment is built according to certain strategies that are implemented at the verbal-semantic, cognitive and motivational levels.
Basically, four types of communication strategies are used: informational; regulatory-influencing; emotive; interpretive.
The information communication strategy of blogging is based on the presentation of facts and the transmission of knowledge of the blog author and his readers. Therefore, dialogue with such a strategy implies the transfer of factual information. To implement an information-reasoned strategy in journalistic blogs, the following forms are used: news, message, announcement, announcement, instruction. Distinctive feature this type of records is the information provided without e? comments by the author. As a rule, this type of strategy prevails in the blogs of journalists who do not have personal entries, or in hybrid blogs (a media representative maintains a personal blog containing signs of a corporate one).
The main goal of the regulatory-influencing strategy is to cause the desired changes in the environment. This happens through the impact of various information on the consciousness of subscribers.
The main goal in the implementation of the emotive strategy is to express one's feelings, emotions, assessments, communicative intentions, preferences, moods in relation to the speech manifestations of the addressee and the communicative situation as a whole. Under the interpretive strategy is meant a certain interpretation of events, statements about the event, analysis, interpretation of facts, expression of opinion, judgments. In other words, the interpretive communicative strategy allows not only reflecting the events of the surrounding reality, but also interpreting them in accordance with the author's value system.
Dominant in blogs is an interpretive communication strategy. However, as a rule, communication strategies are rarely presented in their pure form. In the blogosphere, several strategies are being used at the same time. Therefore, after interpreting, an emotive strategy is most often used, which allows adding additional expression and emotionality to the text, which is of particular importance in blogs, where subjectivity plays a large role. Information and regulatory-influencing strategies are used less frequently.
UDC 811 BBK 81.2
Kyshtymova Tatyana Viktorovna
Candidate of Philology Sciences Department of the Russian Language Shadrinsky State pedagogical institute Shadrinsk Kyshtymova Tatyana Viktorovna candidate of philological sciences Department of Russian language Shadrinsk State Pedagogical Institute Shadrinsk [email protected] The concept of "language personality" in modern linguistics Concept "language personality" of modern linguistics different approaches linguists to the concept and problems of the linguistic personality, the directions in the study of this phenomenon are investigated, the components included in it are analyzed.
In article various approaches of linguists to concept and a perspective of the language personality are considered, the directions in studying of this phenomenon are investigating, components entering it are analyzed.
Key words: linguistic personality, speech activity, linguistics, language, epistolary genre.
Key words: language personality, speech activity, linguistics, language, epistolary genre.
One of the characteristic trends of the modern stage of the development of linguistics is the detailed development of the problem human factor in speech activity. The appeal of linguists to anthropocentrism is due to the recognition of the leading role of man in the processes of generating and using speech. In the new linguistic paradigm, the linguistic personality comes to the fore. It is the object of study where the interests of linguists, culturologists, sociologists, and philosophers collide. In terms of philosophy
- “personality is a common and scientific term. The psychological aspect is associated with the study of mental properties. “Personality is a person taken in a system of such psychological characteristics who are socially
are conditioned, determine his moral actions. The main subject of analysis in sociology is the study of personality in various social systems.
In linguistics, the term "linguistic personality" was first used by V. V. Vinogradov, although ideas about the individual nature of language proficiency originated in the 18th - 19th centuries. in the works of W. Von Humboldt and I.G. Gerder, then developed in the works of L. Weisgerber, I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, K. Vossler, and others. In Russian linguistics, these are the works of G.I. Bogina, S.G. Vorkachev, V.I. Karasika, Yu.N. Karaulova, K.F. Sedova and others.
Currently, there are several directions in the study of the phenomenon of linguistic personality, and, consequently, its various definitions, which include different aspects of the analysis of linguistic personality. On the present stage active research is being carried out on the problem of linguistic personality (A.B. Bushev, M.V. Dedyukova, M.F. Masgutova, etc.). The introduction of the concept of "linguistic personality" into linguistic everyday life opens up prospects for studying the language as a form and way of human life, and allows comprehending knowledge about the language.
According to S.G. Vorkachev, the concept of "linguistic personality" is formed by the projection into the field of linguistics of the corresponding interdisciplinary term, in the meaning of which philosophical, sociological and psychological views on a socially significant set of physical and spiritual properties of a person are refracted.
Interest in the phenomenon of linguistic personality in Russian linguistics was initially associated with the study of literary and artistic discourse - the characteristics of author's idiostyles and speech characteristic character as a personality type. Another direction was the consideration of the “speaking person” in terms of the formation of his linguistic competence, manifested in different types speech activity.
In modern linguistics, the problem of linguistic personality is developed mainly in three directions: structural, communicative and strategic. The concept of a linguistic personality was actively developed by G.I. Bogin, he created a model of personality in which a person is considered from the point of view of his "readiness to perform speech actions, create and accept works of speech" . This model emphasizes the speech activity aspect of a linguistic personality. Assessing the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed model, Yu.E. Prokhorov notes that this model takes into account “the level of language structure, the level of language proficiency and the levels of types of speech activity. However, this model does not consider the very structure of communication, the features of its organization and manifestations in a certain cultural and linguistic community.
Yu.N. Karaulov. According to his definition, a linguistic personality is a person who has the ability to create and perceive texts that differ in: “the degree of structural and linguistic complexity; depth and accuracy of reflection of reality; certain target orientation. In this definition, the abilities of a person are combined with the characteristics of the generated texts. This model includes three structural levels. The first one is “verbal-semantic, assuming normal knowledge of natural language for a native speaker.... The second level is “cognitive, the units of which are concepts, ideas, concepts that form an ordered “picture of the world” for each language individual.” The third, pragmatic, is the identification and characterization of the motives and goals that drive the development of a linguistic personality. The interaction of levels forms the "communicative space of the personality".
According to Yu.E. Prokhorov, communicative space is "a set of spheres of verbal communication in which a certain linguistic personality can realize the necessary needs."
In terms of the development of the theory of linguistic personality, the idea that in real speech activity a linguistic personality appears as a paradigm of speech personalities, is a generalized, typified invariant of its constituent parameters, while a speech personality is a personality "in real communication" is productive. IN AND. Karasik notes that “the basic national-cultural prototype of a native speaker” can act as an invariant of a linguistic personality. The language of word artists, writers, the vocabulary of their works do not fully reflect their linguistic competence. In the paradigm of speech personalities, a communicative personality is distinguished, defined as "a set of features of the verbal behavior of a person using language as a means of communication". E.Yu. Prokhorov believes that this definition applicable to the characterization of a communicative personality”. The concept of a three-level structure of a linguistic personality, according to Yu. N. Karaulov, in a certain way correlates with three types of communication needs - contact-establishing, informational and influencing. The level model of a linguistic personality reflects a generalized personality type. Language personality is a multi-layered and multi-component paradigm of speech personalities. At the same time, a speech personality is a linguistic personality in the paradigm of real communication, in activity. The content of a linguistic personality includes value, worldview components. Language provides an initial and profound view of the world; cultural component, i.e. the level of mastery of culture as an effective means of increasing interest in the language; personal component, i.e. that individual, deep, that is in every person. A specific linguistic personality “is characterized by a certain stock of words that have a rank of frequency of use. Lexicon and manner of speaking may indicate belonging to a particular society.
The characteristic units of language and speech that make up the content of the concept of a linguistic personality, according to the point of view of T.V. Matveeva, are folded into three types. The first, verbal-grammatical type, includes the active use words, phrases and syntactic constructions. The second, cognitive type, is formed by concepts, ideas, concepts that form a picture of the world in the creation of a given personality. The third, pragmatic type, includes the possession of the laws of communication in different communicative situations.
A linguistic personality exists in the space of culture, reflected in the language, in the forms of social consciousness at different levels (scientific, everyday, etc.), in behavioral stereotypes and norms, in objects of material culture, etc. . V.V. Krasnykh singles out the following components in a linguistic personality: a) a speaking person, one of the activities of which is speech activity; b) a linguistic personality proper - a personality manifesting itself in speech activity; c) a speech personality is a person who realizes himself in communication, choosing the strategy and tactics of communication; d) communicative personality - a specific participant in a communicative act. The strategic direction of the study of the linguistic personality refers to the speech-thinking mechanisms for the implementation of the individual's linguistic ability, which manifests itself in the identification of the stimulus word.
At present, there is a rather heterogeneous typology of linguistic personalities, singled out by each researcher in accordance with the chosen basis for its characteristics: polylect (“multi-human”) and idiolect (“particularly human”) personalities (V.P. Neroznak); ethnosemantic personality (S.G. Vorkachev); dialect linguistic personality (V.N. Lyutikova); elitist linguistic personality (O.B. Sirotinina, T.V. Kochetkova); Russian language personality (Yu.N. Karaulov); linguistic and speech personality (Yu.E. Prokhorov, L.P. Klobukova); dictionary language personality (V.I. Karasik); emotional
linguistic personality (V.I. Shakhovsky); types of personalities homo ludens (T.A. Gridina), etc.
Thus, the linguistic personality, in our opinion, is a complex phenomenon that incorporates socially filtered and individual knowledge of the language and possession of it. Despite the active study of the phenomenon of linguistic personality by modern linguistics, not all of its components are characterized in their entirety of their functional representation. In particular, the area of interaction between the artistic manner (idiostyle) of the writer and his discursive practices outside the sphere of artistic creativity(for example, in epistolary style, diary entries, etc.). The study of the language of an individual author implies, of course, the coverage of texts of various genres and various means of creating artistic images. Among the genres that have universal possibilities in this regard, belongs to the epistolary.
