Social scientists characterize society as. Social scientists define society as
Option 1.
AND. 1. Highlighting the main elements of society, their relationship and interaction, scientists characterize society as
1) system 2) part of nature 3) material world 4) civilization
2. Society in the understanding of scientists is:
2) ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together
3) part of wildlife, subject to its laws
4) the material world as a whole
3. Are the following judgments about society correct?
A. Society is a system consisting of interrelated and interacting elements.
B. Society is a dynamic system in which new elements and connections between them constantly arise and old elements die off.
4. Unlike nature, society
1) is a system 3) acts as a creator of culture
2) is in development 4) develops according to its own laws
5. The emergence of private ownership of the means of production has led to increased stratification of society. The connection of what aspects of the life of society was manifested in this phenomenon?
1) production, distribution, consumption and spiritual sphere 3) economy and social relations
2) economics and politics 4) economics and culture
6. Which of the following refers to the global problems of our time?
1) the formation of a socially oriented economy
2) the revival of cultural and moral values
3) the gap in the level of development between the regions of the planet
4) development international cooperation
7. Are the following judgments about society correct?
A. Among the subsystems and elements of society are social institutions.
B. Not all elements public life are subject to change.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
8. Which of the above features characterizes an industrial society?
1) leading role Agriculture 3) a weak level of division of labor
2) the predominance of industry 4) crucial service industries in the economy
9. Which of the features is inherent in a traditional society?
1) intensive development of infrastructure 3) the predominance of the patriarchal type of family
2) computerization of industry 4) the secular nature of culture
10. The transition to a post-industrial society is characterized by
1) the formation of a market economy 3) the development of mass media
2) restriction of social mobility 4) organization of factory production
11. characteristic feature Western civilization is:
1) low social mobility
2) long-term preservation of traditional legal norms
3) active introduction of new technologies
4) weakness and underdevelopment of democratic values
12. Are the following judgments about the process of globalization correct?
And all global processes are the result of increased international contacts.
B. The development of mass communication makes the modern world whole.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
13. Country A. with a population of 25 million people is located in the Northern Hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether A. belongs to post-industrial societies?
1) The country has a multi-confessional composition of the population.
2) The country has an extensive network of rail transport.
3) The management of the society is carried out through computer networks.
4) In means mass media traditional family values are promoted.
14. A characteristic feature of evolution as a form of social development is:
1) the revolutionary nature of change 3) violent methods
2) spasmodic 4) gradual
Q. 1 Read the text below with a number of words missing.
Western civilization is called ____(1). The production that has developed in the European region _____ (2) required the utmost exertion of the physical and intellectual forces of society, the constant improvement of labor tools and methods of influencing nature. As a result, it has formed new system values: active creative, ______ (3) human activity comes to the fore.
Unconditional value has acquired _______ (4) knowledge that expands the intellectual powers of a person, his inventive possibilities. Western civilization has put forward _____(5) individuals and ______(6) property as the most important values. The main regulator of social relations are _____(7).
Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.
A) private
b) collective
c) legal norms
D) industrial
D) adaptable
2. Find in the list the features of society as a dynamic system and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) isolation from nature
2) lack of interconnection of subsystems and public institutions
3) the ability for self-organization and self-development
4) isolation from the material world
5) constant change
6) the possibility of degradation of individual elements
C1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "civilization"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about civilization.
C2. Use three examples to describe the advantages of the formational approach.
Gaining more and more strength, civilization often showed a clear tendency to impose ideas with the help of missionary activities or direct violence coming from religious, in particular Christian, traditions. Thus, civilization steadily spread across the planet, using all possible ways and means for this - migration, colonization, conquest, trade, industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Little by little, all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them according to the model established by it ...
The development of civilization, however, was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not be realized. At the heart of her philosophy and her actions was always elitism. And the Earth, no matter how generous it may be, is still not able to accommodate an ever-growing population and satisfy its more and more new needs, desires and whims. That is why a new, deeper split has now emerged - between super-developed and underdeveloped countries. But even this rebellion of the world proletariat, which seeks to partake of the wealth of its more prosperous brethren, takes place within the framework of the same dominant civilization. It is unlikely that it will be able to withstand this new test, especially now, when its own organism is torn apart by numerous ailments. NTR, on the other hand, is becoming more and more obstinate, and it is becoming more and more difficult to pacify it. Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control. And it is time for our generation, finally, to understand that now the fate of not individual countries and regions, but of all mankind as a whole, depends only on us.
A. Peccei
1) What are the global problems modern society does the author highlight? List two or three issues.
2) What does the author mean when he says: “Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, the scientific and technological revolution does not sometimes give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control”? Make two guesses.
3) Illustrate with examples (at least three) the author's statement: "The development of civilization was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not be realized."
4) Is it possible, in your opinion, to overcome the contrast between rich and poor countries in the foreseeable future. Justify the answer.
C4 Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other ”(Seneca)
Option - 2.
1. Society is characterized by social scientists as
1) a part of the world isolated from nature 3) an integral part of nature
2) all surrounding a person living world 4) the unity of animate and inanimate nature
2. The concept of "development", "interaction of elements" characterizes society as:
1) a dynamic system 3) the entire surrounding material world
2) part of nature 4) interaction of people in social groups
3. Are the following judgments about society correct?
A. Society, like nature, is a dynamic system, the individual elements of which interact with each other.
B. Society together with nature form the material world surrounding man.
4. Nature and society are closely linked. An example of a constructive interaction between nature and society is
1) depletion of non-renewable natural resources
2) the disappearance of a number of biological species as a result of human economic activity
3) creation of biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries
4) soil salinization as a result of reclamation work
5. Expanding, the enterprise occupied the premises of the drama theater. One of the political parties protested, arguing that as a result, citizens who are limited in access to cultural property. The real conflict is
1) watered. and social spheres of society 3) economy. and social spheres of society
2) political and spiritual. spheres of society 4) all spheres of society
6. What characterizes the unity and interdependence of the modern world?
1) preservation of traditional religions 3) protection by laws of national identity
2) the existence of armed forces in all countries 4) the development of mass electronic communications
7. Are the following judgments about the global problems of mankind correct?
A. Today there is a real threat to the survival of humanity as a biological species.
B. In order to survive, humanity must seriously take care of the preservation environment.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
8. Industrial society is different from other types of society
1) the determining influence of religion on the life of society 3) the presence of commodity-money relations
2) the connection between the development of the society and the growth of large-scale industry 4) the residence of part of the population in cities
9. Which of the above features characterizes a traditional society?
1) the desire for progress 3) the desire to use nature for their own purposes
2) "continuity" ist. process 4) high social mobility
10. Which of the features distinguishes the information society from the industrial one?
1) the presence of commodity-money relations
2) replacement of statehood by self-governing communities
3) distribution electronic means connections
4) the predominance of subsistence farming
11. The formational approach to the development of society involves
1) consideration of history as a universal process
2) identifying unique traits in development individual countries and peoples
3) the allocation of spiritual factors in the development of society as the leading
4) recognition of the diversity of ways and forms of development of societies
12. The negative consequences of the globalization process include
1) deepening of the international division of labor 3) weakening of national cultures
2) the spread of technological advances 4) the expansion of international cooperation
13. Country A. with a population of 15 million people is located in the southern hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether A. belongs to traditional societies?
1) The basis of the country's economy is agricultural production.
2) The country has a multinational population.
3) The country is located in two parts of the world.
4) The supreme power in the country is inherited.
14. Public relations do not include:
1) relations in the family 3) relations between social groups and within them 2) relations between nature and society 4) relations between the employee and the employer
IN 1. Read the text below with a number of words missing.
The first type of civilizations is ____(1) societies. It is represented by many states of Asia and Africa. Among the spiritual values in them, the leading place is occupied by the installation on ___ (2) to nature, and not its purposeful transformation. Valuable activity is directed inside a person, on ____ (3). ______ (4) and ______ (5) are of particular importance in the regulation of social relations. ______ (6), which owned land,
irrigation facilities. The economy of such societies is _____(7) in nature.
Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces. Keep in mind that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
A) post-industrial
B) community
B) traditional
D) religion
D) fixture
IN 2. Which of the following is characteristic of both the civilization of the West and the civilization of the East?
1) Priority of the individual over the collective
2) Development of literature and art
3) The presence of social groups with different social status
4) Variety of philosophical teachings
5) State regulation main aspects of society
C1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "formation"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the formation.
C2. Use three examples to reveal the virtues of a civilizational approach
C3. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
“Today, man’s dependence on nature is revealed in an extremely dramatic way, since the scale of application of many types of resources necessary for economic activity, and just for the existence of mankind, lead to the exhaustion of their reserves available on the planet. ...Estimates of experts suggest that, while maintaining the prevailing trends economic development associated with the rapidly growing consumption of these types of resources, their reserves will be exhausted in a few decades.
Thus, we see that not only man depends on nature, but the nature surrounding man itself depends on the scale, forms and directions of his activity ...
The interaction of man and nature, society and its environment as a result of rapid growth industrial production all over the world, and production, which relies on existing multi-waste technologies, has reached the limiting, critical shapes and sizes. The question arose about the threat to the very existence of mankind due to the depletion of natural resources and the pollution of the environment that is dangerous for human life. It is these contradictions in the relationship between society and nature that determine the essence of the environmental problem. (I. T. Frolov)
1. What is the general name of the problems, which include the environmental problems described in the passage? In one or two sentences, explain why environmental and other problems have received such a name?
2. Based on the text, give two explanations for the occurrence environmental issues that exist today.
3. What is the dependence of modern society on nature? Give three examples of such dependence known to you.
4. In the 20th century, a theory arose that shows ways to overcome the existing contradictions between society and nature. Based on the knowledge of the social science course, name this theory and its author. Point two possible ways solutions to contemporary environmental problems.
C4. “Let us not be too deceived by our victories over nature. For each such victory, she takes revenge on us ”(F. Engels)
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Practical work in social science on the topic "Society as a dynamic system". Grade 10
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TASK 1 B-1. 1. Highlighting the main elements of society, their interconnection and interaction, scientists characterize society as 1) a system 2) part of nature 3) the material world 4) civilization B-2. 1. Society is characterized by social scientists as 1) a part of the world isolated from nature 2) the entire living world surrounding a person 3) an integral part of nature 4) the unity of living and inanimate nature
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TASK 2 B-1. 2. Society, in the understanding of scientists, is: 1) directed development from less perfect to more perfect 2) ways of interaction and forms of unification of people 3) a part of wildlife that obeys its laws 4) the material world as a whole B-2.2. The concept of "development" , "interaction of elements" characterizes society as: 1) a dynamic system 2) part of nature 3) the entire surrounding material world 4) the interaction of people in social groups
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TASK 3 B-1. Are the following statements about society correct? A. Society is a system consisting of interrelated and interacting elements. B. Society is a dynamic system in which new elements and connections between them constantly arise and old elements die off. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are incorrect C-2. Are the following statements about society correct? A. Society, like nature, is a dynamic system, the individual elements of which interact with each other. B. Society together with nature form the material world surrounding man. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
5 slide
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TASK 4 B-1. Unlike nature, society 1) is a system 2) is in development 3) acts as a creator of culture 4) develops according to its own laws B-2. Nature and society are closely linked. An example of a constructive interaction between nature and society is 1) the depletion of non-renewable natural resources 2) the disappearance of a number of biological species as a result of human activities 3) the creation of biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries 4) soil salinization as a result of land reclamation
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TASK 5 B-1. The emergence of private ownership of the means of production led to increased stratification of society. The connection of what aspects of the life of society was manifested in this phenomenon? 1) production, distribution, consumption and the spiritual sphere 2) economics and politics 3) economics and social relations 4) economics and culture B-2. Expanding, the enterprise occupied the premises of the drama theater. One of the political parties protested, arguing that as a result, citizens with limited access to cultural property suffer. This conflict involves 1) political and social sphere life of society 2) political and spiritual spheres of life of society 3) economic and social spheres of life of society 4) all spheres of life of society
7 slide
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TASK 6 B-1. Which of the following applies to the global problems of our time? 1) the formation of a socially oriented economy 2) the revival of cultural and moral values 3) the gap in the level of development between the regions of the planet 4) the development of international cooperation B-2. What characterizes unity and interdependence modern world? 1) the preservation of traditional religions 2) the existence of armed forces in all countries 3) the protection of national identity by laws 4) the development of mass electronic communications
8 slide
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TASK 7 Q-1. Are the following judgments about society correct? A. Subsystems and elements of society include social institutions. B. Not all elements of social life are subject to change. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are incorrect C-2. Are the following judgments about the global problems of mankind correct? A. Today there is a real threat to the survival of humanity as a biological species. B. In order to survive, humanity must take seriously the preservation of the environment. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
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TASK 8 B-1. Which of the following characteristics characterizes an industrial society? 1) the leading role of agriculture 2) the predominance of industry 3) a weak level of division of labor 4) the decisive role of the service sector in the economy B-2. An industrial society is distinguished from other types of society 1) the determining influence of religion on the life of society 2) the relationship of the development of society with the growth of large-scale industry 3) the presence of commodity-money relations 4) the residence of part of the population in cities
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TASK 9 B-1. Which of the characteristics is inherent in a traditional society? 1) intensive development of infrastructure 2) computerization of industry 3) the prevalence of the patriarchal type of family 4) the secular nature of culture B-2. Which of the following characteristics characterizes a traditional society? 1) the desire for progress 2) the "continuity" of the historical process 3) the desire to use nature for their own purposes 4) high social mobility
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TASK 10. B-1. Country A. with a population of 25 million people is located in the Northern Hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether A. belongs to post-industrial societies? 1) The country has a multi-confessional composition of the population. 2) The country has an extensive network of rail transport. 3) Society is managed by means of computer networks. 4) Traditional family values are promoted in the media. IN 2. Country A. with a population of 15 million people is located in the southern hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether A. belongs to traditional societies? 1) The basis of the country's economy is agricultural production. 2) The country has a multinational population. 3) The country is located in two parts of the world. 4) The supreme power in the country is inherited.
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TASK 11. Explain the concepts: B-1. Society Evolution of society Progress Reform Sociogenesis Industrial society B-2. Anthropogenesis Revolution Regression Civilization Traditional society Information society
1The ideas of organicism, presented in the socio-philosophical thought of Russia in the 19th century, still have great potential in the study of the structure and development of society. This is evidenced by the numerous appeals of current researchers in the field of philosophy, sociology, political science, etc. to the methodology and principles of organicism, which turned out to be unexpectedly in demand in social and humanitarian knowledge on this stage development. The idea of social scientists, who were at the origins of organicism, about the historical process as the movement in time of specific interacting and mutually influencing social organisms is still relevant today, because not a single country, state, region can develop without taking into account the world whole. Moreover, ignoring the process of interaction between countries and peoples within the framework of the whole can lead the world to death.
methodological principle.
organic approach
organic concept of society
social organism
organicism
1. Barash, R.E. Memory and tolerance as values of modern society // Ethnos, nation, values: Social and philosophical studies / Scientific editors K.Kh. Momdzhyan, A.Yu. Antonovsky. - M.: Canon +; ROOI "Rehabilitation", 2015. - S. 407 - 437.
2. Kanarsh, G.Yu. The idea of organismism modern research of man and society // ZPU. - 2015. - No. 2. - P.50-60.
3. Kuzmina, G.P. Ideas of organicism in Russian social philosophy: dis. … doc. philosophy Sciences. - Cheboksary, 2007. - 297 p.
4. Kuzmina, G.P. Organic trend in Russian social philosophy. - Cheboksary: Chuvash Publishing House. state ped. un-ta, 1998. - 212 p.
5. Kuzmina, G.P., Gavrilova, N.G. Organicism as a theoretical and methodological basis for the worldview of Russian thinkers // Fundamental Research. - 2014. - No. 6 (part 4). -FROM. 867–870.
6. Lossky, N.O. Favorites. -M.: Pravda, 1991. - 624 p.
7. Masloboeva, O.D. Organic conception of truth as the basis of cultural identity // St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. humanitarian and social Sciences. -2014. - Issue. 4(208). - S. 119-128.
8. Momjyan, K.Kh. Social Philosophy. Activity approach to the analysis of man, society, history. Part 1. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow University, 2013. - 400 p. (Classic university textbook).
9. Podzolkova, N.A. The concept of an organism in the philosophy of unity // Principles of organic logic V.S. Solovieva: Reflections on ... Philosophical Almanac / Borchikov S.A. and others - M.: MAKS Press, 2007. - Issue. 10. - S. 81-91.
10. Khabibullina, Z.N. The role of Russian cosmism in the formation of planetary thinking // Philosophy. Tolerance. Globalization: a compilation scientific papers scientists of the Bashkir Branch of the Russian Philosophical Society, dedicated to the VII Russian Philosophical Congress (Ufa, October 6 - 10, 2015) / scientific. ed. B.S. Galimov. - Ufa: RIC BashGU, 2015. - S. 199-207
Modern researchers are increasingly declaring the importance of the theoretical and methodological heritage of organicism at the current stage of development of science. At the same time, the area of application of the principles of organic theory and the understanding of why the ideas of organicism are so in demand in the studies of Russian social scientists of recent decades differ significantly, and the ideas and theoretical and methodological principles of organicism are widely used by specialists in the field of social philosophy, sociology, political science.
