Psychological stability as resistance. Development of the psychological stability of the individual, overcoming the difficulties of life in modern conditions
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Introduction
Chapter 1. The concept of personality
1.1 Formation and development of personality
Chapter 2
2.1 General view on sustainability
2.2 Factors affecting psychological resilience
2.3 Problems of personality stability
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Most psychologists now agree with the idea that a person is not born, but becomes a personality. However, their points of view on what laws the development of the personality is subject to differ significantly. These discrepancies relate to the understanding of the driving forces of development, in particular the importance of society and various social groups for the development of the individual, the patterns and stages of development, the presence, specifics and role of personality development crises in this process, the possibility of accelerating the development process and other issues.
Personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities. Almost all theories of personality are based on the assumption that personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon is an entity that is vitally stable in its main manifestations. The stability of a person characterizes the sequence of her actions and the predictability of her behavior, gives her actions a natural character.
The feeling of stability of one's own personality and the personality of another is an important condition for the internal well-being of a person and the establishment of normal relationships with other people. If in some manifestations essential for communication with people the personality was not stable, then it would be difficult for people to interact with each other, to achieve mutual understanding.
So the topic of this term paper"Problems of stability of personality".
The purpose of the work is to reflect the essence of personality stability.
In connection with the goal, the tasks of the course work are defined:
Select literature relevant to the topic of the course work;
To give general concept personality;
Reflect the process of personality formation and the factors influencing it;
Give a definition of personality stability;
Show the problems of personality stability;
Bring analysis scientific research on issues of personal stability.
The fundamental basis of the course work are the following works: Nemov R.S. "Psychology", Sorokun P.A. "Fundamentals of Psychology", Kuraev G.A., Pozharskaya E.N. "Human psychology".
Chapter 1. The concept of personality
Man is a social being. The main condition for the existence of society is communication, in which the human essence is manifested. During communication and joint activities social relations are established between people, under the influence of which a new quality arises in a person - personality.
In a broad sense, a person's personality is an integral integrity of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic elements.
The biological basis of the personality covers the nervous system, the glandular system, metabolic processes, gender differences, anatomical features, the processes of maturation and development of the body.
The social "dimension" of the personality is determined by the influence of the culture and structure of the communities in which the person was brought up and in which he participates. The most important sociogenic components of the personality are the social roles performed by it in various communities (family, school, group of peers), as well as the subjective "I", that is, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe own person created under the influence of others, and the reflected "I", that is, the complex ideas about ourselves, created from other people's ideas about ourselves.
AT modern psychology there is no common understanding of personality. However, most researchers believe that a personality is an in vivo forming and individually unique set of features that determine the way of thinking of a given person.
The personality is based on its structure - the connection and interaction of relatively stable components of the personality: abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions and motivation.
Each of the definitions of personality available in the literature deserves to be taken into account in the search for a global definition of personality.
Personality is most often defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities.
The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people "Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions/ R.S. Nemov. Psychology. In three books, 4th edition. Book 1: General foundations of psychology. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2003. .
A person can only be a spiritualized person, a member of society, who has different mental properties and qualities that give him the opportunity to learn the world and himself.
According to A.N. Leontiev, this quality is a complex systemic formation. By its nature, it is a “supersensible” phenomenon, since the connections and relationships between people, under the influence of which it arises, cannot be directly perceived, their reflection is possible only through human thinking.
From the point of view of humanistic psychology, the main feature of a person is the realization of creative possibilities, her ability to improve the world around her and manage her own development, carrying out self-actualization and self-improvement” Sorokun P.A. Fundamentals of psychology / P.A. Sorokun. - Pskov: PGPU, 2005. .
“Personality cannot be reduced only to a set of arbitrarily selected internal mental properties and qualities, cannot be isolated from objective conditions, connections and relations of the individual with the outside world.
Personal features do not include such features of a person that are genotypically or physiologically determined, do not depend on life in society. Doesn't include personal psychological qualities person that characterizes him cognitive processes or an individual style of activity, since these qualities are not manifested in relations with people, with society.
So, what is a person, if we keep in mind these limitations?
Personality is a person taken in the system of such psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifested in social relations and relations, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for himself and those around him.
Personality is the social quality of the individual; outside of society, this quality of the individual does not exist. The formation and development of a personality can be viewed as the assimilation of the social programs that have developed in a given society.
A.V. Petrovsky gives the following definition of personality: “Personality denotes a systemic social quality acquired by an individual in objective activity and communication and characterizing the level and quality of representation of social relations in an individual”” Kuraev G.A. Human psychology. Course of lectures / G. A. Kuraev, E. N. Pozharskaya. - Rostov-on-Don: UNII of valeology RSU, 2002. .
1.1 Formation and development of personality
“There are several theories about the formation and development of a person's personality. Some believe that personality development is pre-programmed, and that mental qualities appear spontaneously as the human body matures. Others argue that personality development is not predetermined by anything, but each person has a predisposition to the appearance of certain mental qualities. Still others believe that the development of the mental properties of a person is of an accidental nature, and that only the life circumstances in which a person is located have a decisive role.
The starting material for the formation of the spiritual qualities of a person are moral principles, as a result of the assimilation of which, a person gains knowledge about the moral norms of behavior. But very often a person has such knowledge, but he does not apply it in life. In order for this to happen, it is necessary to arouse in him the desire to do good deeds. Consequently, the formation of the spiritual quality of a person can occur only on the basis of an alloy of knowledge, desires and actions aimed at the benefit of a person and society.
Along with the education of the personality, its self-education also takes place. The need for self-education arises if the subject begins to critically evaluate his actions and behavior, and he develops a sense of shame and conscience for his actions. The main guideline of self-education is the ideal image of "I", which arises on the basis of the idea of what I would like to be.
In the process of self-education, self-improvement of the personality takes place, which is based on the ability of a person to control his psyche, the ability to consciously regulate his behavior and actions. This is achieved through long-term training in the commission of highly moral deeds, which, becoming fixed, become habitual forms of behavior. Reflected in the intellectual, emotional and volitional spheres of the personality, the usual ways of action become the basis for the manifestation of the spiritual qualities of a person.
Thus, in the development of personality, two main stages can be distinguished:
1. On this stage under the influence of social conditions of existence, a person turns into a spiritual being - a personality whose spiritual qualities are formed in the process of purposeful training and education in the family and at school.
2. At this stage, the personality turns from an object of education into a subject of self-education. Only at this stage does a person become an active figure, able not only to know, but also to improve the world around him and himself” Sorokun P.A. Fundamentals of psychology / P. A. Sorokun. - Pskov: PGPU, 2005. .
We consider it necessary to note that sometimes many natural prerequisites also play a significant role in the formation of personality. For example, the boy had a congenital lameness. This did not give him the opportunity to play outdoor games with his peers and forced him to stand "aside" from many other activities of adolescents. Such a physical defect does not predetermine the formation of personality. However, it is wrong to assume that this innate ability is neutral in relation to the process of personality formation. In fact, natural prerequisites are not independent factors, they are socialized, imbued with a personal attitude. It is not lameness in itself that affects the formation of personality, but the fact that when peers are chasing the ball, the lame boy is forced to stand aside. But here it should be emphasized that such compensatory activity has a distinct age specificity. Let us imagine an adult middle-aged man, say, a scientific worker, who has a fairly high professional reputation, enjoys authority in the team, and finally has a family, friends, etc. The presence of such a physical defect as lameness will not affect in any noticeable way on his personality and behavior, his emotional well-being, self-esteem, etc. This shortcoming does not prevent the realization of his basic personal attitudes and tendencies, as it were, aside from the main line of formation of the personality of a given individual. There are powerful social and personal factors that neutralize the natural disadvantage.
From what has been said, it is clear that the role natural features at different age stages of the formation of a person's personality is not the same.
Chapter 2
2.1 Understanding sustainability
“The word “steady” in many languages of the world means: stable, resistant, firm, durable, strong. The "Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language" gives two synonyms for this word: stability and balance.
The term stability is translated as: 1) stability, stability, a state of equilibrium; 2) constancy, firmness. And the term mental stability - mental stability (stability) Nikoshkova E.V. English-Russian dictionary in psychology / E.V. Nikoshkov. - M., 1998. .
In A. Reber's dictionary, "steady" is understood as a characteristic of an individual whose behavior is relatively reliable and consistent.
"Stable" in this dictionary is explained as a trait characterized by the absence of excessive emotional changes. In English, German, French and Spanish, the word "sustainability" is synonymous with the word "stability".
Psychological stability is a complex and capacious quality of a person. It combines a whole range of abilities, a wide range of multi-level phenomena. The existence of a personality is diverse, which is reflected in various aspects of its psychological stability. Three aspects of psychological stability come to the fore: fortitude, stability; balance, proportionality; resistance.
Sustainability involves a combination adaptation processes, the integration of the personality in the sense of maintaining the consistency of the basic functions of the personality, the stability of their implementation.
The level of psychological stability of the individual, one way or another, is also manifested in its labor activity, in the reliability of an employee, a professional. On the other hand, successful professional activity for many is the basis of a full-fledged experience of self-realization, which affects life satisfaction in general, mood and psychological stability.
In psychological stability, another aspect is important - the proportionality of pleasant and unpleasant feelings, merging in a sensual tone, the proportionality between feelings of satisfaction, well-being and experiences of joy, happiness, on the one hand, and feelings of dissatisfaction with what has been achieved, imperfection in deeds, in oneself, feelings of sadness and sorrow, suffering - on the other. Without those and others, it is hardly possible to feel the fullness of life, its meaningful fullness ”Kulikov L.V. Psychohygiene of the individual. Tutorial / L.V. Kulikov. - SPb., 2004. .
2.2 Factors affecting psychological resilience
The psychological stability of a person can be considered as a complex quality of a person, a synthesis of individual qualities and abilities. How pronounced it is depends on many factors. Psychological stability is supported by: internal (personal) and external (interpersonal, social support) resources.
This is a fairly large list of factors related to personal characteristics and social environment.
Social environment factors:
Factors that support self-esteem;
Conditions conducive to self-realization;
Conditions conducive to adaptation;
Psychological support of the social environment (emotional support of relatives, friends, employees, their specific assistance in business).
Personal factors:
1. Personal relationships (including to yourself):
Optimistic, active attitude to the life situation in general;
Philosophical attitude to difficult situations;
Confidence, independence in relationships with other people, lack of hostility, trust in others, open communication;
Tolerance, accepting others for who they are;
A sense of community, a sense of social belonging;
Satisfactory status in the group and society, stable interpersonal roles that satisfy the subject;
Enough a high self-evaluation;
Consistency of I-real and I-ideal.
2. Personal consciousness:
- faith (in its various forms);
Existential certainty - understanding, feeling the meaning of life, the meaningfulness of activities and behavior;
Installation on the fact that you can manage your life;
Awareness of social belonging to a particular group.
3. Emotions and feelings:
- dominance of positive emotions;
Experience of successful self-realization;
Emotionally saturated from interpersonal interaction, experiencing a sense of cohesion, unity.
4. Knowledge and experience:
- understanding of the life situation and the possibility of predicting it;
Rational judgments in the interpretation of a life situation;
Adequate assessment of the magnitude of the load and its resources; structured experience of overcoming difficult situations.
5. Behavior and activities:
- activity in behavior and activity;
Usage effective ways overcoming difficulties.
This list lists the positive poles of qualities and factors that affect psychological stability. In the presence of these factors (positive poles of qualities), the dominant mental state and elevated mood, favorable for successful behavior, activity and personal development, remain. With an unfavorable influence, the dominant state becomes negative, and the mood is reduced, unstable.
