The role of science and education in the innovation process. Lectures
Science and sphere scientific activity. IN modern world science is the most important element of social development, a condition for improving the well-being of members of society and their intellectual growth. The sphere of science includes: 1. A systematized body of knowledge accumulated human society in the course of its development. 2. Methods and social forms of scientific activity. 3. Information, material and technical, technological base, essential for the implementation of scientific activities. The final results of scientific activity are manifested in the professional, educational and spiritual potentials of society. Scientific activity is intellectual creative activity on obtaining, analyzing, systematizing and generalizing knowledge about nature, man, technology, technology, society. Scientific and technical activity is an activity aimed at obtaining and further development, dissemination and application of new knowledge in the field of solving technological, engineering, economic, social and humanitarian problems; to ensure the functioning of science, technology and production as a single system. Figure 3.5 - Types of innovation activities Figure 3.6 - Characteristics of innovation processes Figure 3.7 - Sources of funding for the stages of the innovation process The ultimate goal of scientific and technical activity is a scientific result. The scientific result is previously unknown information about nature, man, society, technology, technology, which became known as a result of purposeful scientific activity, or due to random circumstances associated with scientific activity (this is a side scientific result). The scientific result may include both intellectual property objects and methods, principles, ideas, discoveries, experimental data and observations. Scientific and technical potential is a set of accumulated knowledge (information); people who have this knowledge; material, technical and organizational bases. Realizing that scientific values are created by the creative work of scientists, that the process of work in science and education is characterized by the predominance of elements of creativity, innovation, initiative, formulation and adoption of non-standard decisions, the state supports the desire for self-government and self-organization inherent in the scientific community and creates favorable conditions for competitive and free development of various scientific schools and directions, without interfering with creative process search for truth. Scientific and technical activity is important not in itself, but only as a result of the practical use of acquired knowledge in public life. Therefore, activities aimed at commercialization scientific results in the form of a new and improved product, the method of its production and the improvement of social services, the basis of which are objects of intellectual property, is called innovative. There are many concepts of the process of developing new products, but none of them finds general acceptance and differs from the others in the nature of the steps involved in this process. The creation of a new product consists of the following stages: 1) concept development, 2) concept feasibility testing, 3) product development (experimental development), 4) pilot production, 5) full-scale production (full commercialization) of the product. Concept development. The conceptual stage characterizes the period during which the scientific validity of the concept is established. Scientific validity means the absence of well-known scientific truths or objective laws of nature, obtained and verified by scientific methods, which would refute the feasibility of the proposed concept. The development of the concept is carried out within the framework of the fundamental scientific research. Basic research is a theoretical or experimental activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the basic laws and properties of social and natural phenomena, about cause-and-effect relationships relative to their specific application. There are theoretical and exploratory fundamental research. Theoretical studies include research tasks, which are new discoveries, the creation of new theories and the justification of new concepts and ideas. Exploratory research includes fundamental research, the task of which is to discover new principles for creating products and technologies, new, previously unknown, properties of materials and their compounds, methods of analysis and synthesis. In exploratory research, the goal of the intended work is usually known, more or less clear theoretical basis but directions are not specified. In the course of such research, theoretical proposals and ideas are confirmed, rejected or revised. The result of this stage is the creation bench models(in the case of a technological process) or layouts (in the case of a product). The models are designed to prove that new process(product) will perform as intended. Where it is not possible to create a complete model, feasibility can be demonstrated through appropriate studies, tests and computer simulations. Concept feasibility check. It characterizes the period during which it is proved, within the framework of the existing state of the art, the possibility of producing a new product based on this concept. The state of the art refers to the level of accumulated knowledge in a particular field of science or technology, as determined by a review of an open scientific literature or batch search. The proof of technical feasibility is manifested in the framework of applied research. Applied (original) research - aimed at achieving a specific goal or task, at identifying ways of practical application of previously discovered phenomena and processes. Scientific - research applied nature aims to solve a technical problem, clarify unclear theoretical issues, obtain specific scientific results that will later be used in experimental developments. Product development (experimental development) is the final stage of scientific research. This stage is characterized by the transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production. The purpose of the development is the creation (modernization) of samples of new technology, which can be transferred after appropriate testing to mass production or directly to the consumer. At this stage, the results are checked theoretical research, relevant technical documentation is developed, a technical prototype or an experimental technological process is manufactured and tested. A technical prototype is an actual working example of a product, system, or process that demonstrates suitability and performance against specifications and manufacturing requirements. On this stage a description of possible production methods is made, indicating the main materials and technological processes; operational and environmental safety conditions; the strategy of promoting a new product to the market is specified. Experimental production. The stage of determination of industrial applicability and preparation for production is the period during which the product must be prepared to enter the market. The result of this stage is a prototype - a full-scale working model, designed and created to determine the requirements for the production of a new product. This sample is used to obtain pre-production technical data and information about the performance, quality and reliability of the pre-production model. The prototype fully complies with the industrial design standards of the final product being mastered in mass production. The technical analysis and information gathering data are the basis of the feasibility study, which contains a detailed assessment of the costs of creating and operating the production complex and the profit from selling the product on the market at competitive prices. Full-scale production is the period during which a new product is mastered in industrial production and the production process is optimized in accordance with market requirements. The final stage of the research process of scientific development is the pilot development of the industrial production of a new product. Stage of experimental development industrial productions new product ends the work associated with the field of science, and begins the production process. In production, knowledge materializes, and scientific research finds its logical conclusion. Forms of organization of science. Science and scientific service, as a field of activity, have their own specific features. This concerns a high percentage of uncertainty in the results obtained, the need to coordinate investment decisions when obtaining new knowledge, products and technologies. In Russia, a specific system of organization of science has developed, including five interrelated sectors or areas: 1. Academic science - represented by institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other Russian academies. 2. University science - represented by institutes, problem and industry laboratories, research sectors. 3. Branch science - represented by independent scientific organizations, subordinate bodies of branch management. 4. Factory science - represented both by independent scientific organizations that are part of industrial associations, and mainly by design, technological divisions in the structure of enterprises. 5. Science of the business sector - represented by non-state scientific organizations and small innovative (venture) enterprises. The role and place of scientific organizations in various fields of science in Russia in a single process of activity are not the same, internally contradictory and differ from those established in developed countries (Table 3.1). Table 3.1 - Directions of research conducted by the sectors of science (Russia and developed countries) Directions (types) of research (development) and functions of the Sector of Science Russia developed countries 1. Basic research in the leading areas of science Academic and university science Academic and university science, individual scientists 2 Applied research in priority areas Academic university and industrial science Academic university science, venture firms and individual scientists 1992, since 1992 - Ministry of Science and Technology Bodies government controlled on a national scale 5. Commercialization of scientific research Higher education, industrial science, science of the business sector Higher education and factory science, individual venture enterprises The academic sector that promotes fundamental research has almost two hundred years of history. 2. Science in Russia, primarily academic and university, is an essential element due to the relative weakness of other public institutions. national culture , one of the main components of national wealth. 3. The main part of the scientific and technical potential belonged to the defense industry. In connection with the transition carried out in Russia since 1992 from the sectoral principle of management to the program-target principle, the functions of sectoral science, which are essentially the functions of state and sectoral management bodies, are terminated. Those. branch science and its constituent independent scientific organizations cease to play the role of "continuation" of the apparatus of branch ministries and cease to serve the non-economic needs of the state apparatus of branch administration. The objective necessity of the existence of branch science is due to the following reasons: The prevailing number of organizations of branch science. The weakness of the scientific potential, in terms of equipping and resource support for academic and university science, which cannot ensure either the implementation of applied research of an intersectoral and industry-wide nature, or the implementation of promising developments with advanced technical solutions. Insufficient economic interest and a long period of formation of such a scientific and technical potential of industrial enterprises, which only in the long term will become comparable to the potential of corporations in developed countries. The weakness of development or the complete absence of technical services (development services) at most enterprises that can ensure the renewal and improvement of production. The status of a researcher and specialist of a scientific organization. Scientific activity can be carried out by citizens of the Russian Federation, scientific organizations, associations of scientific organizations and scientific workers, as well as temporary teams of scientific and other workers. A scientific worker is a person who has the necessary qualifications and participates in obtaining and systematizing scientific knowledge. The qualification of a research worker is determined by the results of certification and is expressed in: 1. Appointment to a position classified as a research worker: junior research worker, research worker, senior research worker, leading research worker, chief research worker. 2. In awarding an academic title or academic degree, or in the presence of a special scientific title, education, confirmed by an appropriate diploma, certificate, certificate: academic degrees: candidate of sciences; Ph.D; academic titles: senior researcher; assistant professor; Professor; academician. 3. Membership in various kinds of unions, associations and other associations of scientists. Specialists of scientific organizations (engineering and technical worker) are persons who have completed secondary or higher education, contribute to obtaining a scientific result, but are not its co-authors, as well as those who use scientific results in their activities. Scientific organization - a team of scientific and other employees, endowed with the rights of a legal entity, based on any form of ownership and the main purpose of which is the implementation of scientific and technical activities, training and certification of scientific personnel. Scientific organizations are divided into scientific institutions and scientific enterprises. Scientific institutions are scientific state organizations established to carry out scientific and scientific and technical activities in the relevant fields of science and technology, financed from the state budget or centralized extra-budgetary sources. A scientific enterprise is an independent economic entity /innovative organization/, pursuing profit by replicating and selling scientific and technical products and engineering and consulting services as the main goal of its activity. Temporary scientific team - a group of scientists and other workers who have united, without forming a legal entity, to promptly obtain a scientific result for the period necessary to solve the problem. Classification of scientific organizations. There are 5 main features of the classification of scientific organizations. 1. By organizational and legal status: independent scientific and technical units; associations of independent scientific and technical units; organizations as part of production, educational and other structures that are their structural divisions. 2. By the nature of the formation and distribution of income: profitable or commercial; non-profit or non-profit. 3. By the importance of the organization in the degree of orientation towards the implementation of national interests or priorities. 4. By the nature of funding sources: budgetary (basic funding); off-budget. 5. According to the prevailing type of ownership: private; state; collective. The significance of an organization is determined by the nature of the tasks it solves and, above all, tasks related to state (national), scientific and technical priorities. In the event that the role of the organization in the implementation of these priorities is high enough, it receives the status of a "federal" organization (national). Scientific organizations finance their activities from various sources, which can be broadly divided into two groups: budgetary and extrabudgetary. In the event that the basic financing of a scientific organization is carried out from the state budget, it is budgetary; otherwise, it is not. Under the basic budgetary financing is meant the reimbursement of costs from the state budget for wages at official salaries, determined on the basis of a single tariff scale and the estimated limit on the number of employees, as well as other costs determined by regulatory documents. An important step in the analysis of the network of scientific, technical and innovation organizations is the development of an appropriate classification of such organizations. Methodological basis classification of scientific and innovative organizations is the concept of types of specialization links organizational structure(Fig. 3.8). Thus, knowledge about the current level and state of research and. developments, along with knowledge of the needs of the market, are the main prerequisites for the formation of an innovative idea. Figure 3.8 - Classification of scientific organizations by type
in the discipline "Innovation Management"
Eagle–2013
1. The role of science in the development of innovation.
It is known that the scientific community of the country performs an orienting function in the life of the population, and the scientific complex as a whole ensures the development of the economy based on modernization and change of technologies. Science is a bridge between the present and the future, and it is easy to destroy it, but it takes many years and considerable effort to recreate it. Russia - as a major power, possessing a large territory, rich natural resources and profitable geographic location can withstand fierce competition for global, as well as for its own markets for products, services and highly skilled labor only if advanced science and strong innovation potential. 1
The political and economic transformations of 1991-1996 caused enormous damage to the scientific complex, and, to some extent, irreparable damage. The scale and depth of the crisis in this sector exceed the indicators of the general economic downturn. The scope of research and development has been drastically reduced. For example, compared with 1991, the number of people employed in research and development has almost halved, and capital investments in the development of the material and technical base of science have decreased tenfold.
The role and place of science in society essentially depend on the level of development of public consciousness, the awareness of the population about the possibilities of applying the results of scientific and technical activities to solve socio-economic problems, as well as the actually obtained practical results of such application.
In almost all components, the trends in the field of innovation activity of the Russian economy do not correspond to the trends of the global economic system. In general, innovation activity is at an extremely low stage of development, and in order to change this state, targeted efforts will be required on the part of government agencies and all business entities. At the same time, one should keep in mind not only a sharp change in the level of payment and equipment of innovative activity, but also the need to change the existing public consciousness, which puts forward the sphere of pedagogy and lifelong education as a priority. This, in turn, implies a reorientation of the sphere of innovation activity and structural transformations of the economy in a progressive direction and bringing it to the requirements dictated by the problems state of the art civilizations, such as high ecological tension, depletion of traditional resources, the need for harmonious development of the territory.
The main reason for the lack of demand for domestic science is that the chosen version of the initial stage of reform (vigorous redistribution of property rights over a short period of 2-3 years) was not based on reliable scientific knowledge. The transitional stage, contrary to expectations, has dragged on, economic growth, which requires scientific support and technological support, is constantly being pushed back. 2
The range of possible orientation of domestic science can vary from the active role of science and innovation in reforming the economy to a model of local support for imported technologies of the educational qualification of the population. This choice is determined both by the position of the country's leadership, and by the self-determination of the scientific community in the social space, as well as by the attitude of the population to the role of science, to scientists and their scientific activities.
Delay in choosing a national model of science is steadily narrowing the field of possible solutions, primarily due to the exclusion of the most positive, active and constructive options from among them. If the scientific community does not build it, and the country's leadership does not support it in a timely manner, then time and competitors in the world markets will leave only less favorable options for constructing a domestic model of the economy and science.
All industrialized countries have created innovative spheres corresponding to their national interests, allowing, first of all, to quickly master the results of their own developments or acquired patents and licenses.
Firms and companies in developed countries receive significant tax incentives, preferential loans and subsidies for R&D, development and initial replication of innovations (for a period of up to 3 years). This allows developed countries, relying on science and new technologies, to form and defend their goals and national interests, solve issues of national security and the growth of the welfare of their countries, promote the harmonious development of society, take care of the interests of future generations and solve environmental problems. 3
2. Organizational forms of innovative enterprises.
Organization of the innovation process is an activity to unite the efforts of scientific and technical personnel on the basis of relevant regulations and procedures, aimed at accelerating and increasing the efficiency of innovative development. The purpose of the organization is to streamline the innovation process, improve its characteristics, eliminate losses associated with repeated (duplicating) research and development, incomplete use of existing discoveries, slow implementation of the “research-production” process. Features of the organization of the innovation process are associated with inherent uncertainty. The uncertainty of achieving the goal, i.e. the probability of obtaining a positive result is only 5-10% at the stage of fundamental research, increasing to 85-90% at the stage of applied research, and up to 95-97% in the development process. 4
However, even at the later stages of the innovation cycle, the uncertainty of the time and costs required to achieve the effect remains significant. Rigid rationing of terms and costs reduces the likelihood of obtaining a given result, and the regulation of the result and terms is associated with the assumption of the possibility of a significant transfer of funds. In short, the organization of the innovation process is based on taking into account its probabilistic nature, the statistical nature of the laws operating here.
The organization of the innovation process in a broad sense includes the organization of the scientific and production cycle (determining the specialization and responsibility of organizations, their size, location, establishing the sequence and order of work), organizing the work of personnel and organizing management. The high rates and efficiency of updating products, technological processes, their competitiveness (in the domestic and foreign markets) are largely determined by the organizational component of the innovation mechanism. At the same time, a special role is played by organizations in which the main work on the creation and development of innovations is concentrated - industry research and design institutes, experimental and special design bureaus, design bureaus and departments of enterprises (associations), joint-stock companies. In general, scientific and scientific-technical organizations (regardless of industry and regional characteristics, sectors of science) can be classified as follows:
- research institutes (NII);
- design bureau (KB);
- design and technological institutes (PTI);
- design institutes (PKI);
- state design institutes (SPI).
At the same time, a scientific (scientific and technical) organization should be understood as a specialized and isolated economically independent institution, the main purpose of which is to conduct scientific research (fundamental, search and applied) or scientific and technical developments (design, technological, design, organizational). Scientific organizations (institutions) include organizations that systematically conduct scientific research in a certain field of knowledge and branch of science according to a plan of scientific work, drawn up taking into account the needs of the market for innovations (innovations) and state interests, which have sources of funding for research. 5
Classification of scientific and technical (innovative) organizations
To make the right decisions on the creation of new (small innovative firms, including venture capital firms, etc.) and the improvement of functioning scientific and technical organizations, their classification is necessary. They can be classified according to the following criteria:
- according to the content of works (activities) - research institutes for fundamental and applied research; PKI specialized in experimental research, design, technological and organizational development: institutes, scientific and technical information; institutes of socio-economic research;
- in terms of the scope of work - international, intersectoral, sectoral, sub-sectoral, as well as all-Russian, republican, regional. At the same time, we note that branch scientific and technical organizations can be all-Russian and republican;
- by the degree of coverage of the process "science" - production "- scientific, scientific and technical, technical, scientific and industrial;
- by degree of specialization, profile - research institutes, design and engineering and technological organizations of a narrow and broad profile;
- according to the degree of legal and operational-economic independence - organizations that have and do not have the right of a legal entity;
- by the nature of the final product - organizations that expand scientific knowledge (discoveries, trends, dependencies, schemes, principles of work), create new types of products (machines, devices, shoes, materials, etc.), develop technological processes, develop forms and methods of organizing production and management.
Organizational forms of innovative activity and their prevalence largely depend on industry and regional characteristics. About the variety of forms of organization of scientific and technical developments in the industry that fit into the above classification, a certain idea can be obtained by the example of mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is the most branched branch of industry and the most progressive, science-intensive on a national scale. Scientific and technical (innovative) developments in mechanical engineering are mainly carried out in seven organizational forms:
1. research and design institutes (NIPKI);
2. research and production associations (NGOs);
3. independent design bureaus (OKB, SKB, PKB, SKTB);
4. design bureaus (KB) at associations (enterprises) and design departments (SKO, OGK, KTB) of enterprises. Such design bureaus are not only industrially, but in most cases territorially connected with those enterprises that they mainly serve;
5. research and design institutes of narrow and
6. wide profile (NIPTI);
7. Research Institute of Organization of Production (NIIOP) and Research Institute of Technical and Economic Research and Information (NIITEII);
8. state design institutes (SPI).
These established organizational forms of innovative developments differ in their purpose, the scale of the tasks to be solved, the individual types of work performed, and their leading directions. Such a division does not mean the creation of certain types of products in research institutes, others in design bureaus, and still others in OGKs. There are many varieties of forms, a wide division of labor between them. So, in aircraft engine building, a new engine design is being developed in the design bureau, which has its own experimental base that can produce a prototype and bring it to fruition, and the SKO of factories are working only on the direct implementation of these projects into production and their partial improvement. In the machine tool and electrical industries, innovations (innovation) are developed in research institutes, special design bureaus and OGKs, i.e. all the main forms of organization of scientific and technical developments are functioning. 6
Formation of new, progressive organizational structures
In the practice of innovative activity, organizational forms have mostly justified themselves. But the changed conditions of production, the complication of social needs and the need to increase the competitiveness of innovations require the search for new forms of innovation. To date, there have been two groups of progressive forms of innovative activity that ensure the integration of science and production. The first group of these organizations has shown its effectiveness, has gained a certain distribution and requires only further improvement of their activities. These include:
- research and production associations (NGOs);
- intersectoral scientific and technical complexes (IRTC);
- engineering centers;
- temporary scientific and technical teams;
- specialized implementation organizations;
- regional scientific centers.
The second group of organizations is associated with the development of market relations, which led to the emergence of fundamentally new organizational forms of innovative activity.
Fundamentally new forms of integration of science and production (the second group) include: science and technology parks, small innovative enterprises, venture organizations, financial and industrial groups (FIGs). Many of these organizational forms are in the process of formation, development and economic experiment. There is no clear definition of their role and place in the system of scientific services, their rights and obligations are not specified. But, nevertheless, based on the experience of individual industries and organizations, it is possible to determine the forms of communication between science and production, which at the stage of transition to market relations seem more appropriate. In this regard, small business in the field of innovation, i.e. small innovative enterprises, including venture (risky), is the most progressive new form. IN last years the role of small innovative enterprises (organizations) has increased dramatically. This is due, firstly, to the possibility of equipping such organizations adequate to their size. modern technology(micro-computer, microcomputers), which allows to conduct scientific developments; secondly, a new form of financing (risk capital); thirdly, unwillingness large enterprises(firms) to develop fundamentally new products and carry out technological restructuring of production. The latter was especially pronounced during the years of transition to market relations.
Small innovative enterprises
Small innovative enterprises (SIEs) are characterized by autonomy, relative independence, designed to address issues of restructuring production and improving the efficiency of social and economic development. But the most important feature, characteristic only for small innovative enterprises, are specific ways to achieve the goals of economic and social character. Such ways are the development and implementation of various innovations (product, technological, managerial, etc.), increasing the competitiveness of products and production, creating an environment of innovation on the scale of the city, industry, region and country as a whole. Such an important feature cannot be taken into account when determining the content of a small innovative enterprise. With this in mind, the definition of a small innovative enterprise can be formulated as follows. Small innovative enterprises are relatively new economic entities in the market economy, characterized by independence and adaptability, designed to fulfill the tasks of restructuring production, expanding international scientific and technical cooperation and increasing the prestige of the country in the world based on the development, development and implementation of innovations (formerly fundamentally new) and creating an environment receptive to various innovations.
Advantages and importance of small innovative enterprises
Over the past 15 - 20 years, in many countries of the world, a transition has begun from mass production within the framework of large industrial complexes and corporations to small industrial structures, to the prompt consideration of consumer requests that place high demands on the quality of products and services provided. In this transition, a special role is assigned to SIE, which is explained by the advantages of their functioning. The advantages of small innovative enterprises that contribute to increasing the efficiency of introducing innovations, taking into account the characteristics of modern production, include:
- faster adaptation to market requirements;
- flexibility of management and efficiency in the implementation of decisions;
- a great opportunity for an individual to realize his ideas, to show his abilities;
- flexibility of internal communications;
- implementation of developments mainly at the first stages of the innovation process, the implementation of which requires relatively low costs (about 2% of the total amount);
- lower need for initial capital and the ability to quickly make progressive changes in products and production process technology in response to market requirements (local and regional);
- relatively higher turnover of own capital, etc.
Small innovative enterprises have significant competitive advantages, often require less capital investment per employee than large enterprises, and make extensive use of local scientific, labor and information resources. Owners of small businesses are more inclined to save and invest, they always have a high level of personal motivation to achieve success, which has a positive effect on the overall performance of the enterprise. In the development of the economy, small innovative enterprises occupy a special place. Their significance is determined not so much by high economic efficiency as by the focus of SIE activities on the introduction of science-intensive types of products and technological processes, on increasing the competitiveness of production in individual industries and in the economy as a whole. Small enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere have allowed Russia to retain a significant part of highly qualified personnel. Small technological enterprises are engaged in bringing research and development to a finished market product, producing small batches of products. They play a linking role between science, production and the market, fulfill orders for market-oriented research and development, and promote development to the market. Funds invested in innovation infrastructure lead to increased employment and increased tax collection. Small enterprises take part in accelerating the processes of restructuring industries and reforming enterprises, introducing effective mechanisms for the interaction of large enterprises with small ones that are able to integrate into technological processes, produce the necessary components and provide all kinds of services. Specifically, the role of small innovative enterprises is manifested in the following: creation of new jobs; introduction of new goods and services; meeting the needs of large enterprises; providing consumers with special goods and services. By their nature and peculiarities of functioning, SIE tend to regional and local conditions. Therefore, in recent years, SIE began to develop intensively in the regions of Russia. This is facilitated by the fact that the regions have greater independence in expanding the range of products, financial support for the innovative development of the economy and international scientific and technical cooperation. Each region is a specific economic entity with clearly defined boundaries not only of a geographical, organizational and legal nature. In addition, the approach to the formation and functioning of a small innovative business enterprise with a regional focus is also expedient from the point of view of the federal type of state and budgetary federalism.
Venture (risk) innovative enterprises and technology parks
As part of small enterprises engaged in innovative activities, their specific form is spreading - risky business (risk enterprises). These organizations are characterized by a small number of staff, high scientific potential, flexibility and purposeful activity. They are mainly engaged in search and applied research, design and development and development on their basis of new types of products, technological processes, organizational and managerial decisions. In this they differ from common forms of small business. The value of risky (venture) organizations is not limited to innovations. They form a new innovation and investment mechanism that meets the requirements of the restructuring of production and rapidly growing social needs. The advantages of venture organizations include the fact that, by developing fundamentally new technologies and products, they can simultaneously identify the most promising areas of innovation and the dead-end path of research development, which leads to significant savings in resources. The significance of venture organizations also lies in the fact that they stimulate competition, pushing large associations (companies) to innovative activity.
Investing in venture capital enterprises is characterized by a number of features:
- funds are provided for a long period of time on an irrevocable basis and without guarantees, so investors take a big risk;
- equity participation of the investor in the authorized capital of the company (association);
- participation of the investor (investors) in the management of the created venture organization.
Venture organizations can be of three types: 1) corporate; 2) internal ventures; 3) independent.
Corporate venture structures (they may have various varieties) are designed to increase the flow of new ideas and technologies to enterprises from outside, which will speed up the process of modernization and product renewal and, ultimately, increase the competitiveness of enterprises in the market.