The developer of characterological creatology, an employee of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences G.Yu. Kanarsh, who considers his approach consonant with organicism, believes that the demand for the idea of organicism is partly connected “with the emerging last years"conservative turn" within the Russian society, but also has its reasons in the patterns of evolution of the global society" . In his articles “On one of the variants of the natural-science approach in social knowledge” and “The idea of organicism in modern studies of man and society”, he reasonably characterizes organicism as an approach dating back to ancient times. As an example of the application of organicist methodology by Russian scientists on present stage The researcher gives several examples. At the same time, the principles of organicism, which, from the point of view of G.Yu. Kanarsh characterizes his positions in the 19th century as "unexpectedly in demand" in the informational, post-industrial society, and the appeal of scientists to organicism from his point of view takes place "in search of new methodological foundations for studying society in a situation of global and internal challenges" (our italics. - N.G., G.K.) . There is a feeling that the organic theory, which has deep historical roots, after a long oblivion, suddenly revived precisely in Russian social and humanitarian knowledge.
However, the widespread use in Russian social science at the present stage of the theoretical and methodological foundations and principles of organicism and the organic theory of society, from our point of view, is due to the established philosophical tradition, which is silent in Soviet period in connection with the assignment of the stamp of "biological spillikins" to it. “The Soviet era left a significant imprint on the possibilities of the subsequent development of the theory, which interpreted the idea of organic integrity in a way that was directly opposite to Marxism, suggesting that the violent destruction of the natural ties that exist in society, or the artificial maintenance of such ties, will lead society to death” .
The current striving for the unity of social, humanitarian and natural science knowledge determines the search for new approaches and methods in the study of social processes. There is also a need for the interaction of the methods of sciences that are born at the junctions of different disciplines. The same situation developed in the middle of the 19th century, when the methods of biology were used in the study of society. The transfer of biological patterns to social reality allowed social scientists to see the object under study in a new way. The organic concept that has been in the shadows in Soviet era, is in demand today more than ever precisely because it makes it possible to explore society from a forgotten point of view.
In the work of the modern St. Petersburg researcher O.D. Masloboeva “Russian organicism and cosmism of the 19th - 20th centuries: evolution and relevance” states that organicism was developed on Russian soil in the first half of the 19th century by such scientists as D.M. Vellansky, A.I. Galich, M.G. Pavlov, V.F. Odoevsky, D.V. Venevitinov. However, the Russian organic school, which studies society and social problems using the methods and principles of organicism, arose much later. Sociologists of the 19th century joined forces in the study of acute social problems and created an initiative group to publish the monthly International Sociological Review at the end of 1892. On the basis of this journal, the Sociological Society was formed, and later, in 1893, the International Sociological Institute was founded. Among its first founding members was a senator from St. Petersburg - P. Lilienfeld, who repeatedly made presentations at the institute's congresses and was published in its publications.
It was P.F. Lilienfeld-Toal, whose heritage has become available to the scientific community thanks to research work G.P. Kuzmina, stood at the origins of the Russian organic school in sociology, focusing his attention not only on the structure and properties of the "social body", but also on the theoretical foundations for building the future social science. Focusing on society as a real social organism, the sociologist did a lot to substantiate the idea of unity, integrity and naturalness of its origin. Noting the diversity of phenomena, P. Lilienfeld emphasized the unity of life, considering it not as a separate, isolated, unique phenomenon, but as a planetary and cosmic phenomenon, historically natural. This idea of life later finds its development in the works of Russian historian Science V.I. Vernadsky, who pursued the idea of the unity of scientific knowledge, the unity of the laws of nature and society, the relationship of various forms of the movement of matter (inorganic, organic, social).
The concept of "organism" for P. Lilienfeld was equivalent to the concept of "system". According to this installation, it became possible to identify a separate natural organism, a person and society. The organic approach to the study of social phenomena was determined by the philosophical principle of consistency. Organicists sought to combine the principle of systemicity and historicism, overcoming the formal one-sidedness of the structuralist interpretations of the ideas of systemicity, on the one hand, and the phenomenalistic descriptiveness of most evolutionary social concepts, on the other hand.
The view of life as a holistic, planetary and cosmic phenomenon, the definition of the methodological principle that life cannot be understood on the basis of one-sided approaches, the consideration of the organism in connection with the whole, that is, with its environment, was characteristic of organic sociologists. However, to understand the evolutionary process, it was not enough to state the integrity of life, it was necessary to understand its organization more deeply, to correctly identify the main, elementary link and elementary processes. biological evolution. For a number of reasons, this became possible only in the 20th century. But it was the socio-philosophical concept of Russian organic sociologists that “fixed the existence of the organic unity of nature and society, drawing attention to their joint co-evolutionary development as an integral socio-natural system” .
Speaking about worldview images that have been formed since the end of the 20th century in the depths of technogenic Western culture, the researcher of Russian cosmism Z.N. Khabibullina notes that modern science a new vision of the natural environment in which people live takes place. Nature is considered not as a mechanical system, but as an integral living organism. However, we consider it necessary to note that the idea of nature as an integral organism and man as part of a socio-natural whole was actually formed and developed in the 19th century within the framework of Russian organicism, the natural development of which was the philosophy of Russian cosmism. At the same time, the concepts of Russian cosmists N.F. Fedorova, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, V.I. Vernadsky, A.L. Chizhevsky, as Z.N. Khabibullina, are perceived as "fundamentally new ideas of the modern scientific picture of the world, which relate to ideas about nature and human interaction with it" .
The organic approach appeared in scientific knowledge as a methodological direction, the basis of which was the consideration of social reality as an organism. This approach included a group of methods by which a real object was described as a set of interacting components. P. Lilienfeld repeatedly noted the need for interaction between methods social sciences, as well as the fruitfulness of such interaction. For him, sociology is not only theoretical science but also applied. This idea was new for its time. And at the present stage of the development of social sciences, it can be stated that the heritage of organic sociologists has become an impetus for the deployment of many concepts in sociology, social philosophy, political science, and other areas of social and humanitarian knowledge.
Organic sociologists of the late 19th - early 20th century great importance attached to the method of analogy, the objective basis of which is the unity of the structural and functional organization of living systems and its transformation in the process of development. Analogies and homology were the most common methods in social cognition in the 19th century. These methods performed a heuristic function, prompting scientists to new approach in the study of society. The analogy was used in the study of objects that are known to be characterized by both similar and dissimilar features. It was used only when there is not yet sufficient knowledge about the cause-and-effect relationships that cause the similarity or difference of signs. Great importance was attached to the use of analogies in social research by N.I. Kareev, a prominent scientist of the late XIX - early XX century, historian, author of the article "Organic Theory of Society" in " encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron", who drew attention to the heuristic function of analogy.
Mentioned in the article by G.Yu. Kanarsh is an essential metaphor for an employee of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences R.I. Sokolova, which draws an analogy between the processes in modern Russian society and a cancerous tumor, is undoubtedly consonant with the Russian magazine controversy of the 60s of the 19th century. Moreover, the concept of social pathology was developed in domestic social science by organic sociologists. “It is most fully presented in the work “Social Pathology” by P.F. Lilienfeld, who explored the nature of social diseases and the possibilities of social body therapy. One of the fundamental foundations of his theory was the conviction that, just as the diseases of any organism are the result of anomalies simple cells, and society, which is a collection of cells-individuals, falls ill due to a pathological process occurring at the level of the cell. The theory of the pathology of the social body, developed by organic sociologists, has found its deep continuation in modern sociological thought in Russia, as evidenced by the doctoral dissertation of Z.A. Zhapueva, devoted not to the therapy of a sick social body, but to social immunity Russian society, the factors that influence it, and strategies to increase social immunity. Moreover, one of the factors contributing to the restoration of social immunity, Z.A. Zhapuev considers re-institutionalization social memory.
Many works of modern Russian social scientists are devoted to the topic of social memory and social amnesia. Against the background of multidirectional geopolitical changes and in connection with the aggravated need for self-identification, large-scale manifestations of social memory appear. A prime example can serve" immortal regiment”, going on May 9th along the central streets of all cities of Russia. This is the collective memory of our country, based on the memory of each individual family. As the researcher of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences R.E. Barash “the collective memory of the family is often inherited along with family trauma and tragedy. Even if the "heir" of memory did not personally experience the tragedy. Marianne Hirsch's post-memory concept explains a lot here. “Post-memory” is the memory of descendants about personally not experienced significant events of their family. And, as we see in the example of modern Russian society, post-memory can serve as a powerful factor in rallying people and raising public self-awareness.