If the factors of the social environment support self-esteem, promote self-realization, receive psychological support, then all this generally contributes to the emergence of an elevated mood and maintaining a state of adaptation. If the factors of the social environment reduce self-esteem, make it difficult to adapt, limit self-realization, deprive a person of emotional support, then all this contributes to a decrease in mood and the appearance of a state of maladaptation” Kulikov L.V. Psychohygiene of the individual. Study guide / L. V. Kulikov. - SPb., 2004. .
2.3 Problems of personality stability
“The basis of almost all theories of personality is the assumption that personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon is a vitally stable formation in its main manifestations. The stability of a person characterizes the sequence of her actions and the predictability of her behavior, gives her actions a natural character.
The feeling of stability of one's own personality and the personality of another is an important condition for the internal well-being of a person and the establishment of normal relationships with other people. If in some manifestations essential for communication with people the personality was not stable, then it would be difficult for people to interact with each other, to achieve mutual understanding: after all, each time they would have to re-adapt to a person, and would not be able to predict him behavior.
However, many studies have found that human behavior is quite variable. In this regard, the question naturally arises: to what extent and in what way is the personality and its behavior really stable?
This theoretical question contains, as shown by I.S. Kon, a whole series of particular questions, each of which can be considered separately, and, based on it, you can give different answers to the general question. For example: what is the constancy in question - behavior, mental processes, properties or personality traits? What is an indicator and measure of the constancy or variability of the evaluated properties in this case? What is the time range within which personality traits can be judged as constant or variable?
In addition, in line with different theories of personality, all these issues can and should be addressed in different ways. It is shown, for example, that even personality traits that should be a model of constancy (and the factor identified as a result of factor analysis should have such constancy) are in fact not constant and stable. There are also so-called "situational traits", the manifestation of which can vary from situation to situation in the same person, and quite significantly.
Along with this, longitudinal (long-term) studies of the development of the same people over, for example, a decade or more show that a certain degree of stability is still present in a person, although the measure of this constancy is not the same for various personal properties.
In one such study, conducted over a period of 35 years, more than 100 people were assessed on a representative set of personality characteristics. The first time they were examined at the age corresponding to incomplete secondary school, then - in the senior classes. high school and further - again at the age of about 35 and 45 years.
During the three-year period from the first survey to the second (after graduation), 58% of the personality variables showed significant positive correlations. Over a more than 30-year study period, from adolescence to age 45, significant correlations were obtained for 31% of all studied personality characteristics. Table 1 lists personality traits that have shown themselves to be fairly stable throughout the study period.
Table 1
The resilience of some personal qualities in time
Correlation of study results over a 3-year period from adolescence to high school age |
Correlation results research from adolescence to age 35-45 years |
Assessed personality characteristic (judgment by which experts gave estimates) |
|
A truly reliable and responsible person. |
|||
Lacks control over his urges and needs, unable to delay expected pleasure. |
|||
Self-critical. |
|||
Aesthetically developed, has pronounced aesthetic feelings. |
|||
Mostly submissive. |
|||
Seeks to be among other people, sociable. |
|||
Naughty. |
|||
Interested in philosophy, such issues as religion, values, the meaning of life. |
It turned out that not only personal qualities, assessed from the outside, but also self-assessments are very stable over time. It was also found that personal stability is not characteristic of all people. Some of them, over time, reveal quite dramatic changes in their personality, and so profound that the people around them as individuals do not recognize them at all. The most significant changes of this kind can occur during adolescence, adolescence and early adulthood, for example in the range from 20 to 40-45 years.
In addition, there are significant individual differences in the period of life when a person's personality traits are more or less stabilized. In some people, the personality becomes stable in childhood and then does not change significantly, in others, stability psychological features personal nature, on the contrary, is revealed rather late: only at the age of 20 to 40 years. The latter most often include people whose external and internal life in adolescence and youth was characterized by tension, contradictions and conflicts. Least of all personal changes and rather early reveal stable character traits are those people who, in school age did not encounter contradictions, did not come into conflict with adults, peers, social values and norms.
Much less stability of behavioral reactions of personal manifestations is found in the case when we consider a person not for a long period of time, but from situation to situation. With the exception of intelligence and cognitive abilities, many other personality characteristics are situationally unstable. This applies, for example, to such individual characteristics of a person as: aggressiveness of behavior, honesty, self-regulation, dependence.
Also somewhat disappointing were the many attempts to link the persistence of behavior to different situations with certain personality traits. In typical situations, the correlation between personality traits assessed using questionnaire tests and the corresponding social behavior turned out to be less than 0.30. This is obviously not enough to accurately predict how a given person will behave in a particular situation, although such a prediction could be made with a certain degree of certainty for many typical situations, especially if one follows the behavior of a person over a sufficiently long period of time.
The greatest stability is possessed by dynamic features associated with congenital anatomical and physiological inclinations, properties nervous system. These include: temperament, emotional reactivity, extraversion-introversion and some other qualities.
Proponents of social learning theory, who emphasize the importance of a particular situation in determining the course of action of a person, believe that the opinion that a person has stable personality traits is not sufficiently substantiated and is usually associated with the following typical erroneous inferences:
1. Many individual characteristics people, such as, for example, physical appearance, manner of speaking, behaving, facial expressions, gestures, etc., are indeed quite stable. Their stability prompts us to attribute stability to other, internal psychological properties of a person, which may not be stable.
2. The experience of communicating with people forms in us a fairly stable idea of them, which leaves an imprint on the subsequent perception and evaluation of these people. In the sphere of interpersonal perception, a phenomenon of constancy can be observed, similar to that which we encounter when studying people's perception of the objective world. Due to the constancy of interpersonal perception associated with the formed attitude, in a new situation, we are more inclined to notice in a person those signs that indicate the stability of his behavior, and not to see what changes in his behavior.
3. Our very presence in a certain situation already causes the other person to behave consistently, the way he behaved with us before. This is because constancy is highly valued as a personality trait. The same persons who behave with us in a certain way, demonstrating the stability of their personality in some traits, may behave differently with others, showing variability in the same traits, and stability in some others.
Thus, the answer to the question of personality stability is very ambiguous and indefinite. In some properties, as a rule, those that were acquired in later periods of life and are of little importance, there is actually no stability; in other personal qualities, most often basic and acquired in the early years, one way or another determined organically, it is. The real behavior of the individual, both stable and changeable, depends significantly on the constancy of the social situations in which we observe the person.
As for the stability of assessments of the stability of personal behavior, such assessments also cannot be a completely reliable evidence of the presence or absence of stable qualities in a person.
In special studies conducted on the same people for a long time in order to establish the degree of variability or constancy of their personality, it has been shown that more than half of the personal qualities with which a child enters school are retained throughout the entire period of study until graduation. . This indicates two things. Firstly, that many personal characteristics of a person, being formed in preschool age, then remain constant. Secondly, the fact that schooling has little effect on the development of the child's own personal properties.
It turned out, in particular, that the greatest stability from childhood to adulthood, i.e., a small degree of variability, in adolescence and early adolescence is revealed by the desire for success, perseverance, the level of claims (especially high), and intellectual interests. Girls, in addition, have aesthetic tastes and sociability. A certain stability in adolescence, subject to their formation in earlier years, is possessed by: abilities, responsibility, willpower, friendliness, openness.
And last in order, but not least, the issue related to the stability of the individual. The fact is that often no less value and vital significance than the constancy of human behavior, on the contrary, has its variability, adaptability. It testifies to another valuable ability of a person - his ability to adapt to changing conditions of life, to change himself as a person, if necessary. This kind of quality seems to be very valuable for the individual in cases where radical changes occur in society, requiring each person to significantly modify their views, attitudes, value orientations, etc. Therefore, variability under certain circumstances must be considered as a positive personal property of a person. If a person today is different than yesterday, then he is developing” Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook for students. higher pedagogical educational institutions / R.S. Nemov. Psychology. In three books, 4th edition. Book 1: General foundations of psychology. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2003. .
The stability of the individual is of paramount importance, both for society and for the individual himself. The regularity and sequence of her actions and deeds, and hence the predictability of her behavior, depend on the stability of the personality. Thanks to the stability of the personality, people can establish normal relationships, communicate with each other, achieve mutual understanding, act in concert and achieve desired results in the course of joint activities.
The most stable are the properties of the personality, due to the congenital features of the structure of the nervous system and its functions. Stable, for example, are such properties of temperament as activity and reactivity (impulsivity), plasticity and rigidity, extroversion and introversion, emotional excitability, etc. The cognitive abilities of the individual and some features of her intellect are also relatively stable” Sorokun P.A. Fundamentals of psychology / P.A. Sorokun. - Pskov: PGPU, 2005. .
Almost all theories of personality are based on the assumption that personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon is a stable formation. The stability of a person predetermines the sequence of her actions and the predictability of her behavior, gives her actions a natural character.
However, many studies have found that human behavior is quite variable. It is shown, for example, that many personality traits are in fact not permanent and stable. There are also so-called "situational traits", the manifestation of which can vary from situation to situation in the same person, and quite significantly.
Along with this, longitudinal (long-term - for a dozen or more years) studies of the development of the same people show that there is still a certain degree of personality stability.
In this regard, a series of questions arises: to what extent and in what way is a person really stable? What is the constancy in question - behavior, mental processes, properties or personality traits? What is a measure of the constancy or variability of properties? What is the time range within which personality traits can be judged as constant or variable?
It was experimentally shown that the degree of stability of various personal properties is not the same. The greatest stability is possessed by dynamic features associated with congenital anatomical and physiological inclinations, properties of the nervous system. These include temperament, emotional reactivity, extraversion-introversion, and some others.
It turned out that not only personal qualities, assessed from the outside, but also self-assessments are very persistent.
It was also found that personal stability changes dynamically in different age periods of life. The most significant changes of this kind can occur during adolescence, adolescence and early adulthood, for example in the range from 20 to 40-45 years.
In addition, there are significant individual differences in personal stability. In some people, the personality becomes stable in childhood and then does not change significantly, while in others, the stability of the psychological characteristics of the personality, on the contrary, is detected rather late: only at the age of 20 to 40 years. The latter most often include people whose life in adolescence and youth was characterized by tension, contradictions and conflicts. The least personal changes and rather early reveal stable character traits are those people who at school age did not encounter contradictions, did not come into conflict with adults, peers, social values and norms.
Much less stability of behavioral reactions of personal manifestations is found in the case when we consider a person not for a long period of time, but from situation to situation. With the exception of intelligence and cognitive abilities, many other personality characteristics are situationally unstable. This applies, for example, to such individual characteristics of a person as aggressive behavior, honesty, self-regulation, dependence.
Many attempts to link the stability of a person's behavior with the possession of certain personality traits have turned out to be disappointing.
It is impossible to accurately predict how a person will behave in a particular situation. Although if you follow the behavior of a person for a sufficiently long period of time, then with a certain degree of certainty such a prediction could be made” Kuraev G.A. Human psychology. Course of lectures / G.A. Kuraev, E.N. Pozharskaya. - Rostov-on-Don: UNII of valeology RSU, 2002. .
Almost none of the researchers object to the fact that the leading component of the personality structure, its backbone property (feature, quality) is orientation.
Orientation is a system of stable motives (dominant needs, interests, inclinations, beliefs, ideals, worldviews, etc.) that determines the behavior of a person in external conditions.
Orientation has an organizing influence not only on the components of the personality structure, but also on mental states and cognitive, emotional, volitional mental processes.
Orientation, along with dominant motives, has other forms of flow: value orientations, attachments, sympathies (dislikes), tastes, inclinations, etc. It manifests itself not only in various forms, but also in various spheres of human life. For example, one can talk about the orientation of the moral-political (liberal or conservative), professional ("humanitarian" or "technical") and household (a person for home, for family or "for friends and girlfriends").
The orientation of the personality is characterized by the level of maturity, breadth, intensity, stability and effectiveness.
