Scientific works of Morozov and K. Morozov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (revolutionary)
- You say it to me, a historian? You... you...
- Yes Yes! The Acropolis was not built by the Greeks, but by the Crusaders! I shouted. - They found the marble and...
He walked away from me, not listening, with his fringe on his trousers and in an old London hat, randomly put on.
Then, of course, they reconciled, and over a bottle of wine and a chicken of tobacco, Mirsky explained to Olesha what, from the point of view of historians, was the ignorance of the famous Schlisselburger. The writer held firm, objected, but in the end succumbed to the arguments of historians. “I agreed with him that the ancient world existed, although many of the insights of the Shlisselburger still shine for me,” he recalled. - Be that as it may, but the fact that he created his own system of denying the ancient world is brilliant, given the fact that Morozov was imprisoned in a fortress for twenty-five years, that is, deprived of communication with the world, in essence, forever.
- Oh, you deprived me of peace? Okay! Your world didn't exist!"
What a simple and what a deeply incorrect explanation of the motives of Morozov's feat (and there is no doubt that Morozov's scientific work is a feat). Great creations of the spirit are not created out of a feeling of annoyance, "weakly". For this, immeasurably deeper and more powerful motives are needed - abilities, readiness to devote oneself to the selfless search for truth are needed. And in Morozov's life, happy and tragic circumstances paradoxically intertwined to fulfill this task.
An ardent, inquisitive high school student, Morozov was fond of astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, entomology, geology and mineralogy, and in his dreams he saw himself as a scientist heading a professorial department. But his fate turned out differently: in 1874 he gave himself up to the revolutionary movement and ten years later ended up in a newly built prison in Shlisselburg. And no matter how blasphemous it sounds, Shlisselburg miraculously transformed Morozov. While his allies, plunged into countless prison days, languished, yearned, withered, went crazy, committed suicide, Nikolai Alexandrovich was looking forward to each new day. The jailers truly cast him not into prison, but into the universe. “I often flew in thought from the walls of the tomb to distant world spaces, or to the recesses of organic nature, or to the depths of centuries,” he wrote many years later.
Versatile scientific interests, once abandoned for the sake of revolutionary struggle, saved Morozov in a long solitary confinement. The abyss of free time, the lack of worries about daily bread, about the position in society, about a career, the thirst for selfless knowledge of the truth gave rise to a phenomenon the like of which history does not know. On October 28, 1905, when Morozov was released from the fortress after 25 years of imprisonment, according to the historian of science Yu. Solovyov, “a man came out whose scientific ideas were more advanced than the ideas and convictions of some professors who lectured from in meetings learned societies could go to libraries at any time and, finally, work in the quiet of their cozy offices. By the time Nikolai Alexandrovich left Shlisselburg forever, his volume scientific works reached 26 volumes!
Having found himself after his arrest in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, Morozov had only the Bible as a reading, which had been preserved here since the time of the Decembrists. And when he read the Apocalypse - the revelation of the beloved disciple of Christ John the Theologian about the terrible judgment and the end of the world with its terrible horsemen executing people, with the elders worshiping the throne of God, with angels and monsters appearing in heaven, an unusual thought dawned on him. Are not all these horrors a certain position of the luminaries, planets and zodiac constellations translated into the language of images? Is not Babylon mentioned by the author of the Apocalypse - Byzantium, and the harlot sitting on the beast - the Christian church of the impious heresiarch Arius, who denies the divinity of Christ? If this is so, then the author of the revelation could not be the Evangelical John the Theologian, but the Bishop of Constantinople John Chrysostom, who lived in the 4th century. On the island of Patmos, where he was exiled by the Byzantine emperor, according to him, an angel appeared to him, who handed over the "divinely inspired book", written allegedly by the Apostle John the Theologian.
Due to the lack of the necessary astronomical materials, the verification of this conjecture had to be postponed for a quarter of a century, but, barely getting out of prison, Morozov made the necessary calculations and established: the picture described in the Apocalypse, translated into the language celestial bodies, could be observed on the island of Patmos on September 30, 395, that is, just when John Chrysostom was there! The Apocalypse turned out to be a historical document, a religious-political pamphlet, reflecting the intra-church struggle that took place in the 4th century.
Having analyzed the biblical prophecies by the same method, determining the time of appearance of the comets described in them, solar and lunar eclipses and the location of the heavenly bodies at that time, Morozov showed that many of the prophecies were written much later than church history claims, namely, in the early Middle Ages, and not many centuries before our era. The continuation of this work in tsarist Russia it was difficult because of the obstacles that could be erected by representatives of the church. And, perhaps, great work Morozov's life would never have seen the light if not for the October Revolution and the ensuing persecution of religion.
On August 18, 1921, in an effort to enlist the support of the head of the Soviet state, Morozov explained to Lenin the purpose of the ten-volume work “Christ” undertaken by him: the basis of this book is “the fluctuation of all Old Testament and New Testament religious messages, based on determining the time of these events in an astronomical way, and it turns out to be complete disagreement of chronology, and the natural explanation of all mysticism. This plan of the scientist, apparently, was supported. In 1924, the 1st book of this unique work was published: “Heavenly milestones in the earthly history of mankind”; in 1926, the 2nd book: "The Forces of the Earth and Heaven"; in 1927 - 3rd: "God and the Word"; in 1928 - the 4th: "In the darkness of the past by the light of the stars"; in 1929 - 5th: "Ruins and ghosts"; in 1930 - the 6th: "From the depths of the centuries"; in 1932 - the 7th: "Great Romea".
And then a scandal erupted. It took eight years for the ideologists of the party to understand that Morozov's works dealt a blow not only to the church, but also to the very historical materialism of Karl Marx. Historians hastened to recognize Morozov's theory of the successive continuity of human culture as erroneous, and to declare the facts cited by Morozov as erroneously interpreted and doubtful by him. The publication of the publication was stopped, and the last three volumes remained unprinted.
To be fair, Morozov's views on history are truly stunning. Realizing that in the limited volume of a journal publication it is impossible to systematically expound the concept of Nikolai Alexandrovich (in seven published volumes it took 5822 pages), we will limit ourselves to presenting only some of his especially extraordinary statements that once so shocked his contemporaries.
Among the researchers of antiquity there was no specialist with a broader erudition than Nikolai Morozov. Possessing a unique background in the natural sciences, he simultaneously had a thorough linguistic knowledge that underlay his very unconventional, sometimes paradoxical historical views. “Since childhood, I knew only Russian and French, - he wrote in his old age, - then in the gymnasium period he learned Latin, Greek, Slavic and German. Quite by accident I got acquainted with Ukrainian in Moscow. From church services and reading spiritual books, I got acquainted with Church Slavonic. And then, on my own during the first imprisonment, I learned English and, carried away by linguistics, at the same time I learned Italian and Spanish. Then, already in the Shlisselburg fortress, I learned the Polish language and dialect with Hebrew, I met only in 1912 during my imprisonment in the Dinaburg fortress and read only one Bible in it, and in Sanskrit, Arabic, modern Greek I did not read anything except grammars and dictionaries. All this, although Morozov himself did not consider himself a specialist in linguistics, makes his statements about the events of ancient history, which are largely based on the materials of linguistics, quite weighty.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854-1946). Revolutionary populist, scientist. Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Member of the Chaikovtsy circle, Land and Freedom, the Executive Committee of the People's Will, a participant in the assassination attempts on Alexander II. In 1882 he was sentenced to eternal hard labor. Released in 1905, he was engaged in literary and lecturing activities. From 1918 to 1946 he headed the Leningrad Institute of Natural Sciences. P. F. Lesgaft.
MIRAGES OF MEDIEVAL LEARNING
Due to the gullibility inherent in young people, all of us, studying the history of the ancient world at school, did not think about the question of when and how the works of the great thinkers of antiquity appeared to the European world. And we were quite satisfied with the indistinct information in textbooks about ancient writings, which, successively moving from clay and wax tablets, first to papyrus scrolls, then to sheets of parchment, and from them to the paper of the first printed books, have come down to our days. Although, it would seem, it was not difficult to guess that for such huge poems as, say, the Iliad or the Odyssey, no clay tiles would be enough, and a whole cartload of parchment was required. And in reality, of course, it was not at all like that ...
This is how, for example, the appearance of Plato's writings on the European book market looked like. In 1481, the Florentine Marcellino Ficino brought thirty-six of his manuscripts in Latin to a wealthy Venetian publisher, Venetus, and claimed that they were translations of the writings of a certain ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Although Ficino did not show the Greek originals to the publisher, he hastened to publish the Latin manuscripts brought to him, and the name of Plato, which in Greek means "Wide", thundered throughout the then reading world. And with him came fame and a lot of money to his Latin translator Ficino. In the next edition, he eliminated a number of anachronisms pointed out to him by readers, but still did not show anyone the Greek originals. Neither did the heirs of Ficino. The heightened interest in these originals prompted another publisher of those times, Aldo Manuchio, to announce that he would pay a gold coin for each correction of Ficino translations from a Greek original submitted by anyone. And now 31 years have passed since the first edition of Plato in Latin, and the Venetian merchant Mark Mazur presented to the publishers the Greek texts of these works that he allegedly found ...
It turns out, Morozov said, that the cunning navigator, having learned about the publisher's proposals, ordered during his travels thirty-six Greeks to translate one work from the Fichinov collection and, having collected them together, sold them to Italian publishers as the original Platonic works!
This assumption well explains the fact noted by many researchers that Plato's writings contradict one another. Unable to admit that Plato's manuscripts were forged and written by different authors, experts in antiquity preferred the ridiculous claim that Plato wrote these works in different periods life, and changed his political, moral and religious views to the opposite!
Having studied the Greek texts attributed to Plato using the method of linguistic spectra developed by him, Morozov established that they do not belong to one unstable author, but to a completely different writers, according to philosophism and manner of presentation, belonged not to antiquity, but to the 15th century of our era!
A similar story happened to another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, whose name, translated into Russian, means "The Best Completion." The authors of the Renaissance claimed that the great philosopher with such a strange name lived from 384 to 322 BC, and his numerous works, having lain for about a thousand years, appeared in Europe in Arabic translations in the 8th century AD, by the 13th century. XIV centuries spread among the scientists of the West and became so popular here that they brought their author the glory of "the supreme teacher in human affairs." And what was really? The writings of this enigmatic philosopher were first published in Venice in 1489 in Latin, revised and commented by the Spanish-Arab philosopher Averroes of Córdoba. And six years later (sufficient time to translate them from Latin into Greek), Aldo Manuchio, already familiar to us, published them in Greek.
After analyzing the texts of The Best Completion, Morozov came to the conclusion that these are “not the ideas of the ancients, but the ideas about the ancients that developed in the Renaissance, when Western European scientists wrote on their behalf both in Latin and Greek their own thoughts and that these are not even the works of one person, but of a whole school.
Even more amazing discoveries awaited Morozov when studying the history of Ancient Rome, the main information about which is contained in the writings of Titus Livy - the Venerable Libyan. This extraordinary man, allegedly born in 59 BC. e., wrote 144 volumes of "History of the Romanesque people from the founding of the capital." True, only 35 of them have survived to this day. The first edition of Titus Livy, printed in Rome in 1469 from a lost manuscript, contained 30 books that described events from the founding of Rome to 292 BC. and from 217 to 176 BC. Later, in Hesse, in a Benedictine monastery, the manuscript of five more books was “discovered”, continuing the story until 165 BC. e., which was immediately published in Basel in 1531.
The value of the works of the Venerable Libyan for Morozov was that they contain, as he said, astronomical clues - a description of five solar and lunar eclipses and one comet. The chronology of such events can be established objectively and compared with the descriptions of the historian. Having done this very painstaking work, Morozov came to the conclusion that the astronomical events described by Livy, which allegedly occurred in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, could not have been observed earlier than the 5th-10th centuries of our era (!). It turns out, concludes Morozov, Titus Livius is some kind of Renaissance author hiding under a pseudonym, who described much later events according to fairly accurate documents, but also fantasized a lot from himself. “Regarding the scene of the action,” wrote Morozov, “I will only note that the Romans (Romeans, from the word Roma - Rome) have always called themselves not Italians, but Greeks, and then the City (Urbs) of the Venerable Libyan is more suitable for Constantinople than under Italian Rome.
They say that among the admirers of the works of Titus Livius were famous Roman politicians - Seneca ("Old Man") and Mark Cicero ("Faded Peas"), as well as the prominent historian Tacitus ("Silent"), who allegedly lived in 55-120 AD . The main work of this prolific writer is considered to be the Chronicles (the history of Rome under the emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero) and the History ( Time of Troubles Galba, Otto and Vitellius). These works have long raised doubts about their authenticity, and Morozov only has to present the works of his predecessors - Ross, Goshar Amfiteatrov, who published their research long before Morozov's "Christ". According to their research, the author of the works of Tacitus was Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1460) - a gifted Italian writer and linguist, a connoisseur of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Starting his career as a copyist at the papal court, he ended it as Chancellor of the Florentine Republic.
Leading the life of a reveler and a prankster, Bracciolini, in need of money, entered into relations with the king of the then book market Niccolo Niccoli, to whom for many years he supplied translations of supposedly ancient authors, which in reality were fabricated by a group of capable but dishonest writers. In 1415, he offered Niccoli a large batch of ancient manuscripts, allegedly found in the old tower of the St. Gallen monastery. This is how the works of Quintilian, Valerius Flacus, Nonius Marcellus, Probus, and later Calpurnius' Bucoliki and several chapters of Petronius appeared in the spiritual circulation of Western Europe.
Such a release of supposedly ancient works on the book market created a rush demand, and kings, dukes, cardinals, and universities appeared among the clients of Bracciolini and the company. Under these conditions, falsifiers began to skillfully insert references to the outstanding historical works of Tacitus into the forged works of Pliny the Younger, Tertullian, Oresius, Sidonius and other supposedly ancient authors. A situation was created when many heard about his great works, but no one had the happiness to read them. And so demand gave rise to supply: Tacitus was found!
In November 1425, Bracciolini informed Niccoli that a certain monk, his friend from Germany, was offering a batch of ancient manuscripts, among which were several works by Tacitus. The delighted publisher immediately agreed to the deal, but Bracciolini is in no hurry. For four years he leads the publisher by the nose with stories that the monk is letting him down, and in the meantime he is negotiating these manuscripts with wealthy patrons. Finally, Niccoli receives and publishes the first manuscript of Tacitus, and Bracciolini spreads rumors that he has an older Tacitus from an inaccessible northern monastery...
These eternal mysterious monks were, according to Gaushar, part of the falsification system established by Poggio. No one has ever seen or heard them, but today one of them brings from Sweden or Denmark the lost volume of Titus Livius; tomorrow another mysterious monk carries Tacitus from Corvea or Fulda. And always, for some reason, from the distant, inaccessible north, and always exactly what there is a frantic demand for. For eighty years of his life, Bracciolini "discovered" Quintilion, treatises and speeches of Cicero, the works of Lucretius, Petronius, Plautus, Tertullian, Tacitus and many other "ancient Romans". Towards the end of his life, Poggio was fed up with his apocryphal literature, began to write exclusively under his own name.
The system of falsification of ancient manuscripts created by Bracciolini and others like him could not be kept secret for a long time: driven by ambition, the true authors could not resist and boast in a friendly company that it was they who composed the books of ancient authors admired by enlightened Europe. And this explains the deep distrust with which contemporaries of the Renaissance greeted every next "find" of all ancient classical authors without exception. The "Renaissance" was in fact the "Era of the Origin," wrote Morozov, "but due to the conditions of the religious life of its time and for other reasons, this "genesis" was expressed in a very original form - in the apocrypha, that is, the systematic attribution of one's own works to the mythical figures of antiquity ".