Internal ventures are relatively independent and are created as part of large associations (companies). In this case, the subdivisions gain independence in choosing areas of research, organizing work, and forming the personnel of an innovative enterprise.
Independent venture organizations are aimed at finding and developing fundamentally new innovative solutions, mastering prototypes and bringing the results of development to the level of commercialization. They can work on their own initiative and by order.
Technoparks are also progressive forms of organization of innovative activity. They support the development of innovation and facilitate the transfer of ready-made scientific and technical innovations to the market. For the first time technology parks appeared abroad. So, the first technopark was created in the 1950s. at Stanford University (USA). At present, it is the largest technopolis with about 8,000 innovative firms.
There are many varieties of technology parks, the main purpose of which is to strengthen the links between research, development and business. These connections give rise to small high-tech enterprises, contribute to the accelerated promotion of the results of scientific research and development to the market. Therefore, the main function of technology parks is to integrate science and business. The financial result of the activity of the technopark is the profit from the implementation of the results of scientific and design work, etc., which belongs to its organizers in accordance with the adopted charter. Almost all technology parks are formed on the initiative of the state with the involvement of private firms, which are the only ones allowed for financing. There are the following main types of technoparks: scientific, technological, business incubators, technopolises.
The main function of the science park is to conduct theoretical, fundamental and applied research. For knowledge-intensive firms at different stages of development and limited in financial and material resources, the park provides an opportunity to conduct scientific research for quite a long time.
The technology park is a research and production complex that provides the development of technologies, their transformation into a commercial product and transfer to production, testing and certification of products, service maintenance, and expert evaluation of technologies. The production base of the park is determined by the capabilities of the founding firms.
Business incubators are complex diversified complexes and are designed to educate and support small businesses, provide them with innovative services and train personnel. Large companies, local authorities, government departments, private foundations create business incubators. The business incubator, being, in essence, a kind of technopark form, performs its functions, supporting firms that overcome the pre-launch period, for a strictly limited time (incubation period of 2-3 years). 7
Technopolis is a research and production complex created on the basis of a separate small city with a developed infrastructure and ensuring its vital activity. Technopolises are mainly attended by large companies interested in research and development of new firms. As a rule, technopolises are associated with electronics, biotechnology, computer science, high-precision engineering and other science-intensive industries, as well as the priority development of science-intensive technologies, the concentration of scientific forces in those areas of science that will determine the level of production of the 21st century.
It should be noted that there is no single and orderly model for creating technology parks. Moreover, the theoretical base substantiating the necessity and specificity of the conditions for their creation, ways and methods of achieving their financial sustainability, has not been sufficiently developed.
Nevertheless, there are more than 40 technology parks in Russia, which include several hundred small innovative firms. The concept of technoparks in Russia has the main goal of creating qualitatively new organizational and economic conditions for the effective use of the country's scientific and technical potential within the framework of small science-intensive enterprises integrated into technoparks.
TESTS:
9. Continue the phrase: risk is ...
a) the uncertainty of the conditions of the enterprise;
b) the possibility of financial loss;
c) overcoming uncertainty in conditions of compulsory choice;
d) unforeseen circumstances that cannot be prevented.
19. Which of the following does not apply to objects of intellectual and industrial property:
a) inventions, utility models, industrial designs;
b) know-how;
c) trade names;
d) trademarks, service marks, appellations of origin.
29. What is one of the phases of the product life cycle - destructuring?
- stopping all vital processes of the system and either using it in a different capacity, or in the implementation of recycling technology.
the completion of the decrease in most of the main indicators of the vital activity of the system. It is preparing to transition to a new state.
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9. Internet site - www.globalteka.ru
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5 R. A. Fatkhutdinov "Innovation management"; Textbook for universities; Peter Publishing, 2006
6 O. M. Khotyasheva "Innovation Management"; Textbook. 2nd edition Peter, 2006
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Alekseeva S.G., Ivanova I.L.
Today it is accepted as an axiom that the economic development of Russia is already unthinkable without the creation of an effective national innovation system. The subject of discussion is only possible ways of transferring the economy to an innovative path of development. In September 2011, the Presidium of the Government of the Russian Federation approved the draft Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 "Innovative Russia 2020". One of the main directions of the innovative development of the Russian Federation is education and science. The strategy "Innovative Russia 2020" is a continuation of the policy of stimulating innovative activity that has been carried out over the past decade. As part of the implementation of these strategies, the foundations of the current national innovation system were laid, significant efforts were made to develop the research and development sector, form a developed innovation infrastructure, and modernize the economy based on technological innovations. In general, to date, it has not been possible to reverse a number of trends that are significant for innovative development. It has not been possible to radically increase the innovative activity and efficiency of companies, including state-owned companies, and to create a competitive environment that encourages the use of innovations.
Public funds allocated for research and development work in most sectors of the economy are spent inefficiently. It was not possible to solve the problem of the aging of scientific personnel, although the state made significant efforts to improve the situation. The key problem is the generally low demand for innovation in the Russian economy. Neither the private nor the public sector show sufficient interest in innovation. The level of innovative activity of enterprises is significantly inferior to the indicators of the leading countries in this area. R&D spending in 2010 in Russia is estimated at 1.04% of GDP, against 1.43% of GDP in China, and 2.3% in OECD countries, 2.77% of GDP in the US, 3.44% of GDP in Japan.
From the point of view of innovative development, human capital is one of the most important remaining competitive advantages in Russia. Coverage of the entire population with basic education, one of the first places in the world in terms of the share of the population with higher education (23.4% of the employed in the economy, which corresponds to the level of a number of leading foreign countries, such as the UK, Sweden, Japan, and is ahead of the level of such countries such as Germany, Italy, France), a high level of higher education in natural sciences and engineering specialties - all this creates the basis for building an effective innovation system. At the same time, the situation in this area is characterized by a number of negative trends, which in the future may actually devalue this competitive advantage. As part of the implementation of the tasks set by the Innovative Russia 2020 strategy, it is planned to significantly increase a number of indicators of innovative development in the field of education.
Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation
federal state autonomous educational institution higher professional education
"NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"
Essay
discipline: "Methodological theories and principles modern science and technology"
topic: "The role of science in the innovation process." Completed by:
1st year student
ITSM-121 groups
Leonova Yu.A
Accepted by: Linets G.I.
