Who studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Russian Eaton: the education system at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
the site remembered what famous personalities studied at the Lyceum, and at the same time, what they were like in their younger years, comprehending the wisdom of science.
Alexander Pushkin
(1799 - 1837)
Of course, the most famous and revered graduate of the Lyceum can be called Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who was secretly crowned during his lifetime, calling him a genius and "the sun of Russian poetry."
It must be said that if Pushkin's father had not shown parental consciousness, the future would have studied great poet at the Jesuit Collegium in St. Petersburg. However, having learned that Alexander I intended to open an educational institution in Tsarskoye Selo, the father immediately decided that his son should go there and nowhere else.
In fact, the Lyceum was supposed to live and study free of charge for the children of well-born nobles, who in the future were to hold important government positions in the diplomatic and military sectors. Despite the fact that there were many promising offspring, the Lyceum was ready to accept only thirty pupils under its shadow. It is worth noting that Pushkin was not of such a high origin as to be trained along with the Grand Dukes. His father began to bother, seek patronage and support from influential people, and finally got his way: his son was allowed to take the exam.
In the summer, young Pushkin left Moscow for St. Petersburg with his uncle Vasily Lvovich and, having passed the exam, was accepted. Upon arrival at the Lyceum, the poet began to live in the same room with Ivan Pushchin, the future Decembrist. As close friends and teachers recalled, Pushkin was often absent-minded, changeable, restless and did not show any aptitude for mathematics - it was rumored that the poet even cried in the back desk, looking at the blackboard where the teacher wrote numbers and examples. Meanwhile, he perfectly practiced languages, studied history with enthusiasm, and, most importantly, it was at the Lyceum that he discovered his talent for poetry, which the poet Vasily Zhukovsky tirelessly guarded, and later Gavriil Derzhavin.
Alexander Pushkin, portrait by O. A. Kiprensky. 1827. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Alexander Gorchakov
(1798 — 1883) )
the last chancellor Russian Empire, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov, from his youthful years were distinguished by the talents necessary for a brilliant diplomat. His idol was Count Ioann Kapodistrias, "manager of Asian affairs" of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1815-1822.
“I would like to serve under his command,” said Gorchakov.
At the Lyceum, he comprehended not only the humanities, but also the exact and natural sciences. “The way, both happy and glorious, is indicated to you by the wayward hand of Fortune,” his namesake, Alexander Pushkin, wrote to his friend Alexander. The poet's prediction came true - Gorchakov became the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry under Alexander II.
As he wrote in one of his works, Dr. historical sciences, Professor Vyacheslav Mikhailov, “the essence of “Gorchakov's” diplomacy was that, playing not so much on contradictions, but mainly on the nuances of European diplomacy, without firing a shot, without any hard pressing, within a few years, Russia was free from all humiliating treaties and again entered the ranks of the leading European powers.
Alexander Gorchakov was a Knight of the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Ivan Pushchin
(1798-1859 )
Ivan Pushchin was one of Pushkin's first close friends, with whom he shared a room at the Lyceum. In the future, Ivan Ivanovich became a Decembrist and told his friend about secret societies and the published book "Woe from Wit", which then stirred up reading Russia. However, at fourteen, he was an ordinary youth “of very good gifts, always diligent and behaving prudently, who shows nobility, good breeding, good nature, modesty and sensitivity.
Growing up, Pushchin joined the Sacred Artel, became a member of the Union of Salvation, the Union of Welfare, the Northern Society and belonged to the most revolutionary wing of the Decembrists. He was later sentenced to death, commuted to twenty years of hard labor in Siberia. In 1856, at the age of 58, he was returned from exile. A year later, he married the widow of the Decembrist Mikhail Fonvizin, Natalya Apukhtina. But the marriage did not last long: on April 3, 1859, Ivan Pushchin died at the Maryino estate.
Ivan Pushchin was sentenced to death, commuted to twenty years of hard labor in Siberia. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Modest Korf
(1800 —1876)
"Deacon Mordan" - this is how the son of Baron Korf was called in the Lyceum.
Director of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Vasily Malinovsky spoