5 group management GRU special forces: history, structure, main tasks
In January 1763 Russian empress The Imperial Decree on the establishment of the Institute of the General Staff of the Army was issued. According to the royal decree, from now on, all branches of the military were to be under his command. The formation and development of the Russian General Staff was carried out for 250 years. At this time, the army and navy were created and improved, domestic military science and military art. This article provides information about what today is the General Staff of the Armed Forces Russian Federation what are its structure and tasks.
Definition
As long-term practice has shown, the effective use of the army and navy is possible only if there is an effective system of military command and control. A special central authority has been established to exercise operational control over this system. He should be responsible for all aspects of the army both in wartime and in peacetime.
The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation became the central operational body controlling the army of the state.
Fundamental transformations
The collapse of the Soviet Union led to fundamental changes in the army. Began to be created state institutions Russian Federation. Socio-political and economic changes in the state did not bypass the higher military leadership, which was required to quickly and radically resolve the issue related to the construction of the Armed Forces.
Stages of history: 1992-1997
The history of the General Staff consists of several stages. In the period from 1992 to 1997, the top military leadership of Russia was engaged in an inventory of the heritage from the Armed Forces Soviet Union, the withdrawal of its army from Europe and the former Soviet republics. In addition, during these years, the General Staff was busy placing and equipping military groups, restoring the broken system of command and control of the army. At this time, the political and legal framework and legislative acts were also created. military doctrine Russia. On the this stage The General Staff began the systematic creation of the RF Armed Forces. However, this has not been fully implemented objective reasons: there was a significant departmental disunity and a shortage of financial and economic support in the power structures.
1997-2000
The Chief of the General Staff, General of the Army A.V. Kvashin, continued the formation of the legal framework. In 1997, the President of the Russian Federation issued a decree that set the task for the top military leadership to reform the Russian armed forces until 2005. Ultimately, they were supposed to be a three-species structure. In parallel, military measures were taken to increase the combat effectiveness of the RF Armed Forces. was planned to be reduced headcount military administrations.
2001-2008
In January 2001, the President of the Russian Federation approved a new plan for the construction and development of the army until 2005. The task was set before the senior officers of the General Staff: to radically renew the Armed Forces by means of their radical reform.
Six military districts were replaced by four enlarged ones: Western, Southern, Central and Eastern. In addition, a three-level command and control system was finally formed, which consisted of strategic and operational commands, as well as brigades. The former six-stage system, including army headquarters, corps and divisions, was abandoned by the military leadership. As a result of the administrative reform carried out in 2004, administrative and economic functions were removed from the General Staff.
Tasks
In addition, the tasks facing the General Staff of Russia were clarified, which from now on should have:
- taking into account the military-administrative division of the state, carry out strategic planning for the use of the armed forces;
- conduct and coordinate operational and mobilization training aircraft, as well as to monitor their condition;
- coordinate the creation and development of military formations;
- carry out activities that support the combat and mobilization readiness of the army;
- in war time carry out strategic and mobilization deployment of the Armed Forces and military formations.
- coordinate and analyze the activities of administrative military bodies during the call-up of citizens for service and their training;
- organize intelligence activities for defense purposes;
- establish communication between military branches and plan the operation of the radio frequency spectrum;
- in wartime, organize electronic warfare, developing appropriate measures for this purpose;
- organize exercises to protect state secrets in the Armed Forces;
- conduct military scientific research in the Armed Forces;
- ensure safe service in the military branches of the Armed Forces and monitor their condition.
Directorate General Staff
The General Staff of the Armed Forces consists of the following departments:
- Chief operative.
- Second Chief (former Main Intelligence Directorate).
- Chief organizational and mobilization.
- Main Directorate of Communications.
- Department of Electronic Warfare.
- Military topographic.
- Eighth management.
- operational training.
- Office engaged in the construction and development of unmanned aerial vehicles.
- Archival Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
As well as: National Center Defense Command (previously it was the Central Command Post of the General Staff of the Armed Forces) and the Center for Military Strategic Research.
Education
Training and advanced training of senior officers are carried out in the following institutions:
- At the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation.
- At the Higher Military School. General of the Army S. M. Shtemnenko (Krasnodar).
- At the Military Academy named after Marshal of the USSR S. M. Budyonny.
- At the Higher Military Engineering command school(Tyumen).
- At the Military Academy of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection. Marshal of the Soviet Union S. K. Timoshenko.
- At the Moscow Military Music School. Lieutenant General V. M. Khalilov.
General Staff Academy
The Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Federation is the highest military educational institution, which provides training and advanced training for senior officers.
In addition, this academy is a leading military educational institution that studies: military security countries, military construction, use of the Armed Forces, military and public administration in the Russian Federation. The institution studies issues related to defense and state security.
Officers of the Armed Forces receive the highest military qualifications at the academy. Academy graduates are specialists in state security and defense, as well as civilians trained to serve in leadership positions in public administration. This academy has become a place for training officers of the Russian Federation, as well as foreign military.