INTELLECTUAL FIELD OF ANTIQUITY
Researches like the above could be continued indefinitely, but this is not necessary, since Morozov has already done this work. Collecting the names of all prominent intellectuals Ancient Greece and Rome, as well as the years of their lives and activities in the traditional chronology, he built a diagram, a simplified version of which is given here:
Ten intervals are plotted along the horizontal axis, denoting one or another type of mental activity: lyric poetry, satire, dramaturgy, oratory etc. On the vertical - a chronological scale from 900 BC to 1700 AD.
Having sorted the names of ancient writers and thinkers into columns in accordance with the years of their life, Morozov received a chronological picture of the spiritual activity of Ancient Greece (blue segments) and Ancient Rome (green segments). Drawing horizontal lines through the points - 900, - 700, - 500, - 300, 0, 1200, 1300 and 1600 of the vertical axis, Morozov received the periodization of Greco-Roman and European culture (periods: epic, poetic, dramatic, didactic, Roman, Byzantine , crusades, Renaissance).
The diagram makes the whole picture of the traditional intellectual history of Europe visible. So, in the most ancient - epic - period, we find activity only in lyrical and heroic poetry (blue line in column 1). Here Morozov enters 5 names, the most famous of which are Orpheus, Homer and Hesiod. In the second period - poetic - the boundaries of creativity expand: in addition to 13 poets in the first column (including Sappho, Pindar and Anacreon), 3 names appear in column 2 - satire - and 1 in column 10 - astronomers, geographers, mathematicians (this is the famous philosopher Thales, who claimed that everything came from water).
After this, the brilliant classical period of Greek culture begins - the dramatic one. Poetry and satire fade away, but in column 3 - dramaturgy - 14 names appear, including Aristophanes, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. In column 4 - oratory - 5 names, including Lycurgus and Demosthenes; in column 5 - pre-scientific philosophy - 7 great names - Heraclitus, Plato, Anaxagoras, Theophrastus, Democritus, Socrates, Aristotle; in column 9 - history - 5 names, including Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon; in column 10 - astronomers, geographers, mathematicians - 3 names, including Euclid.
In the next Alexandrian period - didactic - the spiritual activity of Ancient Greece concentrated on bucolic and didactic poetry - column 6 (8 names), on sophistry, wisdom - column 8 (Greek Voltaire Lucian); history - column 9 (3 names) and astronomy, geography, mathematics - column 10 (7 names, including Archimedes, Aristarchus of Samos, Eratosthenes, Heron, Strabo, Hipparchus).
In the fifth - Roman - period, the Greek world gives rise to the gospel doctrine - in column 7 are the names of 4 apostles-evangelists; the activity of the philosophers of wisdom continues - column 8 (4 names, among which John Chrysostom); many historians - column 9 (7 names, including Josephus, Plutarch and Appian); the decline of scientific activity - in column 10 there is only one name, but a great one - Ptolemy.
The Byzantine period marks the decline of Greek culture, spiritual activity practically ceases, only in column 8 we see one name of John of Damascus and in column 9 - the name of the historian Socrates-Scholast. True, it is in column 9 (the red segment in the upper part) that the only bridge appears that connects the culture ancient world with the era of the Crusades and through it with our time. Here, for the first time, original manuscripts appear, the age of which is not in doubt. There are 9 of them, including the Easter chronicles, as well as the chronicles of George Amartol, George Kedren, John Zonar and Nikita Acominatus. And these are the most ancient manuscripts that historical science has.
As for Ancient Rome, its spiritual activity is concentrated at the turn of the old and new eras, around the zero year. Age of poetry - green segment in column 1 (10 names, including Flac, Ovid, Virgil); satire - 7 names in column 2 (including Apuleius, Juvenal, Horace); dramaturgy - 9 names in column 3; oratory - 5 names in column 4 (Cicero, Cato, Crassus); pre-scientific philosophy - 4 names in column 5 (Pliny St., Pliny Ml., Seneca); didactic poetry - 4 names in column 6 (Ovid, Virgil, Lucretius); history - 6 names in column 9 (among them Julius Caesar, Titus Livius, Tacitus)...
We already know that Morozov, like many other researchers, doubted ancient origin works of Plato, Aristotle, Titus Livius, Tacitus. Reflecting over the diagram again and again, he became convinced of the complete improbability of this, as he expressed it, "fertile farming" in ancient history. Here, whatever the name, the question. How could, for example, Pythagoras develop the theory of numbers a thousand years before the Arabs invented decimal system calculus, without which there could be no question of any number theory? Isn’t Georg Stahl’s phlogiston, which was born in last years seventeenth century? Isn't Democritus amazing, who allegedly in the 5th century BC. e. said about atoms almost the same thing that Lavoisier said about them 2200 years later? And the oldest of the philosophers, Thales, who, not knowing the duration of the solar year, supposedly predicted a solar eclipse to take place on May 28 minus 584 according to the Julian calendar, which appeared almost eight hundred years later?
And such perplexing questions arise at every step. Why before the 5th century BC. e. only poets will be born?
Why in the time of Homer, who wrote huge poems in hexametric verse, there are no historians, although historical records are the first to which writing is attached? Why is ancient Greek poetry interrupted for a thousand years before the Renaissance, and it is replaced by the richest dramaturgy? Why do playwrights disappear as suddenly as poets, only to be reborn a thousand years later, to be replaced by didactic poets and mathematicians? Why did the primitive annals and chronicles of the Middle Ages become a continuation of the deep and refined historical writings of Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon?
Is it because, Morozov suggests, that all the so-called ancient authors actually worked in the Renaissance, when “there was a fashion to apocryphal lyrical and heroic poems in the most ancient centuries; dramas, comedies, philosophical and oratorical works after this, and bucolic and didactic poetry still later. Historians, on the other hand, unwillingly had to be distributed over different centuries: after all, while dozens of comedies or poems of different content could be written in the same year, it cannot be allowed that at the same time Greece had several different stories?
Summing up his analysis of the diagram, Morozov comes to the conclusion that no ancient manuscripts existed in nature, that all the works of the so-called antiquity have come down to us either in manuscripts on parchment whose antiquity never goes deeper than the 11th century, or in printed publications XV-XVIII centuries, and the manuscripts from which the set was made disappeared without a trace somewhere. That is, Morozov writes, "were obviously destroyed by the owners after printing."
According to Morozov, when studying the history of the Ancient World, he was always surprised by the mysterious similarity of the three periods in the history of the Roman Empire. So, in Italy, a military-monarchical state arose from primary democracy, created by the two brothers Romulus and Remus. Then Romulus killed his brother, became the sole ruler, was recognized as a saint, temples were built in his honor and prayers were served. Having existed for two and a half centuries, this monarchy fell, a troubled time came, then a republic was established, but then two co-rulers came to power and established a new monarchy. Then one of them - Octavian - killed another - Anthony, was recognized as a saint - Augustus and died in glory. But again: two and a half centuries passed, a time of troubles came to replace the Augustan monarchy, a new wave swept over, and two co-rulers Constantine and Lucinius created a third monarchical state that extended its power on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East, Egypt and Italy. And the same story: Constantine, who killed the co-ruler, was canonized, prayers are served for him, and after two and a half centuries the monarchy disintegrates, and medieval republics and principalities arise on its territory ...
“All this was completely incomprehensible to me until,” Morozov wrote, “until I managed to establish astronomically that the gospel Christ was pillared (crucified - Ed.) on March 21, 386, that the Apocalypse was written on September 30, 395 and that the persecutor of Christians, Nero, is written off from the emperor-consul Valens. in which there was also persecution of Christians. If Nero is Valens, then all the emperors of the Second Empire may have analogues in the Third. And it is possible that the same dependence exists for the kings of the First Empire.