Conclusion
So, let's sum up.
Maintaining inner harmony, favorable interpersonal relationships, experiencing well-being in situations of life's trials allows the psychological stability of the individual.
Psychological stability is a quality of a person, individual aspects of which are stamina, poise, resistance. It allows a person to withstand life's difficulties, adverse pressure of circumstances, maintain health and performance in various trials.
Without maintaining psychological stability, the realization of physical and spiritual potentialities is impossible. Consequently, satisfaction from the process of self-realization is also impossible, a sense of mental and social well-being is impossible.
The issues of psychological stability of the individual are of great practical importance, since stability protects the individual from disintegration and personality disorders, creates the basis for inner harmony, high-grade mental health, high working capacity.
The psychological stability of an individual directly determines his viability, mental and somatic health.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Grimak L.P. Reserves of the human psyche. Introduction to the psychology of Activity / L.P. Grimak. - M.: Enlightenment, 1989.
2. Zeigarnik B.V. Theories of personality in foreign psychology/ B.V. Zeigarnik. - M.: MGU, 1982.
3. Cloninger S. Theories of personality: human knowledge / Cloninger S. 3rd ed. - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2003.
4. Kulikov L.V. Psychohygiene of the individual. Textbook / L.V. Kulikov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 2004.
5. Kulikov L.V. Psychology of mood / L.V. Kulikov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 1997.
6. Kuraev G.A. Human psychology. Course of lectures / G.A. Kuraev, E.N. Pozharskaya. - Rostov-on-Don: UNII of Valeology RSU, 2002.
7. Nikoshkova E.V. English-Russian Dictionary of Psychology / E.V. Nikoshkov. - M., 1998.
8. Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions / R.S. Nemov. Psychology. In three books, 4th edition. Book 1: General foundations of psychology. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2003.
9. Allport G. Personality in psychology / Allport G. - St. Petersburg, 1998.
10. Rogov E.I. General psychology: Course of lectures for the first stage teacher education/ E.I. Rogov. - M.: Vlados, 1995.
11. Sorokun P.A. Fundamentals of psychology / P.A. Sorokun. - Pskov: PGPU, 2005.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STABILITY AS AN INTEGRATIVE QUALITY OF AN EXTREME PROFILE SPECIALIST
Nidziy Alexander Olegovich
4th year student, department of fire safety and protection in emergency situations, VolgGASU, RF, Volgograd
Dashkova Sofia Vladimirovna
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. philosopher. Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Sociology and Psychology, VolgGASU, RF, Volgograd
One of the central problems of personality research in extreme situations that impose increased demands on a person is the problem of the formation and development of psychological stability. Psychological resistance (to uncertainty, stress, crisis, conflict) determines the mental and somatic health of a person, protects him from disintegration and personality disorders, creates the basis for inner harmony.
Psychological stability- this is a socio-psychological characteristic of a person, which consists in the ability to endure the extraordinary situation without any damage to oneself and overcome its consequences with the help of methods that improve the personality, increase the level of its adaptation and social maturity. In fact, this characteristic means the presence of an adaptive potential of the individual, which determines its ability to overcome difficult situations.
In modern psychological science, attempts are being made to holistically comprehend the personal characteristics responsible for successful adaptation and coping with difficult life situations. It should be noted that researchers do not have a common opinion regarding the leading component of psychological stability. Some authors consider the cognitive component to be the leading one, others - the emotional and volitional (stress resistance, emotional-volitional stability) or motivational components. Some researchers propose to consider a set of qualities that ensure a person's resistance to extreme factors. In our opinion, an integrative approach to the consideration of this complex quality is the most promising.
So, for example, A.G. Maklakov introduced the concept of "personal adaptive potential", which determines a person's resistance to extreme factors. It includes the following characteristics: neuropsychic stability, the level of development of which provides tolerance to stress; self-assessment of the individual, which determines the degree of adequacy of the perception of the conditions of activity and one's capabilities; a sense of social support, causing a sense of self-worth to others; the level of personality conflict; experience of social communication. The author considers all of the listed characteristics to be significant in assessing and predicting the success of adaptation to difficult and extreme situations, as well as in assessing the rate of restoration of mental balance.
G.S. Nikiforov considers psychological stability as a complex quality of a person, the level of which is manifested in her professional activity, in the reliability of an employee. Psychological stability, in his opinion, is a synthesis of individual qualities and abilities, which combines balance, stamina, stability and resilience.
Equilibrium - this is the ability to maintain the level of stress without going beyond the acceptable (without leading to destructive stress). Fortitude implies the ability to withstand difficulties, maintaining faith in situations of frustration, and stability - a constant level of mood. Resistance is the ability of the individual to maintain freedom of behavior and lifestyle choices, as well as freedom from any kind of addiction.
Various aspects of psychological stability are also reflected in foreign science. So, for example, studying the different effects of stressful life events on the illness of leaders, S. Kobasa proposed the concept hardness - a personality trait, which in Russian literature is translated as endurance, stamina or vitality, courage, courage, strength, audacity. In the future, the concept of Hardiness received further development in the works of S. Maddi, where it is considered as an integrative quality of the personality, which is an indicator of a person's mental health.
Нardiness consists of three components A: Commitment, control and ability to take on a challenge.
obligatory - this is a tendency to completely surrender to one's business, whatever it may be, in other words, the semantic and goal orientation of a person. Inclusion is an important definition of oneself and the world around, as well as the nature of their interaction. It gives strength, motivates a person to implementation, leadership, a healthy lifestyle and behavior, and also makes it possible to feel significant and valuable enough to be fully involved in solving problems, despite the presence of stressful factors and changes.
Control is the tendency to think and act as if there is a real possibility to influence the course of events. This is a quality that motivates to find ways to influence the results of stressful changes and does not allow a person to fall into a state of helplessness and passivity. Having control, a person is sure that any difficult situation can be transformed so that it will be consistent with his life plans, it will be useful to him in some way. Evaluating even tragic events, a person reduces their significance and thereby reduces the psycho-traumatic effect.
Call (the ability to accept a challenge) means the perception of danger as a difficult task, which marks the next turn in a changing life, prompting a person to continuous growth. This is the ability to experience any event as a stimulus for the development of one's own capabilities. This component of Hardiness helps a person to remain open to environment and society. It consists in the perception by a person of a life event as a challenge to himself personally and upcoming trials.
Thus, there is a whole range of personal qualities that contribute to the adaptive, non-traumatic experience of extreme situations and ensure the success of overcoming their consequences, which can be characterized as an integrative characteristic of the personality - psychological resistance to extreme situations.
In modern foreign studies, Hardiness is considered an important factor leading to reliable and sustainable results of professional activity, especially for extreme professionals. For example, the results of a study of 405 fire communities in Madrid showed that Hardiness can be a deterrent between occupational stressors and burnout.
The activities of firefighters are characterized by a high level of neuropsychic tension, which is associated with the presence of a real vital threat, with the impact of extreme factors of the situation, as well as the need to make decisions in conditions of novelty, uncertainty, lack of time and high responsibility.
With the increasing difficulty of the situation, the effectiveness of professional activity depends to a greater extent on the psychological stability of a specialist, which, along with professional skill, which implies knowledge, skills and behavior in extreme situations, determines the effectiveness and reliability of the activity of an extreme profile specialist.
Psychological stability, which is a generalized mode of functioning and includes cognitive, emotional and behavioral components, should be manifested at all stages of the professional task of firefighters, which can be conditionally divided into three: preparatory, main and final.
The preparatory stage includes a fire signal and a site visit emergency. A feature of the preparatory stage is the suddenness and uncertainty of information. The main task of a specialist at this stage is to prevent a state of anxiety and bring the level of neuropsychic stress to an optimal level - a state of combat readiness.
The main stage includes direct professional actions aimed at saving people and material objects. The features of this stage are: danger, uncertainty of the situation, severe lack of time. The conditions of the situation impose increased requirements on the cognitive abilities of a specialist, which is expressed in: objective assessment and analysis of the situation, in the search for unknown or conflicting information, in decision making. In the behavioral sphere, psychological stability at this stage is manifested in active actions aimed at changing the situation using non-specific forms of activity, i.e. actions that provide the most effective result in a particular emergency situation, flexibility and speed of transition from one task to another. Thus, the main task of specialists at this stage is to mobilize their resources to fulfill their professional duty.
At the final stage, an important task is to restore emotional balance with the help of self-regulation techniques and constructive transformative coping strategies.
Thus, psychological stability is a quality of a specialist's personality, which consists in the ability not to succumb to unfavorable circumstances of the tasks being solved, not to reduce the quality of professional actions under their influence.
The level of psychological stability of a specialist, on the one hand, is manifested in the reliability of professional activity. On the other hand, successful professional activity for many is the basis for a full-fledged experience of self-realization and satisfaction with life in general, which in turn increases the level of psychological stability.
Bibliography:
- Maklakov A.G. Personal adaptation potential: its mobilization and forecasting in extreme conditions // Psychological journal. - 2001. - T. 22. - No. 1. - S. 16-24.
- Health Psychology: A Textbook for High Schools / Ed. G.S. Nikiforov. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2003. - 607 p.
- Jimenez B.M., Natera N.I.M., Munoz A.R., Benadero M.E.M. Hardy personality as moderator variable of burnout syndrome in firefighters. // Psychothema. - 2006/8 - No. 18 (3). - P. 413-418.
- Kobasa S.C. Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 37(1), Jan 1979, - P. 1-11.
- Maddi S.R., Khoshaba D.M. Hardiness and Mental Health // Journal of Personality Assessment. - 1994. - Vol. 63. - No. 2.
ESSAY
Personal resilience
Introduction
A person in his life constantly overcomes any difficulties, but not all of them have a devastating effect on the psyche. Maintaining an even mood and inner harmony allows the psychological stability of the individual. This issue is quite relevant today, since stability protects a person from disintegration and personality disorders, creates the basis for inner harmony, full-fledged mental health, and high performance. The object of research is personality.
The subject of study is the stability of the personality.
The aim of the work is to study the essence of personality stability.
In connection with the goal, the tasks are defined:
give a general concept of personality;
define the stability of the individual;
show the problems of personality stability.
This work is based on books on personality psychology.
1. The concept of personality
In the process of communication and joint activities between people, social relations are established, under the influence of which a person develops a new quality - personality. (Sorokun P.A., 2003)
To the question of what a person is, all psychologists answer differently. The diversity of their answers and differences of opinion testifies to the complexity of the personality phenomenon itself. The concept of "personality" usually includes such properties that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people. (Nemov R.S., 2003).
Personality is a specific person, taken in the system of his stable socially conditioned psychological characteristics, which are manifested in social relations and relations, determine his moral actions and are essential for himself and those around him. .
(Maklakov A.G.) V.A. Krutetsky identifies three most important psychological characteristics of a person: ) Personal stability. With all the plasticity and variability of the mental manifestations of a personality, the relative constancy of its mental make-up still clearly stands out, which, in particular, makes it possible to foresee the behavior of a given personality in a given situation. ) The unity of personality as a close connection and interdependence of mental processes and mental properties of the individual. Personality is a single whole, where each trait is inextricably linked with others, and therefore each personality trait acquires its own meaning, often completely different, depending on its relationship with other personality traits. ) The activity of the individual. Activity is expressed in a diverse and multifaceted activity aimed at knowledge, change, transformation of the surrounding world, on changing one's own nature, one's mental make-up (self-education). A.M. Stolyarenko distinguishes three main psychological spheres of personality: ). Orientation sphere (motivational sphere). It includes all the internal motivating forces of the individual - her views, beliefs, ideals, needs, interests, goals, etc. This sphere determines what a person applies his strength to, what he achieves. ) Operational scope. It includes the ways and means that a person possesses for their use in achieving goals. ) Modulation (psychophysiological) sphere. It has a dynamic influence on the manifestation of the goals of the motives and actions of the individual. In turn, V.A. Krutetsky singles out 3 blocks in such a complex whole as personality. The first block is the orientation of the personality, the system of its relations to the surrounding world. This includes the motives of a person's behavior (motives are the reasons that induce a person to this or that behavior, to this or that activity), in particular, needs, feelings, interests. The second block is the capabilities of the individual, the psychological prerequisites for the success of her activities (in particular, abilities). The third block is style, psychological features of personality behavior (temperament and character). In other words, a person is characterized by how a person acts and why he acts this way and not otherwise. After analyzing the above, it can be noted that the psychological spheres identified by A.S Stolyarenko and the blocks (sides) of the personality, formulated by V.A. Krutetsky, - have a common meaning. "AT The basis of almost all theories of personality is the assumption that personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon is a vitally stable formation in its main manifestations. The stability of a person characterizes the sequence of her actions and the predictability of her behavior, gives her actions a natural character. 2. Personal stability
.1 Understanding Personal Resilience
Psychological resilience is a personality quality, separate aspects of which are poise, stability and resilience. It allows a person to withstand life's difficulties, adverse pressure of circumstances, maintain health and performance in various trials. (G.S. Nikiforov. 2006) Psychological stability appears as a complex personality trait, which combines: balance (balance), proportionality; firmness, stability (permanence); resistance. Balance is the ability to maintain the level of tension without going beyond the acceptable (without leading to destructive stress). Resilience refers to the ability to withstand difficulties, to maintain faith in situations of frustration, and stability refers to a constant level of mood. Resilience is the ability to maintain freedom of behavior and lifestyle choices, it is self-sufficiency as freedom from addiction. The components of psychological stability include: ability to personal growth with timely and adequate resolution of intrapersonal conflicts (value, motivational, role relative stability of emotional tone and favorable mood; developed volitional regulation. Persistence in overcoming difficulties, maintaining faith in oneself, self-confidence, one's abilities, the perfection of mental self-regulation, a constant, fairly high level of mood is an integral part of mental life. Or, in the old language, the life of the soul. The ability to maintain a constant level of mood without resorting to psychoactive substances and to be responsive, sensitive to various aspects of life, to have diverse interests, to avoid a single motivational dominant is also an important component of psychological stability (at this, actually psychological, level). Finally, it is impossible not to note the constant interpersonal interaction, involvement in many social connections, openness to influence, on the one hand, and on the other hand, resistance to excessively strong interaction. The latter can violate the necessary personal autonomy, independence in choosing the form of behavior, goals and style of activity, lifestyle, it will prevent you from hearing your Self, following your direction, building your own life path. In other words, psychological stability includes the ability to find a balance between conformity and autonomy and maintain this balance. Personal resilience is a complex “biopsychosocial construct that includes the mental resilience of a person, social role and personal status, religious affiliation (faith), profession, culture and worldview, as well as psychosomatic health. (M.F. Sekach. 2013) The core of the psychological stability of a person is the mental stability of a person, which includes three psychological component: emotional, intellectual and strong-willed. A person in society acquires a profession and earns a living, performs a certain social role and acquires social status, seizes the worldview and believes (or does not believe) in God, has strong (or not very) psychosomatic health, belongs to some cultural stratum of the population of the country in which he lives. And all this is directly related to the psychological stability of the individual. Since a “failure” in at least one of the mentioned components of psychological stability threatens to destabilize the state of the individual. That is why the organization of this entire system comes to the fore, since everything else is just details that make up the whole. The system begins to collapse if the organizing forces are disharmonized, but if the coordination capabilities remain intact, then even failure or failure in individual fragments of the system will be only episodes. (M.F. Sekach. 2013) .2 Factors affecting mental resilience personality moral psychological stability The psychological stability of a person can be considered as a complex quality of a person, a synthesis of individual qualities and abilities. How pronounced it is depends on many factors. Psychological stability is supported by: internal (personal) and external (interpersonal, social support) resources. This is a fairly large list of factors related to personal characteristics and social environment. Social environment factors: factors that support self-esteem; conditions conducive to self-realization; conditions conducive to adaptation; psychological support of the social environment (emotional support of relatives, friends, employees, their specific assistance in business). Personal factors: 1. Personal relationships (including to yourself): optimistic, active attitude to the life situation in general; philosophical attitude to difficult situations; confidence, independence in relationships with other people, lack of hostility, trust in others, open communication; tolerance, acceptance of others as they are; a sense of community, a sense of social belonging; satisfying status in the group and society, stable interpersonal roles that satisfy the subject; sufficiently high self-esteem; consistency of I-real and I-ideal. 2. Personal consciousness: Faith (in its various forms); existential certainty - understanding, feeling the meaning of life, the meaningfulness of activity and behavior; installation on the fact that you can manage your life; awareness of social belonging to a particular group. 3. Emotions and feelings: Dominance of positive emotions; experiencing the success of self-realization; emotional saturation from interpersonal interaction, experiencing a sense of cohesion, unity. 4. Knowledge and experience: Understanding the life situation and the ability to predict it; rational judgments in the interpretation of a life situation; adequate assessment of the magnitude of the load and its resources; structured experience of overcoming difficult situations. 5. Behavior and activities: Activity in behavior and activity; using effective ways to overcome difficulties. This list lists the positive poles of qualities and factors that affect psychological stability. In the presence of these factors (positive poles of qualities), the dominant mental state and elevated mood, favorable for successful behavior, activity and personal development, remain. With an unfavorable influence, the dominant state becomes negative, and the mood is reduced, unstable. If the factors of the social environment support self-esteem, promote self-realization, receive psychological support, then all this generally contributes to the emergence of an elevated mood and maintaining a state of adaptation. If the factors of the social environment reduce self-esteem, make it difficult to adapt, limit self-realization, deprive a person of emotional support, then all this contributes to a decrease in mood and the appearance of a state of maladjustment. (Nemov R.S.) .3 Personal stability issues
Many studies have found that human behavior is quite variable. In this regard, the question naturally arises: to what extent and in what way is the personality and its behavior really stable? Long-term studies of the development of the same people for, for example, a dozen or more years show that a certain degree of stability is still present in a person, although the measure of this constancy is not the same for various personal properties. There are significant individual differences in the period of life when a person's personality traits are more or less stabilized. In some people, the personality becomes stable in childhood and then does not change significantly, while in others, the stability of the psychological characteristics of a personal character, on the contrary, is detected rather late: only at the age of 20 to 40 years. The latter most often include people whose external and internal life in adolescence and youth was characterized by tension, contradictions and conflicts. The least personal changes and rather early reveal stable character traits are those people who at school age did not encounter contradictions, did not come into conflict with adults, peers, social values and norms. The greatest stability is possessed by dynamic features associated with congenital anatomical and physiological inclinations, properties of the nervous system. These include: temperament, emotional reactivity, extraversion-introversion and some other qualities. Proponents of social learning theory, who emphasize the importance of a particular situation in determining the course of action of a person, believe that the opinion that a person has stable personality traits is not sufficiently substantiated and is usually associated with the following typical erroneous inferences: Many individual features of people, such as, for example, physical appearance, manner of speaking, behaving, facial expressions, gestures, etc., are indeed quite stable. Their stability prompts us to attribute stability to other, internal psychological properties of a person, which may not be stable. The experience of communicating with people forms in us a fairly stable idea of them, which leaves an imprint on the subsequent perception and evaluation of these people. In the sphere of interpersonal perception, a phenomenon of constancy can be observed, similar to that which we encounter when studying people's perception of the objective world. Due to the constancy of interpersonal perception associated with the formed attitude, in a new situation, we are more inclined to notice in a person those signs that indicate the stability of his behavior, and not to see what changes in his behavior. Our very presence in a certain situation already forces the other person to behave consistently, the way he behaved with us before. This is because constancy is highly valued as a personality trait. The same persons who behave with us in a certain way, demonstrating the stability of their personality in some traits, may behave differently with others, showing variability in the same traits, and stability in some others. Thus, the answer to the question of personality stability is very ambiguous and indefinite. In some properties, as a rule, those that were acquired in later periods of life and are of little importance, there is actually no stability; in other personal qualities, most often basic and acquired in the early years, one way or another determined organically, it is. The real behavior of the individual, both stable and changeable, depends significantly on the constancy of the social situations in which we observe the person. In special studies conducted on the same people for a long time in order to establish the degree of variability or constancy of their personality, it has been shown that more than half of the personal qualities with which a child enters school are retained throughout the entire period of study until graduation. . This indicates two things. Firstly, that many personal characteristics of a person, being formed at preschool age, subsequently retain their constancy. Secondly, the fact that schooling has little effect on the development of the child's own personal properties. Often no less value and vital significance than the constancy of human behavior, on the contrary, has its variability, adaptability. It testifies to another valuable ability of a person - his ability to adapt to changing conditions of life, to change himself as a person, if necessary. This kind of quality seems to be very valuable for the individual in cases where radical changes are taking place in society, requiring each person to significantly modify their views, attitudes, value orientations, etc. Therefore, variability under certain circumstances must be considered as a positive personal property of a person. If a person today is different than yesterday, it means that he is developing. The stability of the individual is of paramount importance, both for society and for the individual himself. The regularity and sequence of her actions and deeds, and hence the predictability of her behavior, depend on the stability of the personality. Thanks to the stability of the personality, people can establish normal relationships, communicate with each other, achieve mutual understanding, act in concert and achieve the desired results in the process of joint activities. The most stable are the properties of the personality, due to the congenital features of the structure of the nervous system and its functions. Stable, for example, are such properties of temperament as activity and reactivity (impulsivity), plasticity and rigidity, extroversion and introversion, emotional excitability, etc. The cognitive abilities of the individual and some features of her intellect are also relatively stable. Conclusion
The psychological stability of an individual directly determines his viability, mental and somatic health. The feeling of stability of one's own personality and the personality of another is an important condition for the internal well-being of a person and the establishment of normal relationships with other people. If in some manifestations essential for communication with people the personality was not stable, then it would be difficult for people to interact with each other, to achieve mutual understanding. Maintaining inner harmony, favorable interpersonal relationships, experiencing well-being in situations of life's trials allows the psychological stability of the individual. The definition of health is largely based on the concept of "well-being". Well-being, like “positive health”, implies the realization of a person’s physical and spiritual potentials [Nikiforov, 2002]. Without maintaining psychological stability, the realization of physical and spiritual potentialities is impossible. Consequently, satisfaction from the process of self-realization is also impossible, a sense of mental and social well-being is impossible. The concept of health, adopted by prominent specialists in medical science, emphasizes the importance of subjectively assessed health. If we assume that it is enough to realize the absence of diseases or physical defects in order to feel prosperous, then we will return to the passed stage - to an attempt to define health by excluding the negative principle, moving away from the constructive, obscuring key concepts. The issues of psychological stability of a person are of great practical importance, since stability protects a person from disintegration and personality disorders, creates the basis for inner harmony, full-fledged mental health, and high efficiency. The disintegration of the personality is understood as the loss of the organizing role of the highest level of the psyche in the regulation of behavior and activity, the collapse of the hierarchy life meanings, values, motives, goals. The psychological stability of an individual directly determines his viability, mental and somatic health.
The issues of psychological stability of a person are of great practical importance, since stability protects a person from disintegration and personality disorders, creates the basis for inner harmony, full-fledged mental health, and high efficiency. The disintegration of the personality is understood as the loss of the organizing role of the highest level of the psyche in the regulation of behavior and activity, the disintegration of the hierarchy of life meanings, values, motives, goals. The psychological stability of an individual directly determines his viability, mental and somatic health.
Psychological stability- this is a personality quality, individual aspects of which are stamina, poise, resistance. It allows a person to withstand life's difficulties, adverse pressure of circumstances, maintain health and performance in various trials (L.V. Kulikov, 2004).
Aspects of psychological stability. Psychological stability is a complex and capacious quality of a person. It combines a whole range of abilities, a wide range of multi-level phenomena. The existence of a personality is diverse, which is reflected in various aspects of its psychological stability. Coming to the fore triaspect of psychological stability: firmness, stability; equilibrium; resistance (resistance)
● tenacity, stability, implies the ability to withstand difficulties, maintain faith in situations of frustration and a constant (rather high) level of mood.
Persistence is manifested in overcoming difficulties as the ability to maintain faith in oneself, to be confident in oneself, one's abilities, as the ability for effective mental self-regulation.
One of the sides of perseverance is commitment to the chosen ideals and goals. Persistence is possible if there is existential certainty. existential certainty It is the experience of satisfying one's basic needs. For most people, the main needs are self-realization, self-expression, self-affirmation. These needs are referred to as higher needs. Not for all people those are leading. For some people, basic needs are limited to vital needs, needs for security, needs for acceptance by others.
Reduced durability leads to the fact that, being in a risk situation (situations of trials, situations of losses, situations of social deprivation, etc.), a person overcomes it with negative consequences for mental and somatic health, for personal development, for existing interpersonal relationships.
● Equilibrium- this is the proportionality of the force of reaction, the activity of behavior to the strength of the stimulus, the significance of the event (the magnitude of the positive or negative consequences to which it can lead).
Psychological stability should be considered as proportionality, balance of constancy and variability of personality. It's about about the constancy of the main life principles and goals, dominant motives, ways of behaving, responding in typical situations. Variability manifests itself in the dynamics of motives, the emergence of new ways of behavior, the search for new ways of activity, the development of new forms of response to situations. Thus, the basis of the psychological stability of the personality is the harmonious (proportional) unity of the permanence of the personality and the dynamism, which complement each other. On the foundation of permanence the life path of the individual is built, without it it is impossible to achieve the goals of life. It supports and strengthens self-esteem, promotes acceptance of oneself as a person and individuality.
Equilibrium- the ability to balance the level of tension with the resources of one's psyche and body. The level of tension is always determined not only by stressors and external circumstances, but also by their subjective interpretation, assessment. Balance as a component of psychological stability is manifested in the ability to minimize the negative impact of the subjective component in the occurrence of stress, in the ability to keep stress within acceptable limits. Equilibrium- it is also the ability to avoid extremes in the strength of response to ongoing events. That is, to be responsive, sensitive to various aspects of life, not indifferent, on the one hand, and not overreact, with increased excitability, on the other.
Decreased stamina and balance lead to the emergence of risk states (states of stress, frustration, preneurasthenic, subdepressive states).
● Resistance (resistance)- this is the ability to resist what limits the freedom of behavior, freedom of choice.
Resistance- this is the ability to resist what limits the freedom of behavior, freedom of choice both in individual decisions and in choosing a lifestyle in general. The most important side of resistance is individual and personal self-sufficiency in the aspect of freedom from dependence (chemical, interactional, accentuated unidirectional behavioral activity).
Finally, it is impossible not to note the constant interpersonal interaction, involvement in many social connections, openness to influence, on the one hand, and on the other hand, resistance to excessively strong interaction.
Having considered psychological stability as a factor in the prevention of conflicts, let us turn to the description of some techniques that can be used at the beginning of development. conflict situation, that is, in the brewing conflict.
^ PSYCHOLOGICAL STABILITY OF THE PERSON
Some are always sick just because they care so much to be healthy, while others are healthy only because they are not afraid to be sick.
^ V. Klyuchevsky
A person constantly overcomes any difficulties, but not all of them have a devastating effect on the psyche. Not every personal problem, intrapersonal or interpersonal conflict, a sense of crisis inevitably leads to stress. To maintain an even mood and inner harmony allows psychological stability of the individual.
The issues of psychological stability of a person are of great practical importance, since stability protects a person from disintegration and personality disorders, creates the basis for inner harmony, full-fledged mental health, and high efficiency. The disintegration of the personality is understood as the loss of the organizing role of the highest level of the psyche in the regulation of behavior and activity, the disintegration of the hierarchy of life meanings, values, motives, goals. The psychological stability of an individual directly determines his viability, mental and somatic health.
^ General idea of psychological stability
The concept of "psychological stability *. The word "steady" in many languages of the world means "stable, resistant, firm, strong, strong." The "Dictionary of Russian Synonyms" gives two synonyms for this word: "stability, balance" (1986).
Term stability translated as: 1) stability, stability, state of equilibrium; 2) constancy, firmness; a mental stability - mental stability (stability) (English-Russian Dictionary of Psychology, 1998).
In A. Reber's (2000) dictionary, "steady" is understood as a characteristic of an individual whose behavior is relatively reliable and consistent. Its antonym is the term "unstable", which has several meanings in psychology. The two main ones are: 1) “unstable” is an individual who demonstrates erratic and unpredictable patterns of behavior and mood; 2) “unstable” is an individual who tends to demonstrate neurotic, psychotic or simply dangerous behavior patterns for others. In the second sense, the term is used as a kind of informal psychiatric diagnosis.
"Stable" in this dictionary is explained as a trait (in personality theories) characterized by the absence of excessive emotional changes. In this case, the qualifying word "emotional" (stability) is often used. In English, German, French and Spanish, the word "sustainability" is synonymous with the word "stability".
Aspects of psychological stability. Psychological stability is a complex and capacious quality of a person. It combines a whole range of abilities, a wide range of multi-level phenomena. The existence of a personality is diverse, which is reflected in various aspects of its psychological stability. Three aspects of psychological resilience come to the fore:
* durability, stability;
balance, proportion;
resistance (resistance).
Persistence. Persistence is manifested in overcoming difficulties as the ability to maintain faith in oneself, to be confident in oneself, one's abilities.
Possibilities as the ability to effective mental self-regulation.
One of the sides of perseverance is commitment to the chosen ideals and goals. Persistence is possible if there is existential certainty. Existential certainty is the experience of satisfying one's basic needs. Existential uncertainty - lack of experience of satisfaction of one's basic needs, dissatisfaction with self-realization, lack of meaning in life, lack of attractive life goals. For most people, the main needs are self-realization, self-expression, self-affirmation. These needs are referred to as higher needs. Not for all people those are leading. For some people, basic needs are limited to vital needs, needs for security, needs for acceptance by others.
Persistence also manifests itself in a constant, fairly high, level of mood. The ability to maintain a constant level of mood and activity, to be responsive, sensitive to various aspects of life, to have diverse interests, to avoid simplification in values, goals and aspirations is also an important component of psychological stability. Adherence to one value, one goal, serving one ideal can give a sense of existential certainty, but does not support the fullness of psychological stability. The reason here is that a person with such an existential decision builds a personality space that is very different from how it is built for most others. His personality includes accents that complicate interpersonal-st|yue interaction, and thus usually narrow the circle of people with whom emotionally rich relationships can be established. But the need for emotionally warm relationships can rarely be compensated for by anything.
Stability as a component of psychological stability should not be understood as rigidity. For the psychological stability of a person, the ability to self-development, the formation of one's own individuality is necessary. L. N. Tolstoy has these words:
It seems to us that real work is work on something external - to produce, collect something: property, house, livestock, fruits, but to work on one’s soul is just a fantasy, but meanwhile any other,
Except for the work on one's soul, the assimilation of good habits, any other work is trifles (Diary, 1899, June 28).
Sustainability implies a set of adaptive processes, the integration of the individual in the sense of maintaining the consistency of the basic functions of the individual, the stability of their implementation. Execution stability does not necessarily mean that the function structure is stable, but rather that it is sufficiently flexible.
Of course, stability includes the stability of functioning, reliability in professional activities. We will not touch on the issues of reliability of activity. They have been thoroughly studied and described by G.S. Nikiforov (1989, 1996, 1999, 2002). We only note that the level of psychological stability of a person is somehow manifested in his work activity, in the reliability of an employee, a professional. On the other hand, successful professional activity for many is the basis of a full-fledged experience of self-realization, which affects life satisfaction in general, mood and psychological stability.
Reduced resilience leads to the fact that, being in a risk situation (situations of trials, situations of losses, situations of social deprivation, etc.), a person overcomes it with negative consequences for mental and somatic health, for personal development, for existing interpersonal relationships. Risk situations, individual behavior in them, issues of prevention of negative consequences will be considered in the third section of the book.
Equilibrium. Psychological stability should be considered as proportionality, balance of constancy and variability of personality. We are talking about the constancy of the main life principles and goals, dominant motives, ways of behaving, responding in typical situations. Variability is manifested in the dynamics of motives, the emergence of new ways of behavior, the search for new ways of activity, the development of new forms of response to situations. With this consideration, the basis of the psychological stability of the personality is the harmonious (proportional) unity of the constancy of the personality and dynamism, which complement each other. On the foundation of constancy, the life path of the individual is built; without it, it is impossible to achieve the goals of life. It supports and strengthens self-esteem, promotes acceptance of oneself as a person and individuality. The dynamism and adaptability of the individual is the closest
In a way, they are connected with the development and existence of the individual. Development is impossible without changes that occur in certain areas of the personality and in the personality as a whole, they are due to both internal dynamics and environmental influences. In fact, the development of personality is a set of its changes.
Balance - the ability to balance the level of tension with the resources of one's psyche and body. The level of tension is always determined not only by stressors and external circumstances, but also by their subjective interpretation, assessment. Balance as a component of psychological stability is manifested in the ability to minimize the negative impact of the subjective component in the occurrence of stress, in the ability to keep stress within acceptable limits. Balance is also the ability to avoid extremes in the strength of response to ongoing events. That is, to be responsive, sensitive to various aspects of life, not indifferent, on the one hand, and not overreact, with increased excitability, on the other.
In psychological stability, another aspect is important - sorazdimension pleasant and unpleasant feelings merging in a sensual tone, proportionality between feelings of satisfaction, well-being and experiences of joy, happiness, on the one hand, and feelings of dissatisfaction with what has been achieved, imperfection in deeds, in oneself, feelings of sadness and sadness, suffering - on the other. Without both, it is hardly possible to feel the fullness of life, its meaningful content.
Reduced stamina and balance lead to the emergence of risk states (states of stress, frustration, pre-neurotic, subdepressive states). The risk states, the dynamics and manifestations of these states, the prevention of risk states and the prevention of their negative consequences will be discussed in the third section of the book.
Resistance is the ability to resist what limits freedom of behavior, freedom of choice both in individual decisions and in choosing a lifestyle in general. The most important side of resistance is individual and personal self-sufficiency in the aspect of freedom from dependence (chemical, interactional, accentuated unidirectional behavioral activity).
Finally, one cannot fail to note the constant interpersonal interaction, involvement in many social ties, openness
Impact, on the one hand, and on the other hand, resistance to excessively strong interaction. The latter can violate the necessary personal autonomy, independence in choosing the form of behavior, goals and style of activity, lifestyle, it will prevent you from hearing your Self, following your direction, building your life path. In other words, psychological stability includes the ability to find a balance between conformity and autonomy and maintain this balance. Psychological stability requires the ability to resist external influences, following one's intentions and goals (Petrovsky, 1975).
^ So psychological stability- this is a personality quality, individual aspects of which are stamina, poise, resistance. It allows a person to withstand life's difficulties, adverse pressure of circumstances, maintain health and performance in various trials.