The theoretical and methodological principles of organicism are also used at the present stage by researchers who identify themselves with such a philosophical direction as non-all-unity. S.A. Borchikov, exploring the All-Unity of Vl.S. Solovyov, develops the theory of organic logic, and N.A. Pozdzolkova in the article "The concept of an organism in the philosophy of unity" through four signs defines what it means to be an organism. At the same time, she notes that "the concept of" the human body "to this day continues to cause researchers great amount critical remarks" and doubts the possibility of people ever "entering the organic unity of the world". If we turn to the ideas of Russian organics of the 19th century, which undoubtedly influenced the emergence of the All-Unity of Vl.S. Solovyov, we will find out that society, in their understanding, is not something separate, cut off from the natural world and opposed to it. From the point of view of organicism, society is not something supernatural, it is part of a single socio-natural reality, and moreover, the emergence of social reality is a natural consequence of the evolution of the natural world.
A social organism, according to organic sociologists, is a natural organism, a living system, which is characterized by a higher degree of organization and a higher level of development. Described today from the point of view of the biocosmological approach of K. S. Khrutsky and A. V. Karpov, the functioning of the Novgorod veche like an organism, “where each “organ” of the social whole performed strictly its purpose” inevitably gives rise to parallels with the ideas of the Russian philosopher of the early 20th century N .O. Lossky that absolute Goodness and Truth are possible only in a society where “individuals do not exist absolutely independently, but on the basis of a system of the whole”, while “the most individual is at the same time absolute valuable, valuable both for the individual and for all other individuals, and for the whole. ”V.V. Averyanov and the phenomenon of the Russian artel, compared by G.Yu. Canarsh with modern principles of team building in the West. However, from our point of view, these outwardly similar phenomena have a different nature. Russian artel can be considered as special case, which characterizes the conciliarity inherent in Russians, community, the desire for unity. At the same time, both in the West and in Russia, there is a tendency to select employees based on their value preferences.
In the work of the modern St. Petersburg researcher of organicism and cosmism O.D. Masloboeva "The organic concept of truth as the basis of cultural identity" contains the idea of the need in the current era "for a worldview reorientation from a contemplative (mechanistic) to an activity-dialectical (organic) worldview" . An authoritative specialist in the field of social philosophy K.Kh. Momjyan. From his point of view, society "refers to the highest of the existing types of systemic integrity - organic", and reflective and value philosophy "are mutually positioned components of the organic system of social consciousness".
Organic sociologists at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries drew attention to the need to take into account that historical process- this is the movement in time of the spatial diversity of specific interacting and mutually influencing social organisms. Today, this position is very relevant, because not a single country, state, region can develop without taking into account the global whole. Moreover, ignoring the process of interaction between countries and peoples within the framework of the whole can lead the world to death. This idea has not lost its relevance today. So K.Kh. Momjyan focuses on the following: “Speaking of history, we mean the holistic process of development and change of interrelated states of the past in the life of a people, a country, individual civilizations, and now the whole of humanity, which is becoming a functionally and dynamically unified organism” .
In conclusion, it should be noted that many modern trends in the field of social and humanitarian disciplines, they turn to the ideas of organicism in the interpretation of social development. It seems to us that this expands the horizons of the socio-philosophical knowledge of society, which became possible thanks to the rich heritage left to us by previous generations of Russian social scientists.
Reviewers:Mikhailova R.V., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of General Educational Disciplines of the FSBEI HPE "Chuvash State Agricultural Academy", Cheboksary;
Fedotov V.A., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Methodology of Science, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary.
Bibliographic link
Gavrilova N.G., Kuzmina G.P. ORGANIC CONCEPT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN RESEARCH OF MODERN SOCIAL SCIENTISTS // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2015. - No. 2-2.;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=22923 (date of access: 01.02.2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"
235. Are the following judgments about society true?
236. Society, as a dynamic self-organizing system, is characterized
237. What sphere of social life is directly represented by the process of regulation of social relations?
238. To what sphere of social life does the introduction of new technologies and the increase in the productivity of social labor belong?
239. In modern society, the main place is occupied by the "middle strata". It is they who are most active in creating parties and movements, defending the ideas of public control over the activities of the authorities. The example illustrates, first of all, the interconnection between the spheres of public life
240. Are the following judgments about the relationship between the spheres of public life correct?
241. Find examples in the list that illustrate political activity people, and circle the numbers under which they are indicated ..