The General Staff (GS), as the central commanding structure of the army, exists in almost all countries of the world. This organization concentrates all the threads of control, which allows you to respond in time to any problems.
History of occurrence
Mankind is at war with each other all over known history, but the central governing structure is relatively recent. Even in Ancient Rome, who created a unique and very effective fighting machine, the main control was made by the legates and consuls. Already they, on the basis of their requirements, could distribute duties among other subordinates in order to better fulfill the instructions of the senate. The General Staff did not exist at that time, which was why there was no somewhat reducing the effectiveness of the army.
Only in the Middle Ages did a similar structure begin to appear, including several leaders responsible not only for the actions of the troops on the battlefield, but also for equipping them, placing them in a camp or in apartments (hence the word "quartermasters") and so on. The first prototype of the modern General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation arose under Peter I, but at that time it was not very well organized. Many experts believe that 1763 should be considered the year of foundation of the General Staff, when during the reign of Catherine II the army was led by a centralized body, as similar as possible (taking into account that era) to the modern General Staff. By the way, he was also not the most effective until 2004 and was engaged in a very wide range of tasks, usually not characteristic of such a structure. Now the work of this body is clearly defined and devoid of everything that interferes with its main functions, presented below.
What is the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces
The army is a very large and versatile structure that needs excellent management in order to be able to carry out its functions. So, even good soldiers will not be able to do anything with the enemy if they do not have enough food, equipment, weapons and ammunition. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the development of science and re-equip the army with a certain regularity. The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation deals with precisely these issues, but, among other things, it also directly supervises formations on the battlefield, issues strategic plans and strengthens the country's defense with all its might.
Subordination structure
The implementation of the full leadership of the army is a difficult task. And that is why the General Staff includes several departments at once, each of which deals with its own issues, constantly interacting with its “colleagues”. The President is considered the commander-in-chief of all the forces of the country, the Minister of Defense is subordinate to him, who, in turn, manages this structure. The General Staff includes:
- Directorates engaged in direct command of units on the battlefield and on the territory of the deployment of troops.
- Intelligence and counterintelligence units that collect information and conduct their own actions as needed.
- Communication departments and providing their units with the ability to control and depriving the enemy of it.
In addition to all this, there are also specialized departments dealing, for example, with unmanned vehicles, archival data, research, and so on. A complete list of all departments and their functions is a military secret, which is quite logical.
Planning and management
According to the current legislation, in particular Presidential Decree No. 631, this is one of the main functions of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces. Within this framework, the planning and management structure organizes the actions of the army in peacetime and wartime. It is also responsible for maintaining the required level of combat readiness and even has the right to authorize the use of nuclear types of weapons. Among other things, the Russian General Staff carries out work aimed at preventing the unconfirmed use of options missiles and conducts general analysis the current state of all available units. Plans are being created to increase combat readiness, the implementation of which is also monitored by this structure. All this helps to increase the efficiency of the army.
Defense of the country
This is another of the main functions that the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is obliged to perform. Within this framework, a single Defense Plan is being created, to which all army units are required to follow. This is strictly controlled. The General Staff also deals with the strategic deployment of units and their interaction with each other in order to obtain maximum efficiency in a reasonable time. Among other things, the General Staff is responsible for equipping the border and other territories with everything necessary to prevent possible aggression, as well as counteracting terrorism. The latter is especially relevant, since radical organizations, striving for their own goals, are active in many countries of the world. The suppression of their work and the destruction of the militants in this case may become a priority.
Mobilization
This structure is developing plans for the recruitment of new soldiers and their deployment. Plans are being created to transfer the country to a military economy as soon as possible and to provide the army with everything necessary. Within this framework, mobilization warehouses are being created, the filling and completion of which is also monitored by the General Staff of the Russian Federation. In most cases, the location of such objects is carefully hidden, which makes it possible to exclude them from the targets of priority strikes by a potential enemy. At the same time, new deployable units will be able to access equipment and equipment in the required volumes, which will allow them to be put into operation as quickly as possible. Mobilization warehouses are not updated too often, so as not to unmask them, which is why long-outdated weapons and equipment are stored in storage. Nevertheless, they are all necessarily kept in perfect working order and ready for battle.
Intelligence and counterintelligence
The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes structures that collect information both on enemy territory and within the country. Intelligence is divided into two main groups - strategic, designed to track any changes in enemy territory and notify the troops in a timely manner, and tactical, working directly on the line of contact with the enemy, detecting his hidden parts, ambushes, important objects, and so on. Counterintelligence works inside the country, looking for enemy agents and neutralizing them in the most optimal way. Despite the fact that our country is not officially at war with anyone now, this structure is constantly working, as well as the corresponding units of all other countries of the world.
Equipment and equipment
An important element of the combat readiness of the army, as mentioned above, is the full provision of each unit with everything necessary: equipment, equipment, weapons, ammunition, food, and so on. The General Staff of the Armed Forces of our country is also responsible for this. Among other things, new technologies, weapons of a potential enemy, promising developments and any other aspects that can at least slightly increase the effectiveness of the army are monitored on an ongoing basis. As the production of everything listed on an industrial scale begins, the troops begin to receive new samples. Training to work with them is also included in the functions of this structure. Rearmament of the army is a very expensive undertaking, and therefore, in global volumes, this happens quite rarely. Most often, the “run-in” of a new weapon or equipment is carried out in separate units, and only the most combat-ready units receive it. As soon as the necessary reserves are accumulated, they gradually begin to supply it to the rest of the army.
Study and preparation
Even well-equipped troops can be completely uncombat-ready due to insufficient level personnel training. To solve this problem, the General Staff conducts classes, war games and any other actions aimed at increasing the tactical and strategic literacy of all soldiers and officers. Units consisting mainly of conscripts usually receive only primary training, in which they receive basic combat skills. Personnel departments that recruit professionals or re-enlisted train much more actively. It is they who represent the main defense of the country and, despite their small numbers, can give odds to a significantly superior enemy.
Results
Among other things, the General Staff can perform any tasks that were assigned to it by the command and / or specified in various legislative acts. Detailed information about the activities of this body is classified, but general idea can be obtained from the functions already listed. Similarly, similar structures work in any other countries of the world where there is at least some kind of army.
In essence, there were none left in the army, because some of them were reduced and attached to other military formations, and some were disbanded. But they quickly realized that special forces groups- most effective method combat the looming nuclear threat from NATO. Therefore, after a thorough study and generalization of the experience accumulated during the war, in 1950 it was decided to create the first units in the Soviet Union special forces. As of the beginning of May 1951, 46 companies were created, each of which had 120 people. All of them were subordinate to the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Army General Staff.
Those who think that the idea of creation special forces- a matter of the recent past, is mistaken. Formations with similar goals arose in Russia a long time ago.
- Russian military leaders Pyotr Panin, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov already in the 18th century raised the issue of creating special military units. They arose in 1764 and were called chasseurs.
- AT late XVIII century, Catherine II initiated the rotation of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks to the Bug and then to the Kuban, where the tactics of "jaegers" came in handy - fighting in mountainous areas, ambushes, reconnaissance, raids. The motto of the divisions was the phrase "Fox tail, wolf mouth", and the preparation was reminiscent of up-to-date military operations, combinations of undercover and power intelligence.
- In 1797, Emperor Paul I introduced a new Charter, developed in the likeness of the charter of the Prussian army.
- 1811 was marked by the creation OKVS - Separate corps of the internal guard, which was engaged in the preservation or restoration of order within the state.
- Alexander I took care of the creation of mobile cavalry gendarmes of rapid reaction in 1817.
- In the war of 1812, the Russian army gained tremendous experience, which was widely used later.
- In 1826, the influence of the Imperial Chancellery increased.
- 1842 battalions are created from Cossack battalions scouts, on whose subsequent combat activities many generations of the future were trained special forces.
- In 1903, the Intelligence Department of the General Staff was created. A year later - in all military districts.
- In 1905, the influence of the tsarist Okhrana was growing, and formations were created on the basis of the police, the goals and objectives of which resemble the mission of today OMON.
- In 1917, the Bolsheviks created the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs - Main Directorate of the General Staff - GUGSH.
- In 1918, military intelligence was created. Created in the same year CHONs - special purpose parts with the subordination of the Cheka - to fight all kinds of rebels and Asian Basmachi.
- In the 1930s, the Red Army created airborne assault and sabotage divisions.
The tasks of the new formation were serious: organizing and conducting reconnaissance, destroying any means of nuclear attack, identifying military formations and conducting special missions behind enemy lines, organizing and conducting sabotage actions, creating insurgent (partisan) detachments behind enemy lines, combating terrorism, searching for and neutralization of saboteurs. Other tasks include interfering with communications, disrupting power supplies, eliminating transport hubs, wreaking havoc in the military and public administration countries. Most of tasks sounds at least fantastic, however GRU special forces he could well cope with them: he had at his disposal the appropriate technical means and weapons, including portable nuclear mines.
The training of special forces militants was characterized by high intensity and was carried out using individual programs. For every 3-4 soldiers, 1 officer was assigned, who watched his pupils day and night. And the officers themselves were trained according to such a rich program that after several years of training, each of them could independently replace an entire combined arms unit.
Needless to say, with special forces was classified more than the nuclear developments of the USSR. At least everyone knew about the presence of nuclear missiles, bombers with nuclear warheads and nuclear submarines, but about spetsnaz GRU- not every marshal and general.
Also, one of the tasks of the special forces was the elimination of prominent figures of the enemy countries, but then this task was canceled. (If not classified even deeper).
First aid for special forces - "Instructions for combat use units and divisions special purpose» wrote Pavel Golitsin - ex-head of intelligence of the Belarusian partisan brigade "Chekist".
But not everything was so good. Already in 1953, the Armed Forces began to be reduced and 35 companies were reduced. Only eleven left special companies for special purposes (ORSpN). It took four whole years army special forces to correct their shaken positions after such a blow, and only in 1957 were 5 separate battalions special purpose, which in 1962, along with the remnants of the old companies, were joined by 10 brigades special forces. They were designed for peacetime and wartime. According to the peacetime states, the brigade did not have more than 200-300 fighters, in the military - in ObrSpNb consisted of no less than 1700 soldiers and officers. By early 1963 USSR special forces included: 10 cropped brigades, 5 separate battalions, 12 individual companies in the Leningrad, Baltic, Belorussian, Carpathian, Kiev, Odessa, Transcaucasian, Moscow, Turkestan, Far Eastern military districts.
In the same year GRU held the first major exercises, but, despite the excellent results of training fighters, already in 1964 after a new reorganization Special Forces lost 3 battalions and 6 companies, and in army special forces 6 companies, 2 battalions and 10 brigades remained. Separately, it should be said about the units, which, in addition to standard training commando trained for special tasks. So, the soldiers of the 99th company, which was stationed in the Arkhangelsk military district, were oriented to operations in the cold conditions of the Arctic, and the soldiers 227th special forces, located in the North Caucasian Military District, trained for survival in mountainous terrain. Further intensification of work on the creation of shock groups of special forces began only at the end of the 60s.
In 1968, on the basis of the Ryazan Airborne School, they began to train professional intelligence officers. It was then that the legendary 9th company appeared. The 9th company held its last graduation in 1981, then it was disbanded. Also special forces officers trained at the Frunze Military Academy and at the intelligence department of the Kyiv VOKU, however, in their specialization, they were more likely military scouts. In 1970, they formed a training company, then a battalion, and then a regiment stationed in the Pskov region.
When in 1985 (6 years after the start of the war!) it became clear that the soldiers before Afghanistan needed special training, a training regiment was also created in Uzbek Chirchik.
The first major foreign operation of special forces falls on 1968, after which he no longer had to prove his worth. It was in this year that the countries united by the Warsaw Pact sent their troops to Czechoslovakia. To begin with, our plane requested an emergency landing from the country's capital due to engine failure. Within a few minutes, our special forces captured the airport, to which they very soon transferred an airborne division. At this time, the units that had previously arrived in Prague took control railway stations, newspapers and telegraph, that is, all key positions. After the seizure of the government building, commandos took the country's leadership to Moscow.
Total, army special forces sent his troops to two dozen Asian countries, Latin America and Africa. They also had to face the American commandos. Only many years later did the Americans find out who really defeated their elite units in 1970 in the Vietnamese Sean Tay, in 1978 in Angola. Often their special services did not even know about the operations carried out by our fighters. Here is a vivid illustration.
In 1968, 9 of our fighters made a classic raid on a top-secret helicopter camp in Cambodia, located 30 kilometers from the Vietnamese border. The American military threw their reconnaissance and sabotage groups, from here they flew out in search of their downed pilots. The camp was guarded by 2 light helicopters, 8-10 heavy transport and 4 helicopters "Super Cobra". fire support with the presence on board guided missiles and latest systems aiming at the target was the goal of our paratroopers. It took only 25 minutes for our special forces to hijack one and destroy the three remaining helicopters under the noses of the American commandos.
About military operations Soviet special forces in Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, Cuba and Vietnam there is still very little free information.
Much more data on a decade afghan war. Its beginning was laid by the most difficult special operation to eliminate the ruler Hafizuly Amin. Until now, historians consider the capture of the fortress of Amin and its destruction a pure adventure, however, it was a success. In addition to the then existing KGB special forces"Thunder" and "Zenith", and "Vympel", took part in the operation GRU special forces. Approximately six months before the momentous assault was created Muslim battalion, so-called "Musbat" or 154th separate special forces detachment, which included GRU fighters from among the Soviet Muslims. It was staffed by Tajiks, Uzbeks and Turkmens who had served in tank and motorized rifle units. Most of them spoke Farsi. Shortly before the assault, this detachment was secretly introduced into the palace guards. The assault itself lasted only 40 minutes. 7 special forces soldiers were killed in the palace. This unit, apart from a short respite after this operation, until 1984 fought on special forces tactics, arranged raids and ambushes, carried out reconnaissance in Afghanistan.
At the end of 1983, the army began to create a border zone "Veil", along the entire length of Jalalabad - Ghazni - Kandahar. With its help, it was planned to block two hundred caravan routes by which the rebels delivered ammunition and weapons from Pakistan. But for such a grandiose plan in Afghanistan there were not enough special forces, so in 1984 he was transferred here 177th Special Purpose Detachment, and behind it - 154th Special Forces. Total personnel of the troops special forces GRU GSh in Afghanistan was about 1400 people. Since this also seemed not enough, the formation of additional military special forces.
Among the memorable operations can be called many. For example, in January 1984, company 177, reinforced by a tank platoon and two companies of the Afghan army, was supposed to find and capture a caravan in the area of the village of Vakha, where, according to information, the weapons and ammunition of dushmans were supposed to arrive. However, the enemy was not detected, and in the afternoon our detachment was surrounded. And after a hard battle, with the support of aviation and artillery, the detachment left the danger zone.
In 1989, the structure of 15 and 22 brigades spn changed radically. Armored military equipment, grenade launchers, communications controls, including space ones, were withdrawn from the brigades as inappropriate for their tasks - that is, anti-sabotage and military intelligence. The 10-year confrontation of the special forces with the enemy was recognized as "atypical use case".
However, in 1990, when the 15th brigade arrived in Baku to fight the bandit formations of the Popular Front of the country, the equipment was returned to them. Then the special forces made 37 flights by Il-76 VTA aircraft and delivered more than 20 units of armored military equipment, vehicles, and communications equipment from Tashkent. The presence of soldiers and officers who did not know in words about the fight against saboteurs, allowed the brigade, which at that time was in the department KGB USSR complete all assigned tasks. And upon returning home, despite numerous requests from the command of the unit, all military equipment and means of communication were simply confiscated.
In the first Chechen 1994-1996. Russian special forces was present in Chechnya since the introduction of troops by separate and consolidated detachments. At first, it was used only in intelligence. Due to the poor preparation of the composition of the ground units special forces soldiers they took part in assault groups, as happened in Grozny. 1995 brought very high losses in special forces units - this year's battles are the most tragic in all history special forces of Russia and the USSR.
But in spite of everything, the special forces began to work according to their traditional tactics, especially standing out in ambush actions. After the signing of the Khasavyurt agreement, after which North Caucasus temporarily entered a period of shaky peace, it was clear that the conflict had not yet been settled. Therefore, with the beginning of the fighting in Dagestan in confrontations with the armed groups of militants, international and Chechen terrorists, the task of the special forces was to provide the troops with intelligence data on the fortifications and positions of the Wahhabis. I had to fight with "old friends" in the Afghan company from among the Arab, Pakistani and Turkish mercenaries and instructors. Ours could recognize many of them by their inherent features of mining, avoiding persecution, radio exchange, and choosing places for an ambush. Spetsnaz GRU was in first place among other units in combat training and the implementation of assigned tasks, acting 10 times more efficiently than the rest.
Separate and consolidated detachments were from the brigades of the Siberian, Moscow, Ural, Trans-Baikal, Far Eastern, North Caucasian military districts.
In the spring of 1995, there were no detachments left in Chechnya, the last - separate detachment special purpose, assigned to the North Caucasian Military District, returned to Russia in the fall of 1996.
The years that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union were the most difficult for the army in general and the special forces in particular. In a series of reforms and reorganizations army special forces such damage was inflicted that he did not suffer even during the wars in Afghanistan and Chechnya. After the war in Afghanistan, some brigades returned to their former places of deployment, some were disbanded. From time to time, parts of the brigades were thrown into places of armed clashes with various illegal formations. Thus, the 173rd detachment participated in the elimination of unrest in Baku and Ossetia, when it was necessary to intervene in the Ossetian-Ingush conflict, fought on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Detachments GRU Moscow Military District supported the constitutional order in Tajikistan. Fighters 12th special forces brigades The Transcaucasian Military District fought in Tbilisi and Azerbaijan, then, since 1991, in Nagorno-Karabakh and North Ossetia. The 4th brigade (Estonia) was disbanded in 1992, before that they withdrew special purpose brigade from the Soviet Group of Forces of Germany. Also disbanded Pechersk Special Forces Training Regiment.
After the collapse of the Union 8th, 9th and 10th Special Forces Brigades became part of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and here the 8th was reorganized and turned into the 1st parachute regiment, the other two were disbanded. Belarus got 5th Special Forces Brigade, Uzbekistan - 15th Special Forces Brigade,459th special forces company, one training regiment.
It will not be possible to find out until the end this question, even inveterate CIA-shnikam. Partly due to the secrecy of information, partly due to the constant reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - in other words, reductions. But if we analyze the available information, we can calculate that today there are at least 9 special forces brigades and two battalions "West" and "East". There are a number of military formations whose fighters are identical to the one that was in the special forces. Although it is not a fact that these units are part of the GRU system - they may well end up in the department, individual intelligence units, the Navy, GUIN, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the FSB structures.
Spetsnaz GRU of Russia. Primary selection. How to get into the GRU?
Special Forces is the dream of many boys. nimble, fearless warriors seemingly capable of anything. Let's face it, joining a special forces unit is difficult, but possible. The main condition for the possibility of considering a candidate is service in the army. Then the series of selections begins. Mainly in special forces of the GRU of the Russian Federation take officers and ensigns. The officer must have higher education. Recommendations of reputable employees are also needed. It is desirable for the candidate to be no older than 28 years old and have a height of at least 175 cm. But there are always exceptions.
As for physical training, the quality of its implementation is strictly monitored, rest is minimized. Basic requirements for the physical preparation of the applicant.
The physical standards that must be passed successfully are as follows:
- Run 3 km in 10 minutes.
- Hundred meters in 12 seconds.
- Pull-ups on the crossbar - 25 times.
- Abs exercises - 90 times in 2 minutes.
- Push-ups - 90 times.
- A set of exercises: press, push-ups, jumping up from a crouching position, transition from an emphasis crouching to an emphasis lying and back. Each individual exercise is done 15 times in 10 seconds. The complex is performed 7 times.
- Hand-to-hand combat.
In addition to passing the standards, work is being done with a psychologist, a full medical examination, and a lie detector test. All relatives must be checked, in addition, parents will need to obtain written consent to the candidate's service. So how do you get into GRU (special forces)? The answer is simple - you need to prepare from childhood. Sport should firmly enter the life of a future fighter.
From the first day to the soldier by everyone possible ways they say he is the best. As the coaches say, this is the most important moment. In the barracks itself, fighters often arrange covert checks on each other, which helps to always be on alert. To strengthen the spirit and form the character of the recruit, they are taught hand-to-hand combat. Periodically, he is put into battle against more strong opponent to teach how to fight even with an opponent who is obviously superior in training. Also, soldiers are taught to fight using all sorts of improvised means, up to a tightly folded newspaper. Only after a warrior has mastered such materials, he trains on shock equipment. Once every six months, fighters are checked for readiness for further service. . Warriors are in constant motion, they are not allowed to sleep all the time. Thus, many fighters are eliminated.
A warrior trains every day, without days off and holidays. Every day you need to run 10 km in less than an hour, and with additional weight on your shoulders (about 50 kg). Upon arrival, a 40-minute circuit training session is performed. This includes push-ups on the fingers, on the fists and jumping up from a sitting position. Basically, each exercise is repeated 20-30 times. At the end of each cycle, the fighter pumps the press a maximum of times. Hand-to-hand combat training takes place every day. Strikes are practiced, dexterity and endurance are brought up. Training spetsnaz GRU — .
Talk about special forces units of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces in recent times on the lips of many. Some military observers call them one of the most famous military units in Russia. There are legends about the GRU special forces, films are made, books, essays and articles are written. The GRU special forces are indeed considered the elite of the armed forces, but often what is shown in films has almost nothing to do with reality.
The real operations in which the army "specialists" participated, as a rule, are not advertised, they are not heard about on TV and they will not be written in the newspapers. Almost. Thus, the hype in the media can only mean the failure of certain missions. Although Grushnikov punctures are extremely rare. Nevertheless, in connection with the latest events in the world, here and there slips information about "some Russian special forces."
It is clear that only the best of the best can get into this special forces, because in order to be accepted into this unit, candidates will have to go through the most severe selection. And in general, the ordinary training of the GRU special forces can shock ordinary people, but the special forces pay special attention to their training.
In contrast to other special units of other power structures, the GRU special forces do not have own name. And, in general, these harsh guys do not have the habit of "lighting up" once again. So, for example, when conducting special operations, they may be given the uniform of one of the armies of the world, and the image the globe on their emblems, means that the area of operations of the GRU special forces can be limited only to the globe.
The GRU special forces are the "eyes and ears" of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces behind enemy lines, and often an effective tool for conducting a wide variety of "delicate" operations. So, what is the Main Intelligence Directorate, and what is the history of the special forces included in its structure?
Main Intelligence Directorate: from the tsarist to the present day
The need to create some structures that would be engaged in intelligence activities for the military department arose with the formation of the Red Army. So the end of the autumn of 1918 is the creation of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Council of the Republic. And the presence of the Registration Department in its composition spoke of serious intentions to collect and process intelligence. In general, this organization was engaged in ensuring the work of agents for the Red Army, as well as counterintelligence.
The field headquarters (together with the Registration Office) was established by order of November 5, 1918. From this date, the Soviet, and later its successor, Russian military intelligence counts.
However, this does not mean at all that in pre-revolutionary Russia there were no bodies involved in collecting information for military structures. However, like special military units engaged in the execution of special, specific tasks.
So, for example, in the 16th century, Tsar Ivan IV established a guard service. It selected Cossacks, distinguished by excellent health, excellent ability to handle any type of firearms and edged weapons. One of the tasks that were assigned to them was tracking the "Wild Field". From it, the Muscovite kingdom was constantly threatened by the raids of the Tatar and Nogai hordes.
Later, during the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the organization of the Secret Order took place. This body collected not only military information about a potential enemy, but also about neighboring powers.
Under Alexander I (1817), a detachment of cavalry gendarmerie, an analogue of our SOBR, was formed. He was mainly involved in maintaining internal order in the state. In the 19th century in Russian army units were formed in which the Cossacks-plastuns served.
Besides, Russian empire It also had units resembling the likeness of a modern army special forces. So, in 1764, Jaeger divisions were formed by Suvorov, Kutuzov and Panin. With their participation, special operations could be carried out independently without the main army forces. The huntsmen participated in raids, sat in ambushes, fought in hard-to-reach mountainous and forest areas, and in 1810 Barclay de Tolly created a Special Expedition (Expedition of Secret Affairs).
In 1921, a decision was made to form the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters. The order stated that the Intelligence Agency should be engaged in maintaining military intelligence. In the 1920s, the department carried out undercover intelligence, pro-Soviet partisan formations were created in neighboring states, and active subversive activities were carried out.
After several reorganizations in 1934, the Intelligence Department of the Red Army was subordinate to the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. In the 1930s, Soviet saboteurs and military advisers had to successfully operate in the Spanish campaign. However, already at the end of the 1930s, political repressions inflicted serious damage on Soviet military intelligence officers, many of them were arrested and shot.
In February 1942, it was decided to form the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the General Staff of the Red Army. Actually, under this name, the organization will exist for many more decades. AT post-war years The Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff was abolished for several years, but in 1949 it was restored again.
In October 1950, according to a secret directive, special units(SpN). Their tasks included conducting reconnaissance and sabotage behind enemy lines. Immediately, such units began to be created in all military districts (a total of 46 companies were created). Later, special forces brigades were formed on their basis. The first one was created in 1962. 1968 was marked by the formation of the first special forces training regiment in the Pskov region, and two years later the second in the Tashkent region.
At first, special forces units were prepared to counter the NATO bloc. So, with the beginning (or before the start) of hostilities, the special forces had to operate deep behind enemy lines. For example, to collect intelligence and transfer it to the Main Intelligence Directorate, to act against headquarters and other command posts, to commit sabotage and terrorist attacks, to sow panic, to eliminate infrastructure facilities. As always, special attention was paid to weapons of mass destruction, namely, missile silos and launchers, airfields, and submarine bases.
GRU special forces took an active part in the war in the DRA, in the suppression of North Caucasian separatism. GRU special forces were involved in civil war in Tajikistan, in the Georgian campaign. Many media outlets are trumpeting to the whole world that Special Forces units are now in Syria.
These days, the GRU is not just DRG groups. The GRU actively conducts undercover electronic and space intelligence, collects data from cyberspace. Russian military intelligence officers are successfully using information warfare technologies, working with foreign political forces, as well as some politicians.
Since 2010, the Main Intelligence Directorate has been renamed. It became the Main Directorate of the General Staff, however, the old name is still on everyone's lips.
Main Intelligence Directorate: main tasks
As soon as the special forces of the GRU of Russia were formed, the new structure faced serious tasks:
- Organization and conduct of intelligence;
- Destruction of any means of nuclear attack;
- Identification of military formations;
- Conducting special operations behind enemy lines;
- Organization and conduct of sabotage activities;
- Creation of insurgent (partisan) detachments in the enemy rear;
- Fight against terrorism;
- Search and neutralization of saboteurs.
Among others, the following tasks are performed:
- Creation of radio interference;
- Violation of power supply;
- Liquidation of transport hubs;
- Inducing unrest in the military and government structures of countries.
Most of the tasks sound fantastic, to say the least. Nevertheless, the GRU special forces may well cope with them, because they have the appropriate technical means and weapons, along with portable nuclear mines.
In addition to the usual tasks for many special forces, the GRU special forces were engaged in the elimination of prominent political or public figures of enemy states. It is alleged that later these tasks were decided to be canceled. Although, most likely they were even more classified.
Main Intelligence Directorate: personnel policy
Since 1968 in Ryazan airborne school training of highly professional intelligence officers for special purposes began. Actually in those days they formed the legendary 9th company. The last graduates of the 9th company went to the troops in 1981, after which it was disbanded.
Soviet special forces officers were trained at the Frunze Military Academy, and future officers were trained by the intelligence department at the Kiev VOKU, although their specialization was more like military intelligence.
The total number of personnel of the GRU special forces is unknown. They talk about six to fifteen thousand fighters.
Preparation and training of the GRU special forces
It is rather difficult to get into the special forces, but not impossible. For the most part, candidates must be in perfect physical health. It is not at all so important to stand out with an impressive size, because for a special forces soldier his endurance is of no small importance. Scouts during raids during the whole day have to cope with many tens of kilometers, and all this is not done lightly at all. On their shoulders it is possible to carry more than a dozen kilograms of weapons, equipment and ammunition.
Applicants will be required to submit the required minimum, which includes:
- Three-kilometer cross in 10 minutes;
- Pull-ups - 25 times;
- Run for a hundred meters - 12 seconds;
- Push-ups from the floor - 90 times;
- Rocking the press - 90 times in two minutes.
One of the standards for physical training includes maintaining hand-to-hand combat. It is clear that the most thorough medical examination of all candidates is carried out.
Not to mention physical training, another important factor is the psychological health of the candidate: the commandos must be completely “stress-resistant” and not get lost even in the most difficult circumstances. Candidates must pass mandatory interviews with psychologists, after which polygraph tests will follow (this is a “lie detector”). In addition, all relatives of future intelligence officers are scrupulously checked by the relevant authorities. Parents will be required to give written consent for their son to serve in the GRU special forces.
If the servicemen still managed to get into the ranks of the special forces, then they will have long months of long and exhausting training. Soldiers are trained in hand-to-hand combat. This approach significantly enhances the morale and strengthens the character of any commando.
It is clear that all special forces must be fluent in hand-to-hand combat techniques. At the same time, to be able to beat not only with bare hands, but also to use a wide variety of objects in battle, sometimes not at all intended for combat. Recruits are often put up against stronger and more experienced opponents (and sometimes even several). In such cases, it will be more important for them not to win, but to stay in sparring as long as possible. With the beginning of training, future special forces are inspired by the idea that only they are the best.
The training of special forces soldiers may differ in increased intensity. It is usually carried out using individual program. So, every three or four soldiers are assigned one officer. He watches over his subordinates around the clock. It is clear that the officers themselves were trained according to a much more intense program. After many years of training, it will not be difficult for each of them to independently become a replacement in any combined arms unit.
It is hardly worth saying that the GRU special forces were classified in Soviet times more than any nuclear developments. At the very least, absolutely everyone knew about strategic nuclear missiles, bombers with nuclear warheads on board and nuclear submarines. Whereas not every marshal could know about the GRU special forces, and then what can we say about the generals?
Future special forces soldiers are trained to endure the most severe hardships and hardships that will put ordinary person beyond his physical limits. The tests include prolonged sleep and food deprivation, as well as the addition of transcendent physical activity and psychological pressure. It is clear that in the GRU special forces, future fighters will be taught mastery of all types of firearms and edged weapons. Despite some specific tasks performed by the GRU special forces, its military personnel most often use regular Russian weapons.
The GRU is the main intelligence department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It was formed on November 5, 1918 as the Registration Office of the Field Headquarters of the RVSR.
The head of the GRU reports only to the chief of the General Staff and the Minister of Defense and has no direct connection with the political leadership of the country. Unlike the director of the Foreign Intelligence Service, whom the president receives weekly on Mondays, the head of military intelligence does not have "his hour" - a time strictly fixed in the daily routine for a report to the country's president. The existing system of "revealing" - that is, receiving intelligence information and analyzes by high authorities - deprives politicians of direct access to the GRU.
Chief of the GRU, Deputy Chief General Staff – Korabelnikov Valentin Vladimirovich
The structure of the GRU during the Soviet era
First Directorate (undercover intelligence)
Has five controls, each responsible for its own set European countries.Each department has sections by country
Second Directorate (front-line intelligence)
Third Directorate (Asian countries)
Fourth (Africa and the Middle East)
Fifth. Directorate of operational-tactical intelligence (intelligence at military facilities)
Army intelligence units are subordinate to this directorate. Naval intelligence is subordinate to the Second Directorate of the Naval Staff, which in turn is subordinate to the Fifth Directorate of the GRU. Management is the coordinating center for thousands intelligence structures in the army (from district intelligence departments to special departments of units). Technical services: communication centers and encryption service, computer center, special archive, logistics and financial support, management of planning and control, and management of personnel. As part of the management there is a direction special intelligence, which is supervised by SPETSNAZ.
Sixth Directorate (electronic and radio intelligence). Includes the Space Intelligence Center - on Volokolamsk Highway, the so-called "K-500 facility". GRU official trade intermediary space satellites is Sovinformsputnik. The department includes special-purpose subdivisions of OSNAZ.
Seventh Directorate (responsible for NATO) Has six territorial offices
Eighth Directorate (work on designated countries)
Ninth Directorate (military technology)
Tenth Directorate (war economy, military production and sales, economic security)
Eleventh Directorate (strategic nuclear forces)
- Twelfth Directorate
- Administrative and technical department
- Financial management
- Operational and technical management
- Decryption service
The Military Diplomatic Academy (in the slang - "conservatory"), is located near the Moscow metro station "Oktyabrskoye Pole".
The first department of the GRU (production of forged documents)
GRU Section 8 (GRU Internal Communications Security)
- Archival Department of the GRU
- Two research institutes
Special Forces
These units constitute the elite of the army, significantly superior in terms of training and armament of the Airborne Forces and "court parts". Special Forces brigades are a forge of intelligence personnel: a candidate for the "conservatory" student must have a rank of at least captain and serve in special forces for 5-7 years. Traditionally, the numerical ratio between the GRU and KGB (now SVR) residencies was and remains approximately 6:1 in favor of "pure intelligence".
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