Stavropol 2012
INTRODUCTION
Scientific activity first appeared at the turn of the 7th-6th centuries. BC. in the coastal cities of Asia Minor Ionia. It was called "the science of nature". Both in its content and in its methods, this discipline had nothing in common with the natural sciences of modern times. The origins of early Greek science are: mythology, data from direct observations and the experience of centuries of human practice. The emergence of early Greek science was associated with the general spiritual leap that Greece experienced in the 6th century. BC. In ancient Greek society, there were such shifts in material and spiritual life that led to the destruction of the traditional organization of production and the emergence of science. True science, where the main criterion for scientificity is experiment, appeared in Europe. Medieval universities played a special role in the formation of science. The first university was established in Cairo in 950. In Europe, they arose later. In the XI century. opened University of Bologna, in the XII century. The Universities of Paris and Oxford were formed. By the end of the XV century. There are more than 40 universities in Europe. They were the first organizational form for scientific research. Universities arose in the capitals, major cities fragmented Europe. TO early XVIII V. science has become complete social institution In many European countries. In England, France, Germany, national academies of sciences are being established, various learned societies, the first scientific journals begin to appear.
Science in Russia - as a species human activity, aimed at obtaining new knowledge, arose more than 270 years ago from the moment of formation Russian Academy Sciences. However, already the first major historians of the XVIII-XIX centuries. - N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov and V.O. Klyuchevsky in his studies tried to find the beginnings of science and scientific knowledge in Russia in pre-Petrine times.
Gradually, with the development of the network of scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences, and also, in connection with the emergence of university science, the functions and nature of the work of the Academy are changing. Educational, translation and other functions depart from it, the academic university ceases its activities and its role in carrying out purely scientific, research work increases.
At the end of the XVIII and early XIX centuries important role Universities are beginning to play in conducting scientific research, which from the second half of the 19th century. become the main centers of science in Russia. Base higher schools in Russia took place with the active participation of the first academicians: Lomonosov, Adadurov, Fuss, Pallas, Rumovsky and others. So, in 1755, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University was founded.
However, by the beginning of the 20th century Western Europe remained the absolute leader in world science. By 1900, the number of people employed in the science of the world was 100 thousand people. By the number of discoveries and inventions for the period 1600-1900. Western Europe accounted for 80% of discoveries, 12% for Americans, 8% for Russians.
It is known that the scientific community of the country performs an orienting function in the life of the population, and the scientific complex as a whole ensures the development of the economy based on modernization and change of technologies. Science is a bridge between the present and the future, and it is easy to destroy it, but it takes many years and considerable effort to recreate it.
THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE
Science is a system of knowledge about the patterns of development of nature, society and thinking ( Dictionary Russian language).
Terms and their definitions are given in accordance with the federal law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy":
Scientific (research) activities (hereinafter - scientific activities) - activities aimed at obtaining and applying new knowledge, including: fundamental scientific research - experimental or theoretical activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the basic patterns of structure, functioning and development human, society, natural environment; applied scientific research - research aimed primarily at the application of new knowledge to achieve practical goals and solve specific problems. Scientific and technical activity is an activity aimed at obtaining, applying new knowledge to solve technological, engineering, economic, social, humanitarian and other problems, ensuring the functioning of science, technology and production as
single system.
Experimental development - an activity that is based on knowledge acquired as a result of scientific research or on the basis of practical experience, and is aimed at preserving human life and health, creating new materials, products, processes, devices, services, systems or methods and their further improvement .
State scientific and technical policy - component socio-economic policy, which expresses the attitude of the state to scientific and scientific and technical activities, determines the goals, directions, forms of activity of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of science, technology and the implementation of scientific and technological achievements.
Scientific and (or) scientific and technical result - a product of scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities, containing new knowledge or solutions and recorded on any information carrier.
Scientific and (or) scientific and technical products - scientific and (or)
scientific and technical result, including the result of intellectual activity intended for implementation.
Grants - cash and other funds transferred free of charge and irrevocably by citizens and legal entities, including foreign citizens and foreign legal entities, as well as international organizations that have acquired the right to provide grants on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation, to conduct specific scientific research on the terms provided by grantors. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY.
Russia, as a major power with a large territory, rich natural resources and an advantageous geographical position, can withstand intense competition for world markets, as well as for its own markets for products, services and highly skilled labor, only with developed science and powerful innovation potential.
The political and economic transformations of 1991-1996 caused enormous damage to the scientific complex, and, to some extent, irreparable damage. The scale and depth of the crisis in this sector exceed the indicators of the general economic downturn. The scope of research and development has been drastically reduced. For example, compared with 1991, the number of people employed in research and development has almost halved, and capital investments in the development of the material and technical base of science have decreased tenfold.
The role and place of science in society essentially depend on the level of development of public consciousness, the awareness of the population about the possibilities of applying the results of scientific and technical activities to solve socio-economic problems, as well as the actually obtained practical results of such application.
In almost all components, the trends in the field of innovation activity of the Russian economy do not correspond to the trends of the global economic system. In general, innovation activity is at an extremely low stage of development, and to change this state, targeted efforts will be required on the part of state bodies and all economic entities. At the same time, one should keep in mind not only a sharp change in the level of payment and equipment of innovative activity, but also the need to change the existing public consciousness, which puts forward the sphere of pedagogy and lifelong education as a priority. This, in turn, implies a reorientation of the sphere of innovation activity and structural transformations of the economy in a progressive direction and bringing it to the requirements dictated by the problems of the current state of civilization, such as high environmental tension, the depletion of traditional resources, the need for harmonious development of the territory.
The main reason for the lack of demand for domestic science is that the chosen version of the initial stage of reform (vigorous redistribution of property rights over a short period of 2-3 years) was not based on reliable scientific knowledge. The transitional stage, contrary to expectations, has dragged on, economic growth, which requires scientific support and technological support, is constantly being pushed back.
The range of possible orientation of domestic science can vary from the active role of science and innovation in reforming the economy to a model of local support for imported technologies of the educational qualification of the population. This choice is determined both by the position of the country's leadership, and by the self-determination of the scientific community in the social space, as well as by the attitude of the population to the role of science, to scientists and their scientific activities. Delay in choosing a national model of science is steadily narrowing the field of possible solutions, primarily due to the exclusion of the most positive, active and constructive options from among them. If the scientific community does not build it, and the country's leadership does not support it in a timely manner, then time and competitors in the world markets will leave only less favorable options for constructing a domestic model of the economy and science.