242. Which of the features distinguishes an agrarian society from an industrial one:
243. Industrial society distinguishes from other types of society
244. What characterizes the unity and interdependence of the modern world?
245. Are the following judgments about the paths of social development correct?
A. The destruction of former social relations and the emergence of qualitatively new ones is a characteristic sign of a social revolution.
B. A variety of social revolutions - scientific and technical revolutions, leading to the emergence of fundamentally new ways of human interaction with nature.
246. The global demographic problem of our time is
247. Which of the following refers to the global problems of our time?
247. The political global problems of the modern world include
248. The most important criterion for the economic differentiation of modern society is
249. According to which of the indicated features is the social community "workers" formed?
250. The director of an enterprise makes decisions about hiring and firing employees - this is an example of his manifestation
251. Are the following judgments about a person's social status correct?
And all social statuses have formal certainty, are enshrined and protected by law.
B. All social statuses are acquired from birth.
252. In the country of L., 20% of the richest families own 75% of the total number of shares in industrial enterprises. At the same time, more than 30% of families are below the poverty line. This example is an illustration
253. The common social role of a child and an adult is the role
254. Membership in the community of evangelists determines a person's belonging to a community
255. According to which of the indicated features is the social community "inhabitants of the metropolis" formed?
256. Are the following judgments about the social roles of a person correct?
A. At the same time, a person can perform several social roles.
B. Being in a family, a person has a whole set of social roles.
257. The social role that a teenager is able to play along with an adult -
258. In modern society, the most quality education becomes paid and inaccessible to many citizens. This example is an illustration
259. Among the statuses of a person, the attainable is the status
260. The expected behavior of a person, associated with his position in society and typical for a given social group, is
261. To characterize the position of the middle layers (the main element social structure modern society) is not significant
262. The rule “Do not come to a strange monastery with your charter” refers to the norms
264. Are the following judgments about social norms correct?
AND. Social norms are developed by society to maintain its integrity and stable development.
B. Social norms are not only fixed in writing, but also preserved in the form of unwritten traditions, customs, and behavioral rituals.
265. One of the pupils of the class told the director of the school that the class decided to disrupt the lesson in physical education. Upon learning of this, the class decided to boycott him. This is an example of application by the class of sanctions
266. Deviant behavior is behavior
267. A manifestation of deviant behavior is
268. Are the following judgments about social control correct?
AND. One way to organize social control is coercion.
B. social control It can be both external, on the part of society, and internal, on the part of the individual himself.
269. The group is notable for its constant composition and a small number of members who interact regularly with each other. What additional information would allow us to conclude that this small group- family?
270. Common language, culture, way of life, traditions, customs, self-identification - characteristics
271. Which statement reveals one of the manifestations of the state national policy RF?
272. Unlike other types of power, political power presupposes that
273. Which of the following can be attributed to direct manifestations political life society?
274. Are the following statements about politics correct?
275. Are the following judgments about political power correct?
276. Which of the following is included in the organizational (institutional) component of the political system?
Option number 2
PART A
A1
Society is characterized by social scientists as
A2
Nature and society are closely linked. An example of a constructive interaction between nature and society is
A3
Are the following statements about society correct?
A4
Society, as a dynamic self-organizing system, is characterized by
A5
Which of the following directly illustrates the connection between society and nature?
A6
Are the following judgments about the interaction of society and nature correct?
A7
What sphere of public life is directly represented by the process of regulation of social relations?
A8
To what sphere of social life does the introduction of new technologies and the increase in the productivity of social labor belong?
A9
In modern society, the main place is occupied by the "middle strata". It is they who are most active in creating parties and movements, defending the ideas of public control over the activities of the authorities. The example illustrates, first of all, the interconnection between the spheres of public life
A10
Are the following judgments about the relationship between spheres of public life correct?
PART B
IN 1
Establish a correspondence between the fact and the sphere of public life: for each position given in the first column, select the position from the second column. Write down the resulting sequence of letters in the table and transfer it to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols).
IN 2
Find examples in the list that illustrate the political activities of people and circle the numbers under which they are indicated. Write the circled numbers in ascending order and transfer them to the answer sheet (without spaces or other symbols). Answer: __________________________.
PART C
C1
The English philosopher G. Buckle wrote: “In the old days, the richest countries were those whose nature was the most abundant; now the richest countries are those in which man is most active. How does this statement reflect evolution? human society? It was uttered a century and a half ago. How has society changed since then? What, in your opinion, are the main values of modern society? Specify any two values. Write the answer to separate sheet or at reverse side form.