After a rigorous analysis of the sources, Morozov came to the conclusion: the entire Second Roman Empire, headed by Augustus Caesar, was written off from the Third Kingdom, the only one that really existed in Byzantium, and the First Kingdom of Romulus and Remus, as well as the biblical "Kingdom of David" turned out to be mirages of a mirage. Together with these kingdoms, “all Christianity of the first three centuries of our era and all Judaism until the birth of Arius-Aron at the end of the 3rd century AD disappeared from consideration. It also became clear that not one of the solar and lunar eclipses was justified until the end of the 3rd century, and from the 4th century all were justified.
But if there was no Julius Caesar, Pompey, Cleopatra, Hannibal, then where did the ancient palaces, triumphal arches, statues, the Colosseum come from in Rome?
To answer these questions, together with Morozov, you should make a sortie into that very “gloomy Middle Ages”, which for some reason is sparingly written about in our history books ...
“For a correct understanding of ancient history,” Morozov wrote, “we must free ourselves from the idea instilled in us from childhood that the Roman Empire emerged from Italian Rome.” This city, standing in the swamps forty kilometers from the mouth of the shallow Tiber, could never compete with Constantinople on the Bosphorus, located on the shores of two continents and connected by sea routes with Balkan Romania, Rumelia, Greece and the Greek archipelago, Asia Minor, Egypt, Tunisia and Southern Italy. Constantinople, placed in the center of the Mediterranean world by nature itself, naturally became from 324 AD. e. the capital of the Great Roman Empire, whose citizens called themselves not Byzantines, not Greeks, not Hellenes, but Romays, that is, Romans. Italian Rome was at that time a third-rate town, which had significance only as a religious center like Mecca or Lhasa.
But the importance of this town increased as Christianity took shape, exerting more and more influence on the political, social and privacy people of Western Europe. And for several centuries, the main attention of the Roman church has been focused on several areas of activity necessary for the prosperity of the city.
First of all, the dramatic feature of Rome was that, while claiming spiritual power over the whole world, it could not defend itself even from petty neighbors. And the constant concern of the Roman pontiffs, and then the popes, was the search for powerful secular patrons. Further, the prosperity of the city and the church depended on the influx of pilgrims, for which it was necessary to create and constantly maintain the prestige and glory of the city at any cost: by attracting all kinds of relics and relics, building luxurious palaces and temples, holding mass processions, entertainment and spectacles, disseminating information about the former power and glory of the city of Rome. Together, all of these events set the stage for one of the greatest frauds in history.
Here are some examples. Gregorovius is the most authoritative historian on the history of medieval Rome. He's so saturated with the ideology of greatness ancient rome that, describing majestic buildings, palaces and buildings, sees in them only pale semblances of what was in their places in antiquity. So, looking at the famous Pantheon, built under Pontifex Boniface IV in 608-615, he does not forget to note that an abandoned pagan temple stood on this site for many centuries, until Boniface IV built a temple on its ruins, but already a Christian one.. Here is the famous plumbing, allegedly "built by the slaves of Rome." It came into operation under Pontifex Adrian I (772-795), but Grigorovius again did not fail to remind: the plumbing was only “restored” by Adrian.
The question arises: on what basis were such categorical amendments based? To answer this question, Morozov studied the two oldest guides to Rome, from which all subsequent authors wrote off, and came to the conclusion that these works are based on nothing but the frivolity of the authors. “Monuments that are now considered classical are often designated by the names of churches that are now considered to be built as if on the ruins of those monuments.”
In 1300, Boniface VIII held a famous pilgrimage celebration in Rome in honor of the advent of the 14th century; the papal bull promised complete absolution to all who visited the basilicas of Peter and Paul - and the influx of pilgrims was expected to be unprecedented. For this celebration, according to Morozov, the famous Colosseum was built. “It involuntarily comes to mind that such a building was originally erected for some exceptional tournament for the glory of the Madonna. His whole apparatus is adapted to this, and reports of his legendary past are all late. By the way, as Morozov notes, the gladiator in translation into Russian means “sword-bearer” ...
In the earliest documents of the Roman Senate relating to XII century, Morozov found information about the rental of the famous supposedly ancient columns of Trajan and Antoninus, as well as the arch of Titus. From these documents it was clear that these structures brought their owners some kind of income, and if so, then the legends about their ancient origin could be composed for selfish purposes. It is possible that the owners of these structures could not always resist the temptation and, during restorations and repairs, they made inscriptions to prove the antiquity of the structure and the origin of the family.
Then, in the XII century, families of artists and sculptors appeared and began to flourish in Rome. “Locating in their secluded workshops,” wrote Morozov, “amidst the noise and disasters of internecine wars, they created all the classical sculpture, since almost all popes, without exception, already took care of decorating churches and palaces with statues, including the Vatican.”
Morozov also answers the question about the origin of the Roman ruins, which were considered by lovers and admirers of antiquity as irrefutable evidence of the existence of ancient Rome. In reality, these are traces of a fierce struggle for power between the supporters of the popes - the Guelphs and their opponents the Ghibellines in the XII-XV centuries. Once, a certain Brancaleone turned out to be at the head of the Ghibellines, who ordered the destruction of the castles and palaces of the Guelphs. “They dug up the base, supporting the tower with wooden supports,” an eyewitness wrote, “then they lit them, and the tower fell” ... Thus, in many cities of Italy, including Rome, dozens of luxurious buildings were destroyed, the remains of which were later passed off as antique ruin...
“And what do we see after all that has been said in these volumes of our research? - asked Morozov, finishing the next volume. - From the ancient classical Greece and from the ancient classical Rome, there is nothing real left. There is nothing real left of Ancient Phoenicia, Ancient Carthage, and the kingdoms of Israel and Judea.”
What could Morozov count on after such statements? Least of all on the termination of publication in 1932 and the imposition of the strictest ban on the slightest mention of these works in the Soviet press for a long fifty years ...
Nikolai Alexandrovich was saved this time by his fantastic versatility: he stopped working on a forbidden topic and switched to other problems, which he successfully developed until his death at the age of 92. Charge vitality in this extraordinary man was such that at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, having crossed the eighth decade, he signed up for the people's militia ...
Only at the end of the 70s did a group of mathematicians - M. Postnikov, A. Fomenko, A. Mishchenko, and others - begin to further develop the problem posed by Morozov, and publish several articles in the scientific press. However, an attempt by the Tekhnika i Nauka journal, made in 1982, to make these works available to wide publicity resulted in a strict suggestion from the Central Committee of the CPSU. And now we again bring to the attention of readers a presentation of Morozov's concept of the successive continuity of human culture and an article by mathematician Anatoly Fomenko, who talks about the methods of scientific analysis of historical documents developed by him and his colleagues. Read about it in the article.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov lived for 92 years.
Of these, he was a naturalist for 77 years, a revolutionary fighter for 74 years, a prisoner in solitary confinement in tsarist prisons for 29 years, a doctor of chemistry and mathematics for 40 years, an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences for 14 years, and a certified pilot for the last 36 years of his life. Morozov left 3000 to the Motherland and humanity scientific papers(only 400 of them were published during his lifetime!), many beautiful poems and prose works, and at the age of 90 on the Volkhov front he shot from a sniper rifle German soldiers. Survived to the Victory!
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov was born on June 25, 1854 into a noble family in the Borok estate of the Yaroslavl province. His mother was a serf peasant woman A. V. Morozova; father - a young rich landowner Shchepochkin, who fell in love with his serf, gave her freedom and married her. The son from this marriage (not consecrated by the church) received his mother's surname.