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Anthropocentrism marks the tendency to put the human being at the forefront of all theoretical presuppositions. scientific research and determines its specific perspective (Kubryakova 1995: 212). One of the specific manifestations of anthropocentrism can be considered the emergence of the category YL (Karaulov, 1987).
The introduction into the research paradigm of the subjects of textual activity, the speaker or writer (author) and the listener or reader (recipient), - a postulate that unites all pragmatic developments - contributed to the movement of the interests of linguists from the taxonomy of linguistic units to the area of functional characteristics of language and textual activity, that is, to the field of language learning in action. Subjectivity, being one of the fundamental properties of a natural language, is expressed in the purpose of its units to realize the subjectivity of text activity and text (Baranov, 1993: 7-8).
The arguments motivating the viability of this category (its cognitive value) are two properties of its internal semantic structure: (1) the ability to metamorphose, to reconcile extremes, and (2) a hybrid character (i.e., the synthesis of psychological and linguistic knowledge (Lapon, 1995). : 260-261)). The very fact of the emergence of dual disciplines (anthropolinguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmalinguistics, communicative linguistics, etc.) means that, on the one hand, linguistics is expected to clarify the issues of anthropology, psychology, sociology, but, on the other hand, beyond recourse to it is impossible for these sciences to describe some of the relevant properties of language. Attempts to more and more deeply comprehend the phenomenon of LP have led to the emergence of new research areas - psychiatric literary criticism, within which writers are divided into types in accordance with the worldview that is expressed in their works (Belyanin, 1996); semiosociopsychology, which focuses on sign communication as an exchange of textually organized semantic information (Dridze, 1996); biolinguistics - a systemic-analytical semiological field of study of speech, mental and mnemonic capabilities and abilities of a person, with their simultaneous philosophical coverage (Nechiporenko, 1996); linguistic personology, which is formed on the philosophical concepts of personology, personalism and the theory of YL (Neroznak, 1996); speech science as a special area of speech research in all its diversity of communicative and sociocultural manifestations (Shmeleva, 1996); contact linguistics (Shamne, 1997).
An interesting fact is that the formation of the cognitive approach includes psycholinguistics in the circle of studies related to the establishment of the nature and types of knowledge involved in the use of language, problems of linguistic consciousness and IL, worldview, etc. (Zalevskaya, 1998: 81-94).
The opinion that for any phenomenon of language its psychological source must be found, that the classification of language means should proceed from their mental substrates, the derivation of observable linguistic data from the fact that the language was created "by the measure" of a person - this opinion was expressed in the world and national linguistics repeatedly (Vezhbitskaya, 1997; Vinokur, 1993; Humboldt, 1985; Dyunfort, 1997; LES, 1990; Puzyrev, 1995; Vossler, 1966; Shakhovsky, 1987, 1998; Cheif, 1975, etc.). language like ideal system, which serves as one of the ways of storing information and expressing the self-consciousness of the individual, makes it possible for its linguistic cognition. Turning to language is considered today as the easiest access to consciousness, primarily because all explanations about any objects appear to a person in the form of their verbalized description (Kubryakova, 1992: 11).
The antinomy of “language in a person” and “language outside a person” - language as an individual phenomenon and language as a social phenomenon (Humboldt) - within the framework of the anthropological paradigm, manifests itself in the conditional allocation of LP and speech personality. In this case, the “linguistic personality” reflects the approach to language as a holistic, potential sign system, the “speech / speaking personality” is embodied in an individual who actualizes an abstract language system in the process of textual activity. Note that the term YL is more universal in use as a dialectical combination of the collective / general (language-system) and the individual / individual (language-speech).
Within the new discipline - linguistic personology, according to V.P. , speech personality as a member of a certain society. The basis for the selection of a speech, idiolect personality is the study of a person as a carrier of speech. The term YL is used to describe generalized characteristics that unite groups of people by age, education, professional attribute (YL of a writer, doctor, scientist), according to the type of speech culture, the carrier of which it is: , colloquial, slang, folk speech types (Sirotinina, 1998: 3; Kochetkova, 1999). So, for example, M.M. Bakhtin used 2 variants of the “speech subject”: 1. As a kind of “author”, a collective carrier (people, nation, profession, social group etc.) obtained by transforming languages, dialects, linguistic (functional) styles into “worldviews (or some linguistic or speech attitudes), into “points of view”, into “social voices”, etc., produced by the artist , creating typical or characteristic statements of typical characters (Bakhtin, 1997: 329) and 2) as a real speaker, a real author of a specific statement (Bakhtin, 1997: 333-334).
Taking into account the symbolic mediation of human consciousness, A.G. Baranov proposes the concept of a semiological personality, which, as an umbrella term, includes both linguistic and speaking personalities. The latter are in a relationship of complementarity and reflect different approaches to the definition of the functions of the language: based on the language as an integral sign system, or - from the act of communication.
LP as an object of linguoculturology, determined by the organization of its own cultural space, allows nominations of the following order: Russian LP (Karaulov, 1988), LP of Western and Eastern linguocultures (Snitko, 1998: 88-89), ethnosemantic personality, that is, the basic national language fixed in the lexical system - cultural prototype of a native speaker of a certain language, which is a timeless and invariant part of the structure of a speech personality (Vorkachev, 1996: 16-17); dictionary personality modeled on the basis of dictionary data (Karasik, 1994); modal personalities embodying types national character, for example, an English aristocrat, a Russian intellectual, a German philosopher (Pivovarov, cited in Karasik, 1996: 5); a polylectic (multi-human) YL, personifying a common language, the history of which can be represented as a change of linguistic states (individuations) (Neroznak, 1996: 113).
The most common cultural and historical types of LP as an object of philology are the poet and the rhetorician, distinguished in accordance with the types of literature - poetry and prose (Romanenko, 1995: 25-26).
Linguistic personology (Neroznak, 1996) identifies two main types of LP in relation to a particular human LP: 1) standard LP, reflecting the average literary processed norm of the language and 2) non-standard LP, which deviates from the established language samples - the “tops” and “bottoms” of the culture of the language (Neroznak, 1996: 114). To the "tops" language culture can be attributed primarily to writers, masters artistic speech who create texts of culture, elite YL (Sirotinina, 1998).
In science, there is an opinion that the study of not only the language, but also the psyche of an average person (“anthropology of averageness”) does not provide any key to understanding individuality (Remneva, Komlev 1997: 53). The richer the individual, the more with great difficulty it falls within the classification framework. No single dimension exhausts the personality, especially if we are talking about an extraordinary person, an “aesthetic person”, a “charismatic personality”, i.e. a morally charming person who attracts others, whether in everyday life, art or politics (Stepanov, 1997: 590). It is in speech that “the antinomy of uniqueness and stereotype is most clearly manifested, which underlies the differences between the actual communicative role of the speaker and the communicative one, but having an aesthetic additive” (Vinokur, 1993: 53).
Note that for the theory of literary communication, it was essential to discover a certain parallelism between the properties of a literary text (hereinafter referred to as CT) and the speech act in general. The language of artistic prose differs from the spoken language primarily in the communicative situation in which a message is transmitted from one subject to another. According to M.M. Bakhtin, the emergence of all literary conditional characters of authors, narrators and addressees is due to the fact that the secondary genres of complex cultural communication (novels, dramas, scientific research of all kinds, etc.), as a rule, are games play various forms of primary verbal communication. But the most complex and multi-component work of the secondary genre as a whole is a single real statement that has a real author and addressees really represented by this author (Bakhtin, 1997: 204).
E.V. Paducheva believes that the narrative is characterized by an inferior communicative situation, in which the Speaker and the Listener are replaced respectively by the Narrator and the Reader (Address) (Paducheva, 1995: 41-42). Note that the usefulness and adequacy of communication, communicative success depend not only on the type of communication, but also on communicative competence participants in communication, the basic components of which, according to D.I. Izarenkov, are considered to be linguistic, subject and pragmatic competences (Izarenkov, 1990: 20). A.G. Baranov considers cognitive competence to be the leading one, in which others appear as variants (Baranov, 1997), for example, “literary or poetic competence” (Korte, 1991: 14). The inferiority of the “non-canonical communicative situation” is thus compensated for by the cognitive competence of the writer. This idea can be illustrated by the following statement by V. Dilthey: “... From all sides one hears that there is more psychology hidden in Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth than in all psychology textbooks taken together” (Dilthey, 1996: 29). It is no coincidence that one of the functions fiction- naming of human emotions, it can be defined as a depository of names of emotions and emotional situations (Shakhovsky, 1998: 82). It is in this property of fiction that its eternal value lies.
The approach to the consideration of LP from linguodidactic positions, abstracting from mental mechanisms, allows us to consider LP as a native speaker, and not a carrier of the mechanisms of speech acts (Bogin, 1984). G.I. Bogin distinguishes the levels of development of SL (the level of correctness, the level of internalization, the level of saturation, the level of adequate choice and the level of adequate synthesis), which make it possible to build a list of its readiness for speech activity.
In the world science of language, the concept of YL is associated primarily with the name of Y.L. Weisgerber, who gives his understanding of a person’s linguistic ability as the ability to retain life impressions in the widest possible volume with the help of signs, process them, correlate them with others, and thus gradually acquire general idea about these phenomena, to own the world, being distracted from private impressions. The application and impact of this linguistic ability is further revealed in the form of thinking and speaking taking place in a linguistic form, an action based on linguistic reflection (Weisgerber, 1993: 121).
In the domestic science of language, the category of LP as a set of "human abilities and characteristics that determine the creation of speech works (texts)" was filled with special theoretical content, primarily thanks to the works of Yu.N. Karaulov (Karaulov, 1987). Yu.N. Karaulov clarifies the well-known thesis of F. de Saussure that a language system is hidden behind each text and offers a different interpretation of this well-known postulate: "Behind each text there is a linguistic personality who owns the language system.") able to create and perceive speech works (texts) that differ "a) in the degree of structural and linguistic complexity, b) in the depth and accuracy of reflection of reality, c) in a certain target orientation (Karaulov, 1989: 3).
This approach to PL is dictated by a special set of research heuristics. The focus is not on meaning as such, but on “the meaning of the speaker” and “the meaning of the listener”. Depending on the purpose of the study, the structure of the LP can be considered in two aspects. From the point of view of the proper linguistic, which can be characterized as a point of view predominantly ascertaining, calculating and classifying, YL, as shown by Yu.N.
From a pragmastylistic point of view, which can be characterized as a predominantly interpretive point of view, aimed at interpreting the data obtained in the course of linguistic analysis, LP is the sum of hierarchically organized “aspects of the Self”, namely: the aspect of “physico-biological”, social, emotional , cognitive (“intellectual”), axiological (“value-need”), ethical, aesthetic and others (Suran, 1994: 2). There is also a bibliopsychological point of view put forward by N.A. Rubakin, according to which in the study of book business it is necessary to follow this path: “through the study of reading and the reader to the study of works of the word, and only after that to the study of authors” (Rubakin, cited in: Belyanin, 1988: 37).
The concept of YAL is exploited in a variety of ways. It effectively "works" in a certain system of concepts, and outside of it the explanatory power is reduced. Note that the study of thinking and speaking, taking place in a linguistic form, is impossible without the concepts of language / speech ability, which is understood as the area of virtual elements (Bally), something like potential knowledge (Chomsky), a psychophysiological mechanism that ensures mastery and command of the language (Leontiev) , the generality of language endowments (Vossler).
In our opinion, the concept of language ability, by which A.M. Shakhnarovich understands a certain system of elements (phonetic, lexical, grammatical and semantic components) and the rules for their implementation, has greater explanatory power in the range of problems of speech activity. Language ability is a dynamic formation, a mechanism that ensures the use of "psychological tools". The very process of using these tools, the cultural rules for their choice and situational organization are outside the proper linguistic ability. They belong to the communicative competence, which, together with the language ability, constitutes the LL (Shakhnarovich, 1995: 213, 214, 223).
From the point of view of a holistic-systemic substrate approach (A.V. Puzyrev), which provides for the division of the internal structure of the LP into personality 1) mental (thinking), 2) linguistic (speaking a certain language), 3) speech (speaking) and 4) communicative ( communicating), let us present our understanding of the author's IL artwork in four guises: 1 - a person as the owner of not only verbal-logical, but also figurative thinking, which is characterized by unintentionality and emotional richness; representative of a certain mentality; 2 - a person who knows the language, which is the unity of language as an abstract language system and language as an activity; 3 - a person whose individuality and uniqueness is manifested in artistic text(as an utterance), which is an actualized selection of language means; 4 - a person with a high potential of cognitive competence; leading the eternal dialogue in the understanding of M.M. Bakhtin, which takes place between the author of the work and the hero, between the author, the reader and the addressee.
Creating a work of art, YAL, due to the specifics of its activity, is forced to play a lot of social roles and can be represented as “the sum of social roles played by a given member of society” (Maslova, 1997: 94). In addition, in a literary speech act one can always notice the author's desire not only to impose his thesaurus on the reader, i.e. to give a certain amount of information about the world, but to inspire him with those value orientations that he, the sender of speech, the artist, the creator, the individual and the member of society, considers important for other people and, thereby, for himself.
Thus, the introduction of the category “linguistic personality” has set before linguistics, along with traditional and non-trivial tasks: the goals, motives and tasks of human speech activity are part of the proper linguistic research. LL is characterized not only by the degree of language proficiency, but also by the choice - social, personal - of language means of various levels, as well as by the vision of the world, determined by its language picture. The antinomy “language-speech” turns out to be devoid of its inherent antagonism. With a sufficiently developed invariant of the structural representation of this category (see the works by Yu.N. approaches and aspects are practically inexhaustible and always relevant.
In accordance with the objectives of our study, we defined the author's creative LP as a subject with a language ability, which, together with cognitive competence and, refracted through the prism of (creative) aesthetic textual activity, allows him to create works of art (texts).
In the next paragraph, we will discuss the relationship between the concepts of "YL" and "author".
language situation.
Quantitative and qualitative parameters.
2) The number of speakers of each of the idioms - the demographic power of idioms.
The communicative power of idioms - in which communicative areas this or that idiom is used.
Failures can occur in public communication without state control. Language has always been seen as essential tool formation of people's consciousness, Wed-in unity of the nation. Therefore, linguistics is faced with the task of formulating the content of the concept of "language policy" for the various branches of government. This involves the development of certain ideological principles, but also specific practical actions that are carried out by the state, which determine the functioning, development, and interaction of various languages. All this is included in the concept of language policy. Those. language policy is part of the state policy. Language policy priorities depend both on the language situation in the country and on political goals. This process was most active in the era of the formation of the nation. When the feudal system began to move to the capitalist. Various national academies appear. The task was to create norms national languages, writing grammars, dictionaries, because it was necessary to overcome dialectal differences, create on the basis of one dialect or, as a result of the concentration of several, create national literary languages. In this era, a policy is being pursued to limit the scope of the use of languages of national minorities, i.e. the state sought to strengthen the position of one language, chosen as the state language. Later, a counter-tendency to maintain linguistic pluralism also develops. In modern linguistics, two directions can be distinguished:
1) Perspective - language building and language planning
2) Retrospective - the preservation and familiarization of the masses of the population with the formed norms and rules, the dissemination of this knowledge, norms to the masses.
When promising direction language policy, tasks are solved that would provide favorable conditions for the normal functioning, development of various languages spoken by the population of a given state. The law on language becomes the main instrument in this matter. The development of the language law is carried out by people from different fields of activity: politicians, lawyers, linguists. Lawyers establish to what extent the wording about the language does not contradict the constitution, status state language etc. but without linguists it is impossible to solve the question of language.
In Soviet times, language building was conceived as the creation of writing for non-written languages + the creation literary languages based on these languages. It was necessary to maintain the status of literary languages, i.e. encourage the creation of works. Funds were invested in the publication of newspapers, magazines in these small languages.
Retrospective:
A culture of speech:
correctness, richness, purity, accuracy.
1) Correctness means compliance with the norms of the literary language.
2) Wealth - a variety of media that an individual uses in his speech. Purity is understood as the absence of non-literary units, non-normative language units in speech.
3) Accuracy - the use of language terms according to their language definitions.
4) Consistency implies the observance of logical connections between separate parts one sentence and different sentences of the same text.
5) Expressiveness - the ability to attract and hold the attention of the interlocutor to the message.
6) Relevance - the correspondence of speech to the goals and objectives of communication.
7) Persuasiveness - the ability to inspire confidence in the interlocutor.
8) Accessibility - easy perception of speech by the interlocutor
The problem of communication between different dialect communities is solved, for example, thanks to Koine. If we are talking about different languages, then a pidgin with a simplified grammar and limited to a specific area of \u200b\u200bthematics is used. There are two pidgins in Russia: on the border with China - Manmachinsky, the second - the result of the contact of the Pomors (Barents Sea) with the Norwegians - Rosenorsk.
There are 50 pidgins in the world.
Artificial languages go back to Descartes. They are divided into two types: a priori and a posteriori. A priori languages are not based on any natural languages. 1879 - Volapyuk (Schleicher).
Semi-linguistic - when native language not fully and foreign not fully. Surzhik \ trosyanka.
Gender linguistics
Acoustic differences - the pitch of men and women is different. The pattern of the voice melody is more varied. Vocabulary women are less rich, diverse, women are more likely to use modal and evaluative words, and men are more likely to turn to profanity. Differences in syntax, men use more confusing syntax and women use linear syntax. Discursive differences: women are more likely to have phatic speech acts, i.e. maintaining a comfortable situation. Men are more task-oriented, as a rule, they use the practice of imposing their opinions, positions, strive to dominate in communication, use the tactics of communicative rivalry. Women are characterized by tactics of communicative cooperation. Thematically, the speech of men is different. About work, politics, women, taxes, health. Women: family, children, everyday worries. And at the morphological level there are differences. Women love diminutive suffixes, and so on.
Feminist criticism of language - language as a whole is androcentric, created by men, reflects masculine values, and everything feminine is a deviation, alien.
In many languages, there is an identification of the concepts of man and man, that is, one word to express these concepts. Many words for women are derived from masculine words (ticket girl, etc.), and they contain a certain element of pejorativeness, disdain.
When we talk about a group of people on a professional basis, where people of both sexes are present, then the generalized name of the profession will be masculine.
From the point of view of masculinity and femininity, languages as a whole are characterized. Those. peoples as a whole also have this tradition.
Russian people tend to emphasize the limitations of knowledge, the unpredictability of life. Non-agent life - we do not dispose of life, we are limited in our ability to control. The absolutization of moral signs is noted human life. Soul, melancholy, fate are the main concepts of the Russian language. For Russians, the concept of a person comes first, then a house. The British have me in the first place, and the Russians have me in 36th place.
Cognitiveness is the study of mental processes. Language provides the best access to the study of mental processes. The complexity of cognitive science lies in its interdisciplinary nature, i.e. many other disciplines are involved.
Cognitive linguistics was pioneered by the psychologists George Miller and Noah Chomsky.
All cognitive scientists recognize the exceptional role of linguistics in the formation of this science. Stenenko: put together logic, linguistics, psychology and mathematics and get cognitology.
When cognitive science was just beginning to form, it was identified with the study of language from a certain new angle. Many new programs have appeared in which language was the main object of study, the goal is to create some kind of integrative system with thinking, language and human behavior. Many cognitologists have tried to define the subject of science as cognition - all cognitive activity person. The selection of such a section as cognitive linguistics from cognitive science is quite logical. The founders are Lakoff, Leneker and Tolme. Cognitive linguistics considers a person as homo lokens - his main goal it puts the clarification of how the process of language acquisition by a person takes place.
Representatives of this trend immediately rejected Chomsky's idea of the autonomy of syntactic structures. Their focus is on semantics.
The task is to reveal how lexical and gram meanings are connected with the human cognitive system, with mental models in the mind and how it builds connections between different areas of knowledge. Such traditional types of cognitive activity as logical reasoning cease to excite scientists, and the concept of a prototype, identification, is put in the spotlight. In Russia, cogni lingu is a lingu direction, in the center of which is language as a kind of general cognitive mechanism / tool, a system of signs that plays a leading role in the interpretation and transformation of knowledge, coding of knowledge - Kubryakova.
Among critical issues- questions of categorization, correlation of conceptual systems with linguistic ones, the concept of mental representations, what language bindings exist, etc. cognitive linguistics has many points of intersection with semiotics.
There are three sections:
cognitive grammar
cognitive semantics
cognitive discourse
Cognitivists believe that grammar is such a conventional reflection of semantic structures.
Language ability is considered as part of human cognitive abilities.
Manfried Birvish - the object of cognitive linguistics is linguistic knowledge or mental structure that determines the linguistic behavior of a person, i.e. how verbal utterances are produced.
It is believed that it is possible to formalize certain mental processes of a person by the type of computer programs.
Birvish is looking for answers to?
1) What is linguistic knowledge
2) How language knowledge is acquired
3) How linguistic knowledge works
Even more concrete is the task of cognit linguistics - to decipher the biological program by which language is mastered.
Reality is projected into the semantics of the language, but differs from reality. These differences are due to differences human body, influences of different cultures, differences in the structures of languages. The question arises as to how adequate the language picture of the world is in relation to reality. Cognt lingua creates fragments of a linguistic picture of the world, a conceptual picture of the world in relation to different languages, but they are comparable.
Conceptualization is a way of communicating human experience that a person uses in his statement.
It is important to describe the specifics of the conceptualization of the specifics inherent in each language.
Mental representation is an internal mental representation of the external world.
It also refers to the unit of such a representation, i.e. is a kind of sign, so the connection with semiotics.
In what form do mental representations exist in a person's head.
At first, only verbal representations were discussed. Peivio spoke about other types for the first time. He spoke about figurative representations, or rather, picture-like representations and language-like ones.
At present, the terms are more commonly used: analogue representations (picture-like) and propositional representations. The main type is propositional.
Proposition - all external events, objects, facts in their interaction, mutual connection. There are connections between different entities. Those. connections between different entities, facts - propositional knowledge.
Not amenable to direct observation.
The fact that cognitive linguists introduced the term mental representation suggests that they understand the essence of knowledge in the construction of certain mental correlates to some external objects, facts.
All human cognitive activity - cognition, forms in us the ability to compare objects, to compare, to identify similarities in an object. For this kind of operations, there is a term concept.
The concept is an individual-personal semantic formation that replaces the meaning that is objectively fixed in the mind. It occurs as a result of the interaction of various factors. The concept of goodness, love, quantity, etc.
The concept has a field structure - a stable center and a vague periphery.
Conceptual structure/system is the mental level where the whole set of concepts is stored concentratedly.
This hypothesis was put forward by Jackendoff. The ability to form concepts is innate, and part of it is the knowledge of certain rules for the formation of conceptual systems, and the development of these systems depends on human experience, including linguistic experience. In Russian linguistics, they were developed by Pavilionis. He understood the concept system as a system of opinions, knowledge about the world, which reflects the entire cognitive experience of a person, which is formed in different ways, visually, motorally, together with language.
Separate meanings act as components of the conceptual system - concepts that are formed in the process of cognition of the world and reflect information about this very world.
Criticism of cognitive linguistics:
The goals are important, but the very implementation of these goals and objectives causes criticism. An overly technocratic approach to what constitutes human cognition. The emotional component, will, intention are excluded from the scope of study. The fact that this is a cultural and socio-historical process, cognition, this process has not been reflected in cognitive linguistics. Cultural differences are not taken into account. There is no clear distinction between sciences and disciplines. The biggest objection is the assimilation of a person to a computer. The role of the computer in human cognitive activity is exaggerated. Too much attention is paid to the issue of human processing of information, its analysis. These questions gradually led linguists away from the task of studying meaning, questions of modeling human consciousness.