A philosophical (sometimes ironic) attitude to difficult situations may be the subject of extensive discussion, but it is hardly appropriate here. Let us refer to the authority of G. Allport, who stated:
I am convinced that mental health contains a paradoxical connection between the seriousness of life orientation and humor. Many confusing circumstances of life are completely hopeless, and we have no weapon against them except laughter. I would venture to say that a person cannot be considered mentally healthy if he is not able to laugh at himself, noting where he miscalculated, where his claims were too inflated or unjustified. He must notice where he was deceived, where he was too self-confident, short-sighted, and above all where he was vain. The best cure for vanity, as Bergson said, is laughter, and in general, vanity is a ridiculous weakness (Allport, 1998, p. 111).
Further in this chapter, the supports (foundations) of the psychological stability of the individual will be considered. We refer to them the dominants of faith and activity of the individual. Speaking of dominants, we mean the dominants of the consciousness and activity of the personality. The orientation of consciousness to one or another side of life largely determines its content, makes dominant some thoughts, images and experiences and eliminates or leads others into the shadows. The main dominants in the aspect of the psychological stability of the individual are faith and one or more types of activity (cognitive, activity, communicative).
^ Factors of psychological stability
The psychological stability of a person can be considered as a complex quality of a person, a synthesis of individual qualities and abilities. How pronounced it is depends on many factors. Psychological stability is supported by internal (personal) resources and external (interpersonal, social support). Previously, we (Kulikov, 1997) considered the resources of the personality that support its psychological stability and adaptability and thereby contribute to the emergence and maintenance of a harmonious mood. This is a fairly large list of factors related to personal characteristics and social environment. Social environment factors
factors that support self-esteem;
conditions conducive to self-realization;
conditions conducive to adaptation;
psychological support of the social environment (emotional
direct support of relatives, friends, employees, their specific
help in business, etc.).
Relationships of a person (including to oneself):
optimistic, active attitude to the life situation in
in general;
philosophical (sometimes ironic) attitude to difficult situations;
confidence, independence in relationships with other people, from
lack of hostility, trust in others, open communication;
tolerance, acceptance of others as they are;
a sense of community (in the Adlerian sense), a sense of social
accessories;
Satisfying status in the group and society, sustainable, satisfactory
interpersonal roles that create the subject;
sufficiently high self-esteem;
consistency of I-perceived and I-desired (I-real
and I-ideal).
* faith (in its various forms - faith in the achievability of the set
goals, religious faith, belief in common goals);
existential certainty - understanding, sense of meaning
life, meaningfulness of activity and behavior;
installation on the fact that you can manage your life;
awareness of social belonging to a particular group.
* experiencing the success of self-realization;
» emotional saturation from interpersonal interaction, experiencing a sense of cohesion, unity. ^ Knowledge and experience:
* understanding the life situation and the ability to predict it
nia;
» rational judgments in the interpretation of a life situation (absence of irrational judgments);
adequate assessment of the magnitude of the load and its resources;
structured experience of overcoming difficult situations.
activity in behavior and activity;
using effective ways to overcome difficulties.
If the factors of the social environment support self-esteem, contribute to self-realization, receiving psychological support, then all this in general contributes to the emergence of an elevated mood and the maintenance of a state of health. adaptability. If the factors of the social environment reduce self-esteem, make it difficult to adapt, limit self-realization, deprive a person of emotional support, then all this contributes to a decrease in mood and the appearance of a state of maladaptation.
We believe that it is unproductive to consider mood as one of the types of state. Mood - relatively stable
A component of mental states, the main link in the relationship between personality structures and various components of mental states (feelings and emotions, experiences of events occurring in the spiritual, social and physical life of the individual, the mental and physical tone of the individual) (Kulikov, 1997). It is the mood that acts as the link through which the psychological stability reduced due to external or internal causes causes changes in the mental state in a negative direction.
The main components of the psychological stability of the individual were listed above. Note that they do not cover the entire basis of psychological stability. In one way or another, all structures of the personality participate in maintaining it. So, for example, at the level of temperament, the properties that predispose to the emergence of instability are increased emotionality, anxiety. The level of development of volitional qualities has a significant impact.
An important component of psychological stability is positiveny image I, in which, in turn, a positive group identity of the individual plays a significant role. The significance of this factor is not difficult to see if one pays attention to the rapid growth in the number of different groups and communities during the period of the disappearance of strict ideological control by the state in the USSR, and then in Russia (Krishnaites and hippies, the White Brotherhood and rockers, groups of spiritual practice and Eastern health systems, etc.). Attempts are being made to revive those destroyed over the years Soviet power communities: there are societies of descendants of nobles and merchants, the Cossacks ... The parties number in the hundreds. These groups with varying degrees successes perform value-oriented and protective functions for the majority of Russian citizens (Stefanenko, 1999). Often these associations turn out to be only “staged groups”, as the sociologist L. G. Ionin calls them (1996). He notes that in such groups, external signs of identification prevail: their members master the symbolism of clothing (sari, leather jackets, Cossack form), specific jargon, style of movements and greetings.
Many associations of this kind are characterized by their own subculture. In a period of sharp socio-economic changes, the importance of the pillars of psychological stability increases, in particular, this is manifested in the fact that the need for group belonging is aggravated. As in other countries experiencing (or experiencing) an era of pronounced social instability, in Russia
Intergenerational communities - the family and the ethnos - are most capable of meeting this need.
A person always needs to feel like a part of “we”, a part of a group, realizing belonging to which a person gains support in life. These groups include ethnic groups, parties, church organizations, professional associations, informal associations of people of similar age and similar interests. Many people completely “immerse themselves” in one of these groups, but membership in them does not always lead to the satisfaction of the need for psychological stability. The support turns out to be not very stable, because the composition of the groups is constantly updated, the periods of their existence are limited in time, the person himself can be excluded from the group for some fault. All these shortcomings are devoid of ethnic community. This is an intergenerational group, it is stable over time, it is characterized by the stability of its composition, and each person has a stable ethnic status, it is impossible to “exclude” him from the ethnic group. Thanks to these qualities, an ethnos becomes a reliable support group for a person (Stefanenko, 1999).
The family plays a special role in the life of every person. Family relationships are great value for personal development, social maturity. Family upbringing to a large extent determines the lifestyle of children throughout their life. future life, the style of relationships in their own families. It lays an attentive or neglectful attitude to the issues of mental self-regulation, healthy lifestyle skills, and the ability to establish constructive, favorable interpersonal relationships. The family can have a healing effect on each of its members, give emotional support that is irreplaceable by anything. But the atmosphere of the family can also have a negative impact on the mental balance of the individual, reduce emotional comfort, aggravate intrapersonal conflicts, give rise to personality disharmony, and weaken its psychological stability.
Can be distinguished individual characteristics, most predisposing to a decrease in resistance:
» increased anxiety;
* anger, hostility (especially suppressed ones), self-directed aggression;
» emotional excitability, instability;
pessimistic attitude to the life situation;
closeness, closeness.
The coronary type is characterized by:
ambition;
the need for approval;
impulsiveness;
impatience;
inability to reduce activity;
the desire to do everything;
emotionality;
hostility; >.
anger.
R. G. Rozenman and G. Friedman, in addition to personality traits, noted in people prone to coronary heart disease, a quick, amplified, audible breath of air, explosive intonations of the voice, emphasis on certain words in sentences, muscle tension of the face and body, frequent clenching of fists in the time of a normal conversation, the constant desire to speed up the course of a normal conversation, interrupting the interlocutor's statements or encouraging him to speak faster.
Type Behavior BUT approximately doubles the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disorders.
According to American psychologists, this type is very common; half of the US population can be attributed to it.
Type B is characterized by more positive self-image, calmness, life satisfaction, slowness. People of this type alternate work and rest, they are characterized by less emotional tension and other qualities that are opposite to those inherent in type A.
The type of behavior does not have an unambiguous relationship with viability. Type A people are more likely to survive a second heart attack than type B people. It has been suggested that type A people are better at restructuring behavior after a first heart attack.
The need to receive support, especially from loved ones, is quite natural for a person. Patients with a coronary type who have had a myocardial infarction experience a feeling of alienation from the social environment, they cannot establish contacts with people who could help them. For people with type B behavior, such contact is common and does not depend on their state of health.
^ Faith as a pillar of psychological stability
Faith- the subject of study is not only psychological science. As for psychology, it should be noted that the phenomenon of faith has been little studied in it. One of the main reasons for this is that faith is often identified solely with religious faith. It is impossible not to notice a somewhat wary attitude towards faith as a subject of psychological research and the fact that phenomena close to faith have long and firmly taken their place in many concepts developed in various areas of psychology. For example, the concepts of trust and distrust (to another person, organization, party, approach, etc.) or the concept of self-confidence (belief in one's rightness, confidence in one's adequacy, accuracy, strength) are widely used. The concept of belief means different kind cognitive constructs not necessarily associated with religious belief. We will not delve into the search for the reasons for this state of the issue, we only note that all the listed cognates have by no means one line
Guistic relationship. And in confidence, and in trust, and in beliefs, the basis is precisely faith.
On December 3, 2001, the radio news flashed a message about the dismissal of a teacher in one of the Australian schools. It is unlikely that this fact could attract the attention of a number of media in the world, if not for the reason for the dismissal. The teacher told the children lower grades that Saita-Klaus is a fiction, that in fact he does not exist. The children returned home in tears. The school administration responded very decisively to the complaints of parents. Higher authorities recommended that school teachers avoid discussing such issues, let children talk about Santa Claus and the Christmas bunny with their parents.
This case suggests that a person is ready to perceive an attack on faith as an insult, because at any age he has something especially valuable that warms his soul. The reality of what is holy does not require proof, because the holy is higher than reality and nothing in it can be proved. Moreover, often the very offer to present evidence is perceived as blasphemy.
G. Allport wrote:
Another important point to realize is that productive reasoning about mental health issues requires bilingualism. What is needed is both the poetic and prophetic metaphorical nature of religion and the grammatical accuracy of science (1998, p. 116).
It is difficult to find anything in human nature comparable in its significance and complexity to faith. it short word combines a wide range of diverse phenomena. Faith can serve as a motive, attitude and guide in human activity. Faith is often accompanied by a sense of confidence and a number of other feelings. In the history of philosophy and psychology, there are three approaches to understanding faith:
faith predominantly as an emotional, sensual phenomenon
(Hume, James, etc.);
faith as a phenomenon of intellect (J. St. Mill, Brentano, Hegel
and etc.);
faith as a phenomenon of will, as an attribute of will (Descartes, Fichte, etc.).
Capabilities. At the same time, the object of faith appears to exist in reality, figuratively, and the representation is accompanied by quite strong feelings (Philosophical Dictionary, 1991).
The word "faith" has many meanings. Two meanings act as the main ones: worship anyone, anything and resistance - calm confidence in your choice, not requiring reliance on the opinions of others, self-sufficient confidence, independent of the points of view of others. If you look at worship differently, then it has internal causes, not external ones. In a person of religious faith, God lives primarily in the heart, and this is his strength. It is no coincidence that the word “fortitude” has the same root as the words “stand, stand”. Having a support is more likely to withstand various tests. Do not fall, but keep the strength to stand and go. Perseverance, stability is also the ability not to lose balance, succumbing to this or that passion, this or that hobby, the ability to remain calm amid the temptations of the world.
We understand faith and its derivative phenomena (confidence, optimism, trust - a sensual (emotional) component of a positive attitude) as an important part of the irrational part of the personality.
Let us explain what is meant by the irrational part of the personality. In human life there is always something unknown, unknowable, unexpected. Any forecast has a probabilistic character. The situation of uncertainty leads to strong tension. To cope with this circumstance allows the dual nature of the personality - the unity of two principles: rational and irrational. The rational determines the adherence to strict logic, common sense, "sober calculation", etc. The irrational is an extra-logical acceptance of reality, it frees one from the need to reason, building a chain of cause-and-effect relationships. Let us clarify: "extra-logical" does not mean contradictory or opposed to logic. The irrational part of the personality functions outside the laws of logic, but this does not mean that it does not have its own laws and patterns. Note also that "irrational" should not be rated as "inappropriate". It acts as a defense mechanism of the personality (not in the psychoanalytic, but in the broad sense) and therefore performs important role: reducing anxiety, getting rid of a number of fears, switching attention from assessing the significance of the situation to processing relevant information, thinking and making a decision. That is, it interrupts fixation on possible unfavorable consequences.
actions of the development of the situation and returns attention (and the focus of consciousness) to the rational plane - thinking according to the rules, algorithms, etc.