Nikolai Morozov was brought up in his father's house, distinguished from childhood by great curiosity and a special predilection for the natural sciences: he collected herbariums and collections of minerals, read books from the home library, climbed onto the roof of the house at night and studied the starry sky for hours. Morozov's stay at the Moscow Classical Gymnasium, where he entered in 1869, was short-lived. For active participation in the organization of the "secret society of natural scientists-gymnasium students" and the publication of a handwritten illegal gymnasium journal, which, along with scientific articles, included notes on political topics, Morozov was expelled from the 6th grade.
In the early 1870s, Morozov met prominent revolutionary populists S. M. Kravchinsky, D. A. Klements and others and soon took part in the propaganda of socialist ideas among the peasantry. In this work, disguising himself and pretending to be either a blacksmith or a shoemaker, Morozov spends the summer of 1874 moving from village to village, talking with peasants, reading and distributing forbidden literature among them. When mass arrests began among the populists, Morozov returned to Moscow, where he was persecuted by the police.
Soon, in the same 1874, he was forced to go abroad. In Geneva, Morozov establishes contacts with Russian emigrants, becomes the editor of the Bakunin's magazine "Worker", collaborates in the London newspaper "Forward!", Published by P. L. Lavrov. Here he was accepted as a member of the International.
In 1875, he tries to return to Russia illegally, but the gendarmes detain him at the border, as one of the "most dangerous Russian conspirators." (Under this definition, Morozov's name appears on the list of persons that was secretly sent by the government to all police institutions of the empire for enhanced search and transfer to prison.)
From 1875 to 1878 Morozov spent in the St. Petersburg prison on remand. Without wasting time, trying, if possible, to study mathematics, physics, astronomy, he studied foreign languages in prison, preparing for the activities of a professional revolutionary. It was there that his first poems were written. During his imprisonment, Morozov was brought to trial in the "trial of the 193s", which lasted almost three months. As a result, he was again sentenced to prison, but he was credited with three years of his stay in the remand prison.
Upon leaving the prison, Morozov, having learned that the sentence against him is subject to review as "too lenient", immediately goes into hiding. By this time, he joined the organization of the revolutionary populists "Land and Freedom", where he soon became one of the leading figures. Together with G. V. Plekhanov, he edits the journal "Land and Freedom". In view of the emerging disagreements with Plekhanov, who denied individual terror as a method of political struggle, Morozov created a special organ - the "List of Land and Freedom" dedicated to the propaganda of terror, and, finally, in 1879 became part of a terrorist group with the motto "Freedom or death ", secretly arose inside the "Earth and Freedom".
After the final split of the Land and Waves, Morozov was a member of the Executive Committee of the People's Will (it included such great Russian revolutionary socialists as A.I. Zhelyabov, S.L. Perovskaya, A.D. Mikhailov, N.I. Kibalchich, V. N. Figner, N. V. Kletochnikov and others) and the editor of its printed organ.
Assassination attempts on Alexander II follow one after another, in the preparation of which the irreconcilable Morozov takes an active part. In 1880 he again had to emigrate abroad. During his trip to London, he meets and talks with K. Marx.
Informed by a letter from Sofya Perovskaya about the need to return to his homeland to help an organization that is losing one person after another, Morozov in 1881 makes a second attempt to cross the Russian border and then falls into the hands of the Romanov secret services.
On March 1 (13), 1881, the last surviving group of "Land and Freedom" kills Alexander II.
In 1882, according to the famous "trial of 20 People's Will" Morozov was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served first in the Alekseevskaya ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress (until 1884), and then in the Shlisselburg Fortress (21 years).
During the first two years of imprisonment, of those 15 convicted Narodnaya Volya members who were not executed, 11 people died of starvation and disease. ON THE. Morozov was held in cell no. 10. He, like everyone else, fell ill with tuberculosis and scurvy. In 1883 the prison doctor Williams reported Alexander III that Morozov would die in three days, but he survived thanks to the system of prison gymnastics he invented.
Morozov was released under an amnesty only in the autumn of 1905, after 25 years of solitary confinement.
During this period he retired from active political activity immersed in science.
Morozov devoted all the years of his stay in the Shlisselburg fortress to the development of the scientific questions mainly in chemistry and astronomy. With an incredible effort of will, he forced himself to work, write, do calculations, draw up tables. In conclusion, N.A. Morozov studied French, English, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Old Slavonic, Ukrainian and Polish. He wrote 26 volumes of various manuscripts.
This allowed him immediately after his release from prison to publish one after another his works: "Periodic systems of the structure of matter" (1907), "D. I. Mendeleev and the significance of his periodic system for the chemistry of the future "(1908). At the same time, during his imprisonment, most of his poems were created, which he published in the book Star Songs. The publication of this book in 1910 caused prosecution and a new one-year sentence, which Morozov was serving in Dvinskaya fortress year
Morozov used his stay in prison to write his memoirs.
("Tales of my life", vols. 1-4, Pg., 1916-1918 (ed. 3rd - vols. 1-2, M.,
1965).}
After his release from prison, Morozov enjoyed tremendous respect among all the revolutionary parties and groups in Russia, as one of the few surviving Narodnaya Volya. Many political organizations courted the spindles of the Russian revolution, tried to win over the surviving Narodnaya Volya to their side.
In May 1908, at the invitation of Prince D.O. Bebutova N.A. Morozov, joined the St. Petersburg Masonic Lodge "Polar Star". Masons N.A. Morozov was needed as a very popular figure to attract new members, and he was interested in Masonic documents, in particular - of a revolutionary political nature, which they possessed. After getting acquainted with the movement in 1910, Morozov left the box, forever losing interest in freemasonry.
When Morozov was released from Shlisselburg, aviation was taking its first, still timid and uncertain steps, and only the most daring minds dreamed of astronautics. But the future scientist looked far ahead. He foresaw the enormous future of aeronautics and aviation, and the future astronautics. Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov flew both in airplanes and in balloons. Contemporaries unanimously recognized him as "the most skillful aviator."
Morozov made his first flight in an airplane resembling a "flying whatnot" on September 5, 1910 from the Commandant's Field in St. Petersburg. This flight frightened the tsarist government half to death, which continued to consider the famous Shlisselburger "a most dangerous revolutionary." The security department imagined that Nikolai Alexandrovich had risen into the air for no other reason than to drop a bomb on the head of the “sovereign emperor”. And although nothing of the sort happened, Morozov's home was searched just in case...
Together with Plekhanov and other veterans of the socialist movement, he was favored by the Provisional Government.
In political views, he was closer to the Bolsheviks, but on the issue of the socialist revolution he opposed Lenin. Despite his pro-Plekhanov position, his formal connection with the Cadets Party and personally with V.I. Vernadsky, since he was elected to the Constituent Assembly from this party, he enjoyed great respect among the Bolsheviks.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, Morozov devoted himself entirely to scientific, pedagogical and social activities. He was elected director of the Natural Science Institute named after P. F. Lesgaft, an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It was at this institute that, on the initiative of the scientist, the development of a number of problems related to space exploration began.
Peru Morozov owns the books "Revelations in Thunderstorm and Storm" (1907) and "Christ" (seven-volume work of 1924-1932), in which, on the basis of astronomy and geophysics data, he tried to substantiate a completely new concept of world history, which is not of scientific value, but remarkable in its own way. (On the basis of this concept, modern "followers" created the "New Chronology" used to destroy historical knowledge.)
In recent years, Morozov lived in his homeland, on the Borok estate in the Yaroslavl region, which was assigned to him for life on the personal instructions of V. I. Lenin.
March 29, 1932 N.A. Morozov is elected an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences as a "chemist, astronomer, cultural historian, writer, figure of the Russian revolutionary movement". Honorary Academician is a rare title, which before the revolution was awarded only to members of the imperial family and their most faithful servants (A.Kh. Benkendorf, K.P. Pobedonostsev, etc.). For all the years Soviet power it was awarded only 10 times.