Correlation of language and thinking.
It has an interdisciplinary character.
Someone identifies them, such as Humboldt and Saussure.
According to Saussure, thinking is only a part of language.
Saussure's language understood the synthesis of thought and sound.
August Schleicher tried to draw the line. He considered language as a form by means of which thought is organized and reflected. And thinking is the content of this form.
Benvinist was of the same opinion.
It can be boiled down to two opinions:
Verbalists who believe that thinking has only language binding
Antiverbalists
Linguistic formalists, descriptivists did not see any connection between them.
The task is to identify the nature of the connection.
Vygodsky argued that a certain part of the processes of speech and thinking do not coincide. This means that not all forms of thinking are reflected in the language, have a language binding. But not all forms are a reflection of thinking.
For example, imaginative thinking.
Sometimes we talk, but we don't think. For example, when working out phonetics.
It is impossible to completely equate language and thought.
Vygotsky proposed to limit thinking only to verbal thinking, i.e. thinking that is carried out in speech. These two phenomena are phenomena of the human psyche, this unites them, which means that it is necessary to study the mental processes of a person.
Various experiments were carried out. They watched a person reading, a sign of the work of thought was the stopping of the eye, blinking.
Not only language, but also thinking has a symbolic form. Man also thinks in signs. A person is distinguished by the ability to operate with artificial signs.
Units of thought:
The basic unit is the concept.
In the 1920s, Vygotsky wrote The Development of Higher Mental Functions. Expresses thoughts close to those of Sechenov. Human thinking goes through two stages:
1) Formation of objective thought or sensual concretes.
2) Converting them into abstracts - idealization
An illustration of this is the observation of children as their speech is formed. How children first begin to act with specific objects. He takes the ball and goes to his parents - a specific objective action, and then learns to act with objects in his head.
The transition from a concrete object to a mental action symbolizes the emergence of thinking.
Man thinks in symbols. There is a transformation of the material into the ideal. The process of this transformation is not entirely clear, but we can draw some analogy with this. It is done in much the same way as a translation from one language to another.
Psycholinguistics
The nature and structure of language ability.
Leontiev is a discipline that studies speech activity. The speech ability of a person, as it is realized in speech activity.
In foreign psycholinguistics, and in particular in the United States, there were different understandings of the subject of linguistics.
Osgood - psycholinguistics studies those processes in which the speaker's intuition is transformed into a code scale, a cultural code accepted for society, and these signals are transformed in the listener's mind. Those. stimulus and response, i.e. pure behaviorism.
Erwin Trip is the science of learning and using the structure of language.
Fres is a science that studies the relationship between expressive and communicative needs that language provides us with.
They suggested three directions:
1) Osgood - reactivity, individualism. attavism
2) Miller and Chomsky - recognition of the innateness of the rules for operating language.
3) Fres, Pioget, Moskovich - a sociological direction.
The nature of the language ability (Chomsky - the ability to learn a language, which is transmitted genetically, is innate, predetermines language acquisition):
Luria is very critical of this idea, because is a dead end branch.
Lenz, who studied animal behavior, showed that animals have instinctive innate forms of behavior.
Bekhterev - showed some functions of neurons in speech production.
Cooing is the first stage in children, including deaf children. The second stage is babbling, which occurs only in hearing children.
The second theory is the language ability, which is an ability that is formed in vivo on a biological basis.
Structure of language ability:
It is assumed that the language ability is a set, a system that includes the rules for the implementation of these elements. It has a hierarchical structure; a number of components can be distinguished (phonetic, lexical, semantic component, etc.). these components are connected by certain relationships. A way of storing language in the human mind. At the same time, this ability is reflected in the head not quite the way the language is described in grammars. It is more generalized. The lexicon in the human head is organized by associative links. These associative links arise on the basis of individual experience. As for grammar, it is believed that it exists in the mind as a set of rules that are not descriptive, but prescriptive. Special place takes semantics. Semantics in the head of the speaker exists in the form of certain cognitive structures, i.e. cognitive structures that give an idea of the surrounding reality. Then a person begins to master the qualification characteristics of objects, and is fixed in the mind.
Meaning and meaning. Meaning is what is objectively developed by society, what is recorded in dictionaries, and meaning is a certain part of the meaning that we use for this minute purposes. This part has a certain amount of subjectivity.
The language intention then turns on the program for generating speech, activating the processes for producing speech. We choose which element of objective reality we want to put into our speech. Then comes the actual linguistic organization of the utterance. A lexico-semantic organization is being built. Then lexico-grammatical, then syntactic, then phonetic-articulatory. Next is the stage that distinguishes a person. Correlation of what we think with what we have done. We analyze whether we have implemented everything we planned.
The structure of linguistic personality.