All industrialized countries have created innovative spheres corresponding to their national interests, allowing, first of all, to quickly master the results of their own developments or acquired patents and licenses. Firms and companies in developed countries receive significant tax incentives, preferential loans and subsidies for R&D, development and initial replication of innovations (for a period of up to 3 years). This allows developed countries, relying on science and new technologies, to form and defend their goals and national interests, solve issues of national security and the growth of the welfare of their countries, promote the harmonious development of society, take care of the interests of future generations and solve environmental problems.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC POTENTIAL
The current situation in science and the scientific complex as a whole is characterized by the predominance of persistently negative for further development trends. This manifests itself in the following:
Science and innovation activities (new equipment, technologies and materials) still remain practically unclaimed. This is manifested in a reduction in the number of samples of newly created types of machines, equipment, instruments, and automation equipment. This is also evidenced by the ever-decreasing number of samples of new technology mastered by the production. The amount of funding for science in 1999 decreased by almost 20 times compared to the 1989 level. The raw material sector (oil and gas industry) that maintains a stable level of production is mainly focused on the purchase of imported equipment and technologies, while the mining, metallurgical industry, railway transport and aviation operate 2/3 worn-out and obsolete equipment.
The level of the average monthly salary in the field of science and scientific services is in ninth place among the 15 main sectors of the economy, and the state budget's debt to science is currently about half of the planned funds.
The largest sector of science, branch science, whose share in 1990 was approximately 60%, collapsed organizationally. At the same time, industry has practically lost capable scientific teams providing scientific support for production, and academic and university science have lost partners in bringing ideas, technical and technological solutions to practical development. Only partially was able to compensate for this loss of experience in networking government centers(SSC) and organizations that have been assigned the SSC status. This made it possible to provide certain state support for advanced scientific schools and continue the highest priority fundamental and exploratory research, as well as conducting applied research and development projects according to programs agreed with ministries and departments.
Science and the scientific complex are financed by the state from unprotected sections of the budget on a residual basis. Sharply reduced the cost of purchasing instruments and scientific equipment, the cost of scientific experiments.
The influx of talented young people into science is extremely insufficient. If the largest group of researchers in 1988 was in the range of 30-39 years, in 1998 the largest group of researchers moved into the age range of 40-49 years, the most qualified part of the scientific potential is made up of doctors of sciences, whose age is mainly over 60 years.
The amount of assistance to Russian science from the developed countries, which in 1992-94 amounted to about a third of all spending on science, has a steady downward trend.
The model of Russian science designed by the reformers seemed to be even more limited: initially (in the middle of 1993) it was planned to halve the size of fundamental (primarily academic) science, and the total number of researchers should be reduced almost three times. Such estimates were formed without taking into account the features of the existing scientific complex in Russia, based on the proportions of deductions for science from GDP in developed countries.
PRIORITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND THE SCIENTIFIC COMPLEX IN RUSSIA.
When forming the development goals of the country's scientific complex, it is important to remember that science as a social tool has at least two components in terms of its relationship with society.
The first refers primarily to fundamental science and reflects the natural course of its development, determined by the accumulated scientific knowledge, the creative potential of scientists and, in part, the impact of the social order captured by these scientists. Scientific knowledge is universal in nature and the teams of scientists that generate this knowledge are part of the world scientific community, are the property of human civilization and develop, focusing on solving problems. global development humanity.
The second component relates to applied science, which is focused on solving the social and economic problems of the country and can develop vigorously and effectively if there is a sufficiently clearly formulated and paid by society social order for the results of scientific and technical activities. This is the sphere of almost direct impact on the scale and quality of the expected scientific and technological results by the governing bodies of society and the state. The social and economic efficiency of the activity of the second component essentially depends on the work ethic of the population.
Of particular concern is the actual collapse applied science and a steady decline in the scientific and technological potential of the country. This means that the country's economy is losing its constantly renewing base, and the change of technology in the near future will depend not so much on the sale of licenses for new technologies to Russia, but on direct supplies of obsolete imported equipment and technology. All this will only increase Russia's lag behind the leading countries of the world, since under these conditions Russia will not be able to offer the world community new technology, nor independently develop Newest technologies leading countries of the world. When assessing the significance of the first component, it is necessary to proceed from the following: forcing fundamental science to adapt only by economic methods in a crisis situation is uneconomical and unpromising. World experience has shown that it is the scientific complex, together with the sphere of education and technology management, that is the locomotive of an energetic movement towards knowledge-intensive and educational economies, which are the future. The need to move in this direction is set by the general civilizational processes of globalization and informatization of all spheres of the economic life of mankind. Otherwise, there remains only the prospect of technological backwardness and a vigorous shift to the periphery of civilization.
Russia already needs a promising model of the future science capable of ensuring the strategic interests of the population's vital activity. These strategic interests should be politically recognized and framed as a social order to the scientific complex.
In order to develop targets, in addition to the self-determination of the scientific community, we need a technology for the formation and implementation of long-term targets of society, supported by relevant institutions and laws. Countries such as Japan, France, the United States have the technology of forming national priorities and supporting institutions.
The Russian Academy of Sciences has accumulated considerable experience in the development of complex knowledge-intensive problems, including experience in long-term forecasting of socio-economic processes. The Ministry of Science of Russia and the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the State Scientific Center, could take the initiative in preparing Integrated program development of Russian science, technology and production.
It is extremely important to put in place the technology of decision-making on social, economic and scientific and technological development, involve highly qualified scientists and specialists of the scientific complex in the preparation of the most important state decisions, increase the effectiveness of the actions of state authorities and save huge funds due to the systemic coordination of decisions, without which a sustainable balanced development of the country's life is impossible.
FORMATION OF INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIONS.
In recent decades, electronic computers have become a powerful means of intensifying any development. Its first contribution to the intensive technology of the innovation process in the enterprise was automation information support. Creation of information and reference and information retrieval systems, data banks, knowledge bases, etc. made it possible to sharply increase the completeness of the coverage of available information, the purposefulness of its search and use.
IN modern conditions intensive production of new knowledge, the processes of creating new technical systems are characterized by increasing complexity of design tasks: the number of alternatives for the implementation of individual subsystems, nodes, blocks is growing, the list of physical processes that form the basis of their production is increasing. As the number of alternatives grows, so does the number of feasible and workable combinations of these alternatives. All this leads to the need for adequate information support for design and development work, which is impossible, in our time, an ever-increasing flow of information, without the help of a computer.
Academician V.N. Glushkov noted that "the aspects of the use of computers in invention are practically countless" and the next step in this regard was the use of the capabilities of electronic computing technology not only in the search for optimal physical principles of operation (OPP) of future designs or technologies and technical solutions ( TR), but also in the discovery of new and more efficient FOPs and TRs.
For example, one of the methods of automated synthesis of technical solutions developed in our country makes it possible to obtain, by combining elements and features of known technical solutions, new, still unknown TR, provides a largely automatic assessment and comparison of TR options, automates the description of the synthesized (selected) TR in natural language or as a graphic sketch.
Recently, human-machine expert systems have become increasingly important, allowing to combine the experience, knowledge and intuition of people with the capabilities of electronic computers. Especially promising is the use of such systems in the innovation process, which, as a rule, is characterized by a significant uncertainty in the timing, required resources, and expected results.
According to Russian experts, first of all, expert systems are needed to test the objects being developed on test benches. Thus, the analysis of the innovative process of developing a number of types of engines showed that they were created within 6-7 years. But at the same time, the time and money spent on testing the product accounted for more than 80 percent of the total project costs, and the useful time of the testing process itself was only 5-12 percent.
Such a low efficiency is explained, on the one hand, by the fact that due to the complexity of the mathematical description of the relationship of physical processes occurring in the objects being developed, errors in the designs of complex systems are inevitable; on the other hand, when designing, it is not customary to provide for the possibility of failures, because it is initially assumed that the object will satisfy all the requirements established in the task.
However, it should be noted that not in the course of the actual design, but only in the process of long-term experimental processing and full-scale tests, it is possible to ensure high reliability and quality of the products being created. Savings on the development of a program and test system leads to the fact that immeasurably more time and money are wasted to find out the causes of unforeseen failures and eliminate them. Practice shows that this sometimes takes 90 percent of the time of experimental debugging of new products.
The use of an expert system, in which, in parallel with the design of an object, a program of its testing is prepared and optimized, makes it possible to identify at the initial stages of the project weak spots in a design that can be corrected before the start of operation of the machines. With the help of these systems, modern technology more fully takes into account its interaction with users and external environment, control and diagnostics are carried out, without which complex machines are considered uncompetitive today. The enormous possibilities of expert systems are best revealed in their combination with other functional blocks and developed packages of application programs for computer-aided design systems.
In the USA, for example, there are already new computer software tools that make it possible to dramatically speed up and improve the accuracy of preliminary calculations of the cost of a product being prepared and produced. For example, Kodak Corporation's programs can reduce production cost estimates by 75 percent. As the experience of individual companies shows, with the skillful use of these programs, the deviations of preliminary results from actual cost indicators do not exceed 10 percent. Specialized automatic design systems (CAD), designed exclusively for cost estimates, are able to operate with large databases, including data on more than 250 types of structural materials and 60 types of process equipment.
With the help of some models of such complex systems, the choice of new technologies is optimized, the time for the release of a batch of products is calculated, the cost of the batch and the time spent on checking the quality of the products are determined. Introduced into practice and fundamentally new approaches to the construction of such programs, focused on the stage of design and technological development of the product. These programs are equipped with expert systems designed for designers and technologists.
The basic principle, according to which the basis of such systems is formed, is that from 50 to 80 percent of the future cost can be accurately determined at the stage of design and technological development. Typically, these programs are introduced to automated workstations (AWS) of designers and technologists, which significantly increases the efficiency of their use. Thanks to this, in particular, it becomes possible to analyze many cost options. The most experienced specialists manage to calculate the expected cost of a future product with the help of new programs with an accuracy of up to 5% in half an hour.
Expert systems have proven themselves well in solving a number of problems of computer-aided design, production of integrated circuits, process control, etc.
Thus, thanks to the introduction of an expert system into the process of designing large integrated circuits, it was possible to optimize their development, to carry out it much faster and with better quality. One such system from the American company Bell helps designers obtain a description of a microcircuit, coordinate the transition from one stage to another, automatically compose the necessary documentation, and so on.
DEC uses expert systems in the development of the composition and configuration of manufactured computers, which allows it to create machines with optimal characteristics that meet all customer requirements.
Based on predetermined rules, the system used by the company determines what replacements or additions should be made to the original computer configuration in order to ensure the delivery of a machine that meets the needs of the customer and at the same time has a minimum cost.
With the help of this expert system, DEC has configured more than 90,000 machines and in 98 percent of the cases there were no problems. System performance is six times higher than manual operation. At the same time, 2 percent of orders that were beyond the power of the expert system contain the most interesting and complex new tasks, the solution of which requires maximum effort and high qualifications.
Thus, expert systems are not only a means of intensifying the technology of the innovation process, but also capable of playing the role of "snoops" looking for unknown innovative directions.
CONCLUSION
feature modern stage The development of innovative activity is the formation in the largest firms of unified scientific and technical complexes that combine research and production into a single process. This implies the existence of a close connection between all stages of the cycle "science-production". The creation of integral scientific-production-sales systems is objectively natural, due to scientific and technological progress and the needs of the company's market orientation.
In the 1980s, the innovation policy of large firms clearly showed a tendency to reorient the direction of scientific, technical and production and marketing activities. It was expressed primarily in the desire to increase the share of new science-intensive products in the assortment of manufactured products, the sale of which leads to the expansion of related technical services: engineering, leasing, consulting, etc. On the other hand, there is a desire to reduce the production costs of traditional products.
These trends are especially noticeable in the innovation management of American engineering TNCs, which concentrate their efforts on the development and production of products of high technical complexity (electronic equipment, especially computers and microprocessors, aerospace equipment, power equipment, automation equipment, etc.). They seek, by monopolizing the production of such products, to ensure a rapid depreciation of capital and maintain leadership in certain sectors of the machinery and equipment market. At the same time, they are striving for a significant reduction in production costs in traditional engineering industries in order to increase their competitiveness.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
Huseynova A.D. Information-analytical system "Science and innovations" / Proceedings of the V International scientific-practical conference. - K.: UkrINTEI, 2006.
Dontsova L.V. Innovation activity: state, the need for state support, tax incentives. //Management in Russia and abroad. No. 3, 2005
Science and high technologies in Russia at the turn of the third millennium (socio-economic aspects of development) / Ruk. ed. team of V.L. Makarov, A.E. Warsaw. - M.: Nauka, 2001. - 636 sPopular economic encyclopedia / Ed. ed. HELL. Nekipelov. - M.: Bolshaya Russian Encyclopedia, 2008.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation_process
http://www.issras.ru/papers/energ03_2012_Mindeli.phphttp://www.milogiya2007.ru/mireconom5.htmhttp://infomanagement.ru/referat/12/25
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