In 1944, in honor of N.A. Morozov, 7 scholarships were established in astronomy, chemistry and physics at Moscow University, at the Academy of Sciences and at the Lesgaft Institute.
In terms of the volume of popular science and educational work in the 20-30s, Morozov had no equal.
In 1939 N.A. Morozov, at the age of 85, graduated from the Osoaviakhim sniper courses and, despite his age, three years later, on the Volkhov Front, he volunteered to take part in hostilities against the Nazi invaders.
He was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939).
A member of the executive committee of the "Narodnaya Volya" lived to see the great Victory Day.
Copy. Autograph
Dear Joseph Vissarionovich,
I am happy that I lived to see the day of victory over German fascism, which brought so much grief to our Motherland and all civilized mankind and was brought to its knees solely thanks to your wise firmness and brilliant insight, which manifested itself from the beginning to the end of the Patriotic War.
I join from the bottom of my heart in greeting my staff at the Leningrad State (Generative) Natural Science Institute, as its director (L. 6)
tor, I also attach to him my admiration, greetings and congratulations.
May 9 will forever remain for Russia a day of unforgettable glory associated with your name as the name of a wonderful leader. (L. 6v)
Honorary Academician Nikolai Morozov
(former Shlisselburger)
Archive Russian Academy Sciences. F. 543 (N.A. Morozov's fund). Op. 2. D. 62. L. 6 - 6v.
You can learn about the life of a Russian revolutionary educator from books
"Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov. Scientist-encyclopedist, ”- M .: Nauka, 1982.
"Impatience" a story about Andrei Zhelyabov by Yuri Trifonov.
After October revolution An almost exhaustive collection of Morozov's poetic works was published: "Star Songs". The first complete edition of all poems until 1919 "(books 1-2, M., 1920-1921). It is interesting that the publication of Morozov's poems received negative feedback Nikolai Gumilyov, who advised not to meddle with "poetic mediocrity" in the Russian "poetic community".
Brothers! Our path is hard! Chest tearing
In this battle with soulless force.
But doubts away! It won't always be night
The light will shine even over our grave.
And, having finished the fight, remembering our fate,
The descendants will not blame us
And in a free country they will be fully justified,
The dead will be remembered with kind words.
Source - Wikipedia
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov
Date of birth: June 25 (July 7), 1854
Place of birth: Borok estate, Mologa district, Yaroslavl province, Russian Empire
Date of death: July 30, 1946 (aged 92)
Place of death: Borok village, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl region, USSR
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854-1946) - Russian populist revolutionary. Member of the circle of "Chaikovites", "Land and Freedom", the executive committee of "Narodnaya Volya". He was a participant in assassination attempts on Alexander II. In 1882 he was sentenced to eternal hard labor, until 1905 he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Mason. Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1918 - Director of Natural Science.
He left a large number of works in various fields of natural and social sciences. Also known as a writer, poet and author of historical works. He was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939).
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov was born in 1854 in the family estate of Borok, Yaroslavl Region. Father - Mologa landowner, nobleman Pyotr Alekseevich Shchepochkin (1832-1886). Mother - a Novgorod peasant woman, a former serf P. A. Shchepochkina Anna Vasilievna Morozova (1834-1919). All their joint children (two sons and five daughters) bore the mother's surname, and the patronymic - the godfather, the landowner Alexander Ivanovich Radozhitsky. Nikolai received mostly home education, but in 1869 he entered the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium, where, according to his own recollections, he studied poorly and was expelled. In 1871-1872 he was a volunteer at Moscow University.
In 1874 he joined the populist circle "Chaikovites", participated in "going to the people", conducted propaganda among the peasants of Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Voronezh and Kursk provinces. In the same year he went abroad, was a representative of the "Chaikovites" in Switzerland, collaborated in the newspaper "Worker" and the magazine "Forward", became a member of the International. Upon returning to Russia in 1875, he was arrested. In 1878 he was convicted in the process of the 193rd and, taking into account the preliminary conclusion, was released at the end of the trial. continued revolutionary activity, conducted propaganda in the Saratov province, in order to avoid arrest, went into an illegal position.
Shlisselburg fortress. New prison.
He became one of the leaders of the organization "Land and Freedom", was the secretary of the editorial office of the newspaper "Land and Freedom". In 1879 he took part in the creation of the "Narodnaya Volya", joined its Executive Committee.
Participated in the preparation of assassination attempts on Alexander II, was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper "Narodnaya Volya". In January 1880, due to theoretical differences with the majority of the Narodnaya Volya leadership, he moved away from practical work and, together with his common-law wife, Olga Lyubatovich, went abroad, where he published a pamphlet "The Terrorist Fight" outlining his views. If the program of "Narodnaya Volya" considered terror as an exceptional method of struggle and further provided for the rejection of it, then Morozov proposed using terror constantly as a regulator of political life in Russia. The theory developed by Morozov was called "tellism" (from Wilhelm Tell). In December 1880, Morozov met Karl Marx in London, who gave him several works for translation into Russian, including the Communist Manifesto.
On January 28, 1881, even before the assassination of Emperor Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya, Morozov was arrested at the border while illegally returning to Russia. In 1882, in the process of 20, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Until 1884, he was kept in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and since 1884 - in cells: 2, 13, 15, 28, 29, 33 and 37 of the Shlisselburg Fortress. In the Shlisselburg convict prison he wrote 26 volumes of various manuscripts, which he managed to save and take out when he was released from prison in 1905.
In November 1905, during the revolutionary events, under an amnesty of October 28, 1905, N.A. Morozov was released after 25 years in prison. During his imprisonment, he learned eleven languages, wrote many scientific papers in chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, aviation, political economy, and, fully devoting himself to science, began to prepare his works for publication. He was arrested in 1911, spent almost the entire year in prison. The last time he was arrested in 1912 in the Crimea and imprisoned in the Dvina fortress, he was released in early 1913 under an amnesty in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. As a result, with interruptions, he spent about 30 years in prison.
At the beginning of 1907, in the church of the village of Kopan near Bork, Nikolai Alexandrovich married Ksenia Alekseevna Borislavskaya (1880-1948), a famous pianist, writer and translator. They lived together long life but they had no children.
In 1908 he joined the Masonic lodge "Polar Star".
On January 31, 1909, N. A. Morozov was invited by S. V. Muratov on behalf of the Council of the Russian Society of Lovers of the World Studies (ROLM) to the post of Chairman of the Council and remained its only chairman until its closure in 1932. The members of the Council were then repressed and some of them were amnestied only after half a century. Morozov, despite his critical position, was only forced to leave for his Borok estate, where he continued his scientific work, including in the astronomical observatory built for him by the Society.
In 1939, on his initiative, a science Center; now the Borok Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences also works there.
In 1939, at the age of 85, Morozov graduated from the Osoaviakhim sniper course and three years later, on the Volkhov front, he personally participated in hostilities. In July 1944 he was awarded the Order of Lenin.
He was buried in Borka Park on one of the lawns. In the year of the 100th anniversary of his birth, a bronze monument was erected on the grave, made by the sculptor G. Motovilov.
Political views. Morozov and the revolution
Morozov did not share Bolshevik views. For him, socialism was the ideal of social organization, but this ideal was perceived by him as a distant goal, the achievement of which is connected with the worldwide development of science, technology and education. He considered capitalism to be the driving force of the latter. He defended the position that a gradual, well-prepared nationalization of industry was needed, and not its forcible expropriation. In his articles, he proved the failure of the socialist revolution in peasant Russia. On the question of the socialist revolution, he opposed Lenin. Here his position was closer to Plekhanov's. Morozov participated in the elections to the Constituent Assembly on the lists of the Cadet Party, being in the same ranks with V. I. Vernadsky. On August 12, 1917, at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, on the initiative of the head of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky, a State Conference was held, to which the leaders of the revolutionary movement were involved: Prince P.A. Lopatin, G. V. Plekhanov, and N. A. Morozov. In a speech at this meeting, Morozov argued that the proletariat could not live without the bourgeoisie at the present time.