E. Fromm argues that it is necessary to distinguish between irratiocash and rational faith. Irrational faith does not originate in a person's own experience of thinking and feeling, it is based on emotional submission to an irrational authority (God, leader, leader of a sect, authority in science, art, politics ...). Faith in the Absolute is irrational. Belief in the Absolute is understood as faith in God, the world mind, in absolute morality, intuition, etc. The Absolute is something that is eternal, infinite, unconditional, perfect, self-sufficient, does not depend on anything else. The Absolute itself contains everything that exists and creates it.
If irrational faith recognizes something as true because the authority or the majority says so, then rational faith is rooted in an independent belief based on a person’s own fruitful observation and reflection. Rational faith grows out of fruitful activity and experience, testifying that each of us is an active owner of the gift of active life. Rational faith Fromm refers to faith in oneself, in another person, in humanity.
E. Fromm mentions that the term "faith", as it is used in the Old Testament - "emuna" - means "stability" and, thus, to a greater extent denotes a certain quality, a character trait, than the fullness of faith in something. Fromm recognizes faith as the main setting of personality. It is itself that is of paramount importance, not its object. Man cannot live without faith.
In E. Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, the positive development of a personality at the first psychosocial stage forms a person's ability to hope. Erickson observed that "religion has for centuries served to revive, at regular intervals, the sense of trust in the form of faith, while at the same time giving tangible form to the sense of evil which it promises to anathematize." Thus, religion and religious belief support the ego development inherent in the first stage of psychosocial development and strengthen "basic trust", allowing you to get rid of "basic distrust". Religion can be replaced by other forms of social and cultural existence of society, they can also support this ego power (basic trust). Among the sources of faith for some people, Erickson listed "the
camaraderie, productive work, social actions, scientific research and artistic creativity» (cited in Cloninger, 2003).
Religious faith has another lever to maintain peace of mind. Faith in God and love for God "tune" to the right height a sense of pride. For many, it may be useful to remind you that no matter how great your power and strength, it is nothing compared to the power of God. A “ceiling” may be necessary for pride, but a support may also be necessary. Let us recall F. M. Dostoevsky's remark that a person sometimes believes in God out of pride. He does not agree to worship society, people, and worships God as the only source of his independence and freedom from the power of the world. Pride is manifested in the unwillingness to worship anyone and nothing but God.
Perhaps it would be appropriate here to recall the attitude towards this personality trait in Orthodox Christianity. Pride (exaggerated pride) is considered the gravest sin, making humility and maintaining peace of mind impossible.
Since the social environment (macroenvironment and microenvironment) is the main environment for the existence of a person, psychological stability in interpersonal interaction is fundamentally important. In terms of interpersonal interaction, confidence (assertiveness), the ability for confident (self-affirming) behavior comes to the fore. Confidence is manifested in the ability to express one's thoughts and feelings in a socially acceptable form, that is, without degrading the dignity of others; willingness to take responsibility for their actions; constructive approach to problem solving; in an effort not to infringe on other people's interests (Krukovich, 2001). The goal of confident behavior is self-actualization. A confident person can express his wishes or requests to another person to change something, he is able to talk about it directly and listen to disagreement or objections without getting lost.
Lack of confidence is manifested in aggressiveness or insecure behavior. Aggressive behavior is characterized by a tendency to express one's thoughts, feelings and desires in the form of demands and orders, accusations and insults; the desire to shift responsibility for their actions to others, to suppress other opinions and to assert their point of view as decisive in solving problems, to make choices for others. The purpose of aggressive behavior is coercion and punishment. Insecure behavior is most often realized in the form of passive-aggressive behavior, which is characterized by:
» inability or unwillingness to directly express their thoughts and feelings;
not accepting responsibility for one's actions by avoiding
choice, granting this right to others;
sacrificing one's own interests in solving problems;
fear of hurting other people's interests because of internal, often unconscious
a certain belief in the hostility of the surrounding world.
Uncertainty and aggressiveness are not opposite qualities - they are two different forms of manifestation of a lack of self-confidence. Empirical research has shown that passivity and inappropriate aggressiveness are associated with anxiety and a hostile attitude toward others. Both of these behavioral patterns have a negative impact on the mental and physical health of the individual, on the well-being and health of his family and other close environment (Krukovich, 2001).
A confident person is somewhat independent of the environment. A psychologically stable person is able to maintain a balance between the strength of his own influence and sensitivity to outside influence. Violation of this balance, and even more so extremes, reduce the effectiveness of interpersonal contacts, eliminate the possibility of positive emotional saturation from communication, and thereby reduce the experience of social well-being. By social well-being, we mean satisfaction with one's social status and the state of the society to which the individual belongs, satisfaction with interpersonal relationships and status in the microsocial environment. Social well-being is an integral part of
Setting the subjective well-being, on which the health of the individual directly depends.
^ Belief in magical powers (magical orientation of consciousness)
Rational faith and faith in God, not accompanied by a belief in one's own powerlessness, support such values as patience, perseverance, orient one to long-term efforts and one's own activity, to accepting all responsibility for oneself, or at least sharing it. Belief in magical powers means a complete rejection of responsibility for oneself, the expectation of magical transformations and the help of magical powers in solving life's problems.
The magician or mystic accepts an irrational faith, but not in the absolute, but in himself. He is his own absolute. Fromm notes that for an irrational belief, the statement is psychologically quite true "I believe, because it's absurd." If someone makes a reasonable-sounding statement, they are doing what, in principle, anyone can do. But if he dares to make a statement that is absurd from a reasonable point of view, then by this very fact he demonstrates that he has gone beyond common sense and, therefore, has a magical power that puts him above the average person.
Belief in magical powers releases from responsibility, eliminates the anxiety caused by a possible mistake in making decisions, since decisions are not made. Vital decisions are predetermined by fate. Through a fortune teller, a clairvoyant, an astrologer, the voice of fate is heard, it must be obeyed.
Faith in God is hardly acceptable for many, because it is abstract, it sets people up for a long work on themselves, humility, to fight against passions, against sin. All this is possible if a person is guided by distant motives, if there is an ability to move towards distant goals, the path to which is long. People with these personality traits are in the minority.
Belief in magical powers arises from underdeveloped, fragmentary religious ideas, but with a pronounced need to experience religious feelings. Religious feelings, like any other, must have some kind of energy source. The religious practice of one or another traditional denomination focuses on inner work, tends to search for a source of energy inside
Himself. There is no desire to stun the adept in it, there is little novelty in it, uncertainty tickling the nerves, sharpness of emotions. A person with a magical orientation of consciousness is looking for ways and means to escape from reality, to switch to something bright, bewitching. This he finds in a sect. It purposefully maintains the mystified significance of the sect as a whole and of each adept individually. The sect is isolated, therefore it is more united, communication is more intense in it, and the demands on members are higher. The life of a sect gives rise to the impression of being filled with special meaning, special difficulties, which gives emotional richness initiated from outside the personality.
Belief in magic is also associated with expectation, a passionate desire for a miracle. Under the influence of self-hypnosis and the suggestion of magicians of various kinds, a person begins to find small or large miracles more often.
Magical thinking is rooted in paganism. The religious feeling of pagan faith is dominated by fear of the unknown. She has little hope. Faith in the Absolute got rid of this and planted hope in the human soul. She saved him from humiliation and reduced his fear, but left the fear of God. This fear is not belittling. It is not the same as conscience, but goes along with it.
The choice of a landmark of faith is determined by personal characteristics, the social environment, the nature of the current life situation, and a number of other factors.
^ Religious orientation of the individual
Faith directly determines the value system of the individual. We are not talking here about an alternative - unbelief, since this alternative is unlikely to exist. A person can list a long list of things he does not believe in (in the Absolute, in humanity, in the mind...). At the same time, the impression may arise that he is the bearer of unbelief, but it will be erroneous. His very preserved vitality and ability to reason at least demonstrate the faith in the life that is in him, which lasts in him and continues to this moment in him. Most often, behind this is an unconscious acceptance of the inherent value of life, which should not be understood as the absence of the meaning of life in the subject, and the prevailing pessimistic mood in the subject with such a position.
^ spiritual space personality is a space in which selection and familiarization with the highest values of human
Skogo being (the ideals of morality...). Faith in the spiritual space acts as a core around which the highest values are built. The system of values should be referred to the upper level of personal regulation. This level determines a lot in a person, including psychological stability. Faith determines the dominant orientation of the consciousness of the individual. Most often, faith in the Absolute exists as faith in God. But faith in God can be different.
Allport insisted on the need to distinguish between two forms of religious orientation: external and internal. At outward religious orientation religion for many people is a habit or a generic invention used for ceremonies, for convenience in the family, for personal comfort:
It is something that is needed in order to use it, and not to live for it. It can be a way to increase status, maintain self-confidence. It can be used as a defense against reality, as a divine endorsement of a way of life. This feeling gives me confidence that God sees things the way I see them. A person with an external religious orientation is turned to God, but is not removed from himself. This type of religiosity is essentially a shield for self-centeredness (p. 109).
This type of religiosity correlates with the presence of a large number of prejudices in a person. Such people are not really pious.
^ Internal religious orientation is neither a way to deal with fear, nor a form of sociability or conformity, nor a means of realizing desires. All these motives are secondary.
ethnic relations, private life, personal problems, guilt, ontological anxiety - all this is regulated by an overarching commitment, to some extent intellectual, but most of all fundamentally motivational. This commitment is holistic; it covers the entire experience of the individual, both scientific and emotional. Such a religion does not exist in order to serve as a convenient tool for man, rather, a person is obliged to serve it (p. 109).
Allport was convinced that internal rather than external religious orientation contributes to the preservation of a person's mental health. He drew attention to the fact that
According to this hypothesis, an internal religious orientation cannot exist to play a therapeutic or preventive role. It is not intended to be used. Strada-
The lizard may seek only religion, and not healing itself. If his religious orientation is deeply internalized, it will be accompanied by both a normal psyche and calmness in relations with those around him (p. 109).
There are hardly sufficient grounds for Allport's sharp distinction between two religious orientations. The degree of self-centeredness can have many gradations. In addition, during the life of the same subject, it can change, since it is closely related to evolution. inner peace personality.
^ Dominants of activity as a pillar of stability
It was noted above that activity in behavior and activity is one of the main internal factors that determine the psychological stability of a person. Dominants of activity in the aspect of psychological stability of a person can be all types of activity: cognitive, active, communicative. Each dominant exists simultaneously and as a certain direction of consciousness. A more familiar concept that explains the mechanism of one or another orientation of consciousness is a set as readiness, predisposition to a certain attitude, response, interpretation, behavior, activity (Kulikov, 2000). The following types of direction can be distinguished:
^ Focus on knowledge and self-knowledge. sa absorption
self-knowledge, knowledge of human nature, self-development. She is
manifests itself in a willingness to increase one's psychological coma
petency, find means for self-improvement, about
learn self-regulation techniques, etc.
^ Focus on activity: labor, social, dispute
active, preoccupied with one's hobby. Achievements in various
dakh activities - convincing evidence of the success of sa
realization, they increase self-esteem and self-respect. Except
In addition, preoccupation with activity contributes to frequent and prolonged
positive states of inspiration, i.e., makes this state stable
chivy. The state of inspiration produces a sanogenic effect
in many areas of the psyche.
The interactional dominant has two subtypes: a) prosocial; b) antisocial. ^ Prosocial dominant - it is love, altruism, sacrifice, service to other people. This version of the interactional dominant is constructive for the development of the personality itself and favorable interpersonal relationships. Asocial interactionaldominant- this is selfishness, dependency, manipulation of another person or many people, domination without responsibility for the fate of others and the desire to lead them to good. This version of the interactional dominant is destructive for the development of the personality itself and the interpersonal relationships that it forms with the social environment. The first subspecies is characterized by the acceptance of the independent value of interpersonal interaction, the search for joy developments, empathy, co-creation, regardless of the magnitude of the results achieved. The second is the manipulation of people, using them to prove to oneself and others one's own significance. For a person who has chosen such a way to maintain his own stability, manipulation is valuable in itself. Along the way, psychological stability can be destroyed by an unbridled lust for power or wealth - convincing evidence of one's influence. Such a passion may not arise: the manipulator will be satisfied with the fact that he controls a few or just one person. And that may be enough to distract yourself from unnecessary or disturbing self-talk.
The considered types of orientation (attitudes) differ in the degree of responsibility that a person takes on himself - responsibility for his actions and his life as a whole, for his destiny, for his own individuality, originality, uniqueness.
Taking responsibility means seeing yourself as an active, conscious force in your own life, capable of making decisions and being responsible for their consequences. Responsibility is closely related to internal independence - following one's beliefs and one's own hierarchy of values without neglecting the opinions and beliefs of others and without simply accepting them (Horney, 1993).
The considered activity dominants are not mutually exclusive. These are the pillars of the stability of the personality, which may well be combined with each other. More often, one of them occupies a central place in the mind. Emphasis on one pillar can give stability, but this is imperfect stability: it can be strong and long-lasting, but it can also be fraught with the possibility of personal disharmony.
The three listed activity dominants are constructive as the pillars of psychological stability, since they support the readiness to take responsibility for one's own activity. Unconstructive should be recognized magical direction fromknowledge. The combination of constructive types of orientation contributes to the harmonization of the personality and thereby strengthens its stability.
All the supports of psychological stability discussed above - faith, the magical orientation of consciousness, the three dominants of activity - cease to be supports if the emphasis on one of them becomes too strong. Belief in oneself becomes self-confidence, fences off a person from others and inevitably gives rise to an intrapersonal conflict. Fanatic religious faith translates all activity into the mainstream of the struggle for the purity of faith, pushes into intolerance, hatred of non-believers (infidels), aggressive behavior. The sharpening of the magical orientation of consciousness, which has reached fixation, causes an obsessive expectation of one or another manifestation of certain forces of the “other world”, cultivates fear of the other world, paralyzes the will, and blocks any manifestation of independence. If self-development becomes a supervalue, a person begins to ignore other aspects of self-realization, forgets that developed personal qualities should be used for something, should serve to achieve significant goals, productive activities, benefit society, any groups or individual people. Enthusiasm for activity develops into workaholism as a variant of psychological dependence - an excessively strong dependence on success in activity, or even simply on the opportunity to engage in the chosen activity. Without it, life loses its meaning. A prosocial, altruistic interactional attitude leads to dissolution in another person and the loss of one's Self, a manipulative interactional attitude turns into a pathological craving for power, causing disharmony or many destructive changes in the personality.
^ Psychological resilience as resilience
Achieving life goals is usually associated with overcoming difficulties. The larger (socially significant) goals a person sets, the more difficulties she encounters. There is also a positive point here: overcoming is accompanied by intense experiences of self-realization. On the way to overcoming, there are always mistakes and failures, disappointments and resentments, resistance of other people, whose interests are affected or limited due to the activity of the subject. The fewer resources a person has to preserve and restore peace of mind, improve health, and maintain stability, the more limited are the opportunities to achieve life goals. G. Allport wrote:
To be human means not only to experience moments of pleasure and bursts of happiness, but also to withstand severe trials of suffering, uncertainty of goals, frequent defeats of one's own undertakings and painful victories over oneself. A mentally ill person is one who, at least temporarily, has lost that battle. He regrets his past, hates his present and fears his future... In general, we know what it means to be mentally healthy. It means building muscle by healing past wounds. Or, to use the words of the eighty-fourth psalm, blessed is he "who, passing through the vale of sorrow, uses it for good" (p. 116).
In the event of a difficult life situation that necessitates adaptive restructuring, the complex of changes occurring in the body and personality to the greatest extent depends on the level of personal mobilization. In a systematic way, we present the picture of changes in the body and psyche when faced with difficulties in the form of a table (Table 4.1).
When faced with difficulties, two main responses are usually observed: hypersthenia associated with vigorous activity (sometimes inappropriate, self-destructive), and hyposthenia. In most cases, there is a tendency to dynamics from hypersthenic to hyposthenic states. With insufficient mobilization, the onset of the phase of exhaustion can be accelerated, because the previous phases are either very fleeting and insufficiently developed, or they proceed in an ideal plan without a corresponding activity, behavioral expression.
^ Table 4. 7
Conditions in situations of overcoming difficulties
Characteristics | Mobilization (activity level) |
||
inadequate | adequate | excess |
|
Attitude to the situation, dominant motive | Emotional goal rejection without adequate cognitive evaluation | Consistency of emotional and cognitive assessment, the desire to find a way to the goal | The emotional component of the attitude dominates the cognitive one, often the acceptance of the goal before an adequate cognitive assessment, the desire to achieve the goal immediately |
Leading State Characteristic | Lethargy, decreased activation | Active state, activation adequate to the current situation | Excitement, high activation and high voltage |
Mood | Decreased mood, despondency | Even mood, cheerfulness | Uneven mood, restlessness |
Energy characteristics of physiological processes | Reduced energy consumption or energy wasted on braking | Adequate, sustainable energy use | Excess energy consumption |
Dominant phase of stress | Exhaustion phase | Resistive phase | Mobilization phase (alarm phase) |
Behavior | Passive (surrender) | Active organized | Active disorganized |
Likely consequences | Apathy or depression, if life circumstances do not change in better side | Preservation or increase of psychological stability, satisfaction with self-realization | Overwork or asthenic condition, if life circumstances do not change for the better |
In relation to the situation and in the dominant motive, the central role belongs to the consistency and proportionality of the cognitive and emotional components of the attitude. The proximity of the mechanisms of stressful changes in the psyche and neurotic, preneurotic disorders is well known. So, N. A. Kurgansky (1989) compared the features of goal setting and its motivational determinants in healthy individuals and patients with neuroses. It turned out that more high level general motivation in patients with neurosis, it is formed due to the emotional component. The author came to the assumption that the disproportion between the cognitive and emotional components becomes one of the reasons why the motivation to avoid failure - leading in neurosis - does not lead to real avoidance of the conflict associated with failure, as is usually the case in healthy individuals. In addition, the motivation to achieve success in neuroses does not contribute to the choice of a goal that corresponds to the possibilities, since the emotional component maintains the former overestimated level of the goal (despite failures).
Of great importance is the emphasis on external activity (extraactivity) or adaptability. Quite often one comes across a point of view (not always expressed explicitly) in which more activity is recognized for the environment than for the subject. With this view, a person in difficult situations “responds to influences”, “adapts”, “withstands the load that has fallen”, etc. Extraactivity and adaptation should not be considered as opposite poles of the same scale. This is not about denying one process to another. Both of them are necessary for the individual to exist and develop. The direction of all energy to extraactivity makes a person vulnerable to environmental influences, inevitably weakens adaptive mechanisms.
Excessive emphasis on adaptation is also unfavorable, since it makes a person unnecessarily dependent on the environment. In both cases, psychological stability is reduced. Sustaining sustainability involves a balanced combination of extraactivity and adaptation. With the refusal of activity aimed at the subject or social environment, the independence of a person from it decreases. We add that adaptation is necessary for psychological stability, but successful adaptation itself is impossible without sufficient psychological stability.
Anxiety plays an important role in the totality of phenomena of overcoming. The adaptive meaning of anxiety is that
it signals an unidentified danger, prompting its search and concretization. Because distraction affects performance, the active-arousal function of anxiety may underlie "erratic behavior" or the disruptive effect of anxiety on activity.
Probable outcome of overcoming difficult situation, affecting the life goals of the individual, is determined by complex relationships between situational behavior and the entire course of self-realization of the individual. One process is influenced by another.
In the event that the subject does not find ways to resolve a difficult situation, and life circumstances do not change for the better for him, the state becomes so unfavorable that certain mental disorders occur. Depressive and asthenic conditions are especially common.
^ Dependent behavior as a consequence of reduced resilience
We have already touched on the negative consequences of a lack of psychological stability. Note that a decrease in psychological stability increases the risk of addiction. We distinguish three main groups of psychological addictions: chemical, unidirectional (accentuated) activity, interactional addiction. Let us briefly consider the reasons for the establishment of one or another type of dependence.
Chemical dependence occurs when emotional events go beyond the boundaries of the optimum - their deficit or satiety. It is clear that positive emotions are especially significant in terms of their desirability and necessity. The narrower the boundaries of the optimum for a given person (as an individual characteristic), the less psychological stability. A psychoactive drug (alcohol, toxicant, drug) stuns and thereby reduces the significance of events when they are oversaturated. Switching to euphoric experiences, distracting from actual events, the individual subjectively distances them from himself, reducing the number of significant events. A psychoactive substance can also generate events, and not only in an extreme form, that is, in the form of hallucinations. For example, emancipation and relaxation in a state of intoxication intensifies communication, facilitates the commission of acts that were under the yoke of self-control, etc.
Alcohol produces a relaxation effect. By lowering the level of excitation in the cerebral cortex, it weakens the intensity of the experience of anxiety (the emotion of anxiety). Another effect of its action: the weakening of negative (anxiety, fear, dissatisfaction with oneself) or removing feelings (guilt, envy, shame, resentment), included in the mental regulation of interpersonal interaction, reduces emotional discomfort.
^ Unidirectional (accentuated) activity (preoccupation with games, sex, workaholism) one of the reasons is personal disharmony, namely reduced personal development and functioning in the sphere of spiritual being, in the direction of knowledge and self-knowledge, interpersonal interaction. This dependence arises as a kind of compensation for the exaggeration of the value of events generated in accentuated activity (work, play, sex), as an attempt to obscure the significance of other values not associated with accentuated activity.
Preoccupation with activity means passion, passion. If work absorbs, then a hobby - another hobby - is not necessary. Hobbies and work merge. Once again, we note that a large workload (in terms of time and effort expended) can be associated with different motivations. For example, with the desire to earn more money, strengthen or raise social status. With the uncreative nature of the work or a weak enthusiasm for it, there will be no absorption, there will be no passion and, accordingly, this activity will not become a support for sustainability. Moreover, it will generate emotional satiety, excessive tension and a desire to reduce discomfort.
A decrease in self-sufficiency, authenticity with a lack of self-identification, a weakening of the sense of social belonging to a certain, quite clearly defined group - all these are conditions predisposing to interaction addiction(for example, from a destructive cult; "fatal" love). Frustrated need for acceptance by others, lack of authority and respect in a significant circle, low self-esteem push the individual to more deep dive into interaction (Kulikov, 1999).
In more detail the reasons for the establishment of a particular type of addiction, as well as issues of prevention of addiction will be discussed in the third section of the book, in the chapters on the prevention of risk behavior.
test questions
What is the psychological stability of a person?
What increases and what reduces the psychological stability of a person
news?
How are faith and psychological stability of a person related?
What is the significance of religious faith in terms of psychological
sustainability?
Describe the activity dominants that act as support
ry psychological stability of the individual.
Describe the groups of psychological addictions that
may occur with reduced psychological stability
personality.