On the eve of the October Revolution, N. A. Morozov took a conciliatory position, having joined the party of the Cadets, he was offered the post of Deputy Minister of Education, which he refused. N. A. Morozov was respected by all revolutionary parties as one of the few living members of the People's Will.
Performance evaluation
Memory
In honor of Morozov, a minor planet (1210) Morozovia and a crater on the Moon are named.
AT Leningrad region there is a village named after Morozov.
Streets in Vladivostok and Ramenskoye are named after Nikolai Morozov.
Shlisselburg gunpowder factories were renamed in 1922 into the “Plant im. Morozov.
In Bork (Yaroslavl region) there is a house-museum of Morozov.
Bibliography
Morozov N. A. Tales of my life: Memoirs / Ed. and note. S. Ya. Shtreikh. Afterword B. I. Kozmina. T. 2. - M.: b. i., 1961. - 702 p.: p.
Morozov N. A. Christ. The history of mankind in natural science coverage vols. 1-7 - M.-L.: Gosizdat, 1924-1932; 2nd ed. - M.: Kraft+, 1998
Literature
Avrekh A. Ya. Freemasons and revolution. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - S. 51. - 350 p. - ISBN 5-250-00806-2
Popovsky M.A. The defeated time: The Tale of Nikolai Morozov. - M.: Politizdat. Fiery revolutionaries, 1975. - 479 p., ill.
Bronshten V. A. Defeat of the Society of Lovers of World Studies. Journal "Nature", 1990. No. 10, pp. 122-126.
Zakharova T. G. Borok is the birthplace of N. A. Morozov // Moscow Journal. - 2005. - No. 9. - S. 7-8.
Revolutionary - populist, scientist. Born in the Yaroslavl province., The son of a landowner and a serf peasant woman. In 1874 he joined the circle of "Chaikovites", participated in "going to the people", went abroad, entered the First International. In 1875, having returned to Russia, he was arrested and tried under the Trial of the 193rd. In 1878 he joined the "Land and Freedom", was elected a member of the Central Committee of the party. In 1881, Mr.. arrested, tried on the Trial of 20 (assassination attempt on Alexander II), sentenced to indefinite hard labor. Released in October 1905 from the Shlisselburg fortress. In conditions of solitary confinement, he studied chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, history, and natural science. Author of many valuable scientific works. In 1917 he was close to the Cadets. In 1915 he became director of the Lesgaft biological laboratory in Petrograd.
In 1932 he was elected an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
N. A. Morozov - comes from a landowner's family, but with early years took part in political work aimed at overthrowing the tsarist autocracy, joined a secret organization that did not deny terror and prepared the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Morozov was a member of its executive committee. Convicted in the case of the Narodnaya Volya, he spent four years in the Peter and Paul Fortress, over twenty years in Shlisselburg. In prison and at liberty, Morozov did a lot of scientific and literary work, he wrote many poems devoted to physics, mathematics, astronomy and chemistry, in which one could easily catch the ardent aspirations for the revolutionary reorganization of society. At that evening, Nikolai Aleksandrovich read us his poems from the collection Star Songs. For publishing them in 1910, he was convicted again and imprisoned in the Dvina fortress. Prisons did not break the spirit of the revolutionary, his fiery hopes for the collapse of the old world. He was dressed very simply, with thick gray hair in his hair, and his friendly, friendly look and youthful enthusiastic speech aroused the general sympathy of the students. Many years later, I learned that the Shlisselburg prisoner Morozov after the October Socialist Revolution devoted himself to scientific and pedagogical activity and in 1932 was elected an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences
13. Klasson I.R. in the coverage of Motovilova S.N.
14.
Morozov, Nikolai Alexandrovich(1854-1946) - Russian public figure, revolutionary populist, thinker, scientist, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, writer, poet.
Party and literary pseudonyms - "Sparrow", "Zodiac".
Born on June 25, 1854 in the village of Borok, Nekouzsky district of the Yaroslavl province. illegitimate son a wealthy landowner and a serf peasant woman set free, he received a good education at home, completing it at the 2nd Moscow classical gymnasium. There, carried away by the natural sciences, he founded the "Secret Society of Naturalists-Gymnasium Students". Starting from the 5th grade of the gymnasium, he attended, dressed in a student uniform, lectures at Moscow University, thoroughly studied university museum collections.
Carried away in 1874 by populist ideas, he joined the Moscow circle of N.V. Tchaikovsky (“Tchaikovsky”), together with his comrades “went to the people” - conducted propaganda among the peasants of Moscow, Kursk and Voronezh provinces. Police persecution forced him to return to Moscow, from where he left for St. Petersburg, and by the end of 1874 - to Geneva. There he collaborated in P.L. Lavrov’s magazine “Forward”, joined the International Association of Workers (I International).
In January 1875 he tried to return to Russia, but was arrested at the border and allowed into the country under the guarantee of his father. Leaning towards the bourgeois-liberal idea of progress through the dissemination of scientific and accurate knowledge among the people, Morozov gave himself up to the revolutionary struggle, and not so much for the sake of "peasant socialism", but in the name of the program of civil liberties. Having gone underground, he again engaged in propaganda among the peasants - this time in the Saratov province.
In 1878, having returned to St. Petersburg, he joined the organization "Land and Freedom", became one of the editors of its underground publication of the same name.
In 1879, with the split of "Land and Liberty" into "Cherny Repartition" and "Narodnaya Volya", he entered the organization of Narodnaya Volya, edited their printed organ. In 1880 he emigrated to Geneva, where he wrote the pamphlet The Terrorist Struggle, theoretically substantiating the tactics of the Narodnaya Volya. In the opinion of his comrades, he became "one of the first ardent heralds of the people's will" (V.N. Figner). At the same time he published his first collection of poems - Poems. 1875–1880(It is no coincidence that Russian Marxists called Morozov a liberal with a bomb).
Having moved from Geneva to London, he met Karl Marx.
When trying to return to Russia on January 28, 1881, he was again arrested at the border near Verzhbolov. After the assassination on March 1, 1881, Alexander II was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in 1882 he was judged according to the "Trial of 20", sentenced to life imprisonment. The court report preserved his verbal portrait: "more than average height, very thin, dark blond, oblong face, small features, large silky beard and mustache, wearing glasses, very handsome, speaks quietly, slowly." During the investigation, he frankly stated: “By conviction, I am a terrorist.”
After the trial, he was imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Long-term imprisonment in a ravelin without the right to use printed materials, with constant "torture by lack of food and lack of air" did not break his will. Having received some time later permission to use theological literature, he mastered the Hebrew language (in total, Morozov knew 11 foreign languages). In prison, he began an in-depth study of biblical history, as well as the chronology of heavenly phenomena during the years of Christ's life. Meticulous work led him to a new understanding of the chronology of world history. Being transferred to the casemate of the Shlisselburg Fortress and having the opportunity to use scientific books, throughout the entire period of 25 years of imprisonment, he stubbornly engaged in “thought work” (creative scientific activity), having created works on chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, history. The books written by him in prison were published after his release in November 1905 (among them - Periodic system of the structure of matter: theory of education chemical elements . M., 1907; Revelations in thunder and storm: the story of the emergence of the Apocalypse. M. - St. Petersburg, 1907; Fundamentals of Qualitative Physical and Mathematical Analysis and New physical factors found by him in various natural phenomena. M., 1908; D.I. Mendeleev and the importance of his periodic system for the chemistry of the future. M., 1908, etc.).
The enthusiastic revolutionary youth perceived him as the personification of the coming democratic revolution. Soon after his release, Morozov's scientific merits were noticed in society, he was awarded the title of professor. physical chemistry Higher free school P.F. Lesgaft. Soon he was appointed director, first of the biological laboratory, and then of the entire Natural Science Institute. P.F. Lesgaft. It was at this institute, on the initiative of Morozov, that the development of a number of problems related to space exploration began.
Often speaking with public scientific lectures, he traveled to many cities in Russia, spoke in Siberia and Far East. Interesting are Morozov's attempts to publish "scientific poetry" on astronomical topics, theoretically comprehended by him in the article Poetry in science and science in poetry(“Russian Vedomosti”, 1912, No. 1).
For the publication of a collection of poems star songs(M., 1910) was put on trial and spent the whole of 1911 in the Dvina fortress. He used his conclusion to write a multi-volume Lead my life; the memoirs in it are brought to the foundation of the "Narodnaya Volya". L.N. Tolstoy highly appreciated his writing gift: “I read it with the greatest interest and pleasure. I am very sorry that there is no continuation of them ... Talentedly written!
In Morozov's poems there were calls for social feat (comparable to the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov and V.S. Kurochkin), for the glorification of the revolutionary struggle, and the glorification of sacrificial heroism.
In the 1910s, having become interested in aeronautics, as a researcher, he flew the first airplanes, including over the Shlisselburg fortress 10 years after his release from it (he was already about 60 years old). Being elected after returning from a long prison term to honorary members of many scientific societies, he taught at the Higher Women's Courses of P.F. Lesgaft, read the course "World Chemistry" at the Psychoneurological Institute.
Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva
He was a participant in assassination attempts on Alexander II. In was sentenced to eternal hard labor, until he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Honorary Academician Nikolai Morozov is also known as an original scientist who left a large number of works in the most diverse fields of natural and social sciences. He is known both as a writer and as a poet. Morozov combined amazing scientific erudition, a wide synthetic coverage of the main areas of knowledge and creative inspiration with an original approach to each topic that interested him. According to encyclopedic knowledge, enormous capacity for work, productivity and creative potential, Nikolai Morozov is an exceptional phenomenon.
Biography
House-Museum of Morozov in Bork.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov was born in 1854 in the family estate of Borok. He survived the first steps in the development of steam and electricity technology, and completed his life path in the initial period of the era of atomic energy, the possibilities of which he foresaw before most physicists and chemists.
Performance evaluation
Assessing the scientific path traversed by Nikolai Morozov, given the lack of special chemical education and the opportunity to experiment in the laboratory during his youth, one has to wonder how deeply and versatile he mastered the treasures of chemical science, how boldly, creatively he used them, how relatively few mistakes he made. Being cut off for almost 30 years from live communication with chemists, having neither teachers nor students, N.A. Morozov, naturally, had to independently, without experiment, without the latest literature, solve the often very difficult problems that arose for him.
In his writings, the sharpness of thought, generalizations and forecasts is striking.
The principle of complex research in science, which N.A. Morozov adhered to all his life, was embodied not only in the institute he led, but is also embodied in the work of the scientific center, created in 1939 on his initiative in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl Region, where now The Borok Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences also operates. This scientific center in the homeland of N. A. Morozov is a worthy monument to an outstanding scientist and citizen.
In 1939, at the age of 85, Morozov graduated from the Osoaviakhim sniper course and three years later, on the Volkhov front, he personally participated in hostilities. In July 1944 he was awarded the Order of Lenin.
Proceedings
N. A. Morozov performed works in various fields of astronomy, cosmogony, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, geophysics and meteorology, aeronautics, aviation, history, philosophy, political economy, and linguistics. He wrote a number of widely known autobiographical, memoir and other literary works.
The works of N. A. Morozov are used by specialists in many fields of knowledge. His name went down in the history of Russian science and culture, in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement.
In one of his poems, N. A. Morozov says: “Only the one whose response is in others did not die - who in this world lived not only a personal life.” These fine words should also be attributed to Morozov himself.
Wrote memoirs - "Tales of my life."
N. A. Morozov - the forerunner of the creators of the "new chronology"
Once in the Peter and Paul Fortress and having no other literature except the Bible, Morozov began to read the Apocalypse and, by his own admission:
... from the very first chapter, I suddenly began to recognize in the apocalyptic beasts half allegorical, and half literally accurate and, moreover, an extremely artistic depiction of thunderstorm pictures long known to me, and besides them, there is also a wonderful description of the constellations of the ancient sky and planets in these constellations. After a few pages, there was no longer any doubt left for me that the true source of this ancient prophecy was one of those earthquakes that are not uncommon even now in the Greek Archipelago, and the thunderstorm that accompanied it and the ominous astrological arrangement of the planets in the constellations, these ancient signs of God's wrath, accepted the author, under the influence of religious enthusiasm, for a sign specially sent by God in response to his ardent pleas to indicate to him at least some hint when Jesus would finally come to earth.
Based on this idea as an obvious fact that does not need proof, Morozov tried to calculate the date of the event according to the alleged astronomical indications in the text and came to the conclusion that the text was written in 395 AD. e. , that is, exactly 300 years later than its traditional dating. For Morozov, however, this was not a sign of the fallacy of his hypothesis, but of tradition. Upon his release from prison, Morozov outlined his conclusions in the book Revelation of Thunderstorm and Storm (). Critics have pointed out that this dating contradicts the undeniable quotations and references to the "Apocalypse" in earlier Christian texts. To this, Morozov objected that, since the dating of the Apocalypse has been proven astronomically, then in this case we are dealing either with forgeries or incorrect dating of contradictory texts that could not have been written earlier than the 5th century BC. At the same time, he firmly believed that his dating was based on accurate astronomical data; critics' indications that these "astronomical data" were arbitrary interpretations of a metaphorical text were ignored by him.
Morozov's ideas were forgotten for a long time and were perceived only as a curiosity in the history of thought, but since the late 1960s. his "Christ" was of interest to the circle of academic intelligentsia (not the humanities, mainly mathematicians, led by M. M. Postnikov), and his ideas were developed in the "New Chronology" by A. T. Fomenko and others (for more details, see History " New Chronology). Interest in " New chronology"contributed to the reprinting of Morozov's works and the publication of his works that remained unpublished (three additional volumes of "Christ", published in 1997-2003)
Memory
- In the Leningrad region there is a village named after Morozov
- Minor planet 1210 Morosovia and lunar crater named after Morozov
- In Bork (Yaroslavl region) there is a house-museum of Morozov.
see also
Literature
- Morozov N. A. Tales of my life: Memoirs / Ed. and note. S. Ya. Shtreikh. Afterword B. I. Kozmina. T. 2. - M.: b. i., 1961. - 702 p.: p.
- Morozov N. A. Christ. The history of mankind in natural science coverage vols. 1-7 - M.-L.: Gosizdat, 1924-1932; 2nd ed. - M.: Kraft, 1998
- Popovsky M. A. Time defeated: The Tale of Nikolai Morozov. - M.: Politizdat. Fiery revolutionaries, 1975. - 479 p., ill.
- Bronshten V. A. Defeat of the Society of World Science Lovers. Journal NATURE, 1990.- No. 10, pp. 122-126
Notes
Links
- Nikolay Morozov. Travel in outer space
- Nikolai Morozov On the border of the unknown. In world space. Scientific semi-fantasies. Moscow, 1910.
- S. I. Volfkovich, "Nikolai Morozov - scientist and revolutionary"
- Veniamin Kaverin Living history. N. A. Morozov. Through the eyes of the eighties
- M. Popovsky Mobzhdennoye vremya. The Tale of Nikolai Morozov. POLITIZDAT, 1975
- Monument to N. A. Morozov in the village. Borok, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl region Author G.Motovilov
- I.E. Repin Portrait of N. A. Morozov 1910
- Memorial house-museum of N. A. Morozov in the village. Borok, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl region. Contact information, main excursions.
- Digital archive of the honorary academician N. A. Morozov on the website of the Russian Academy of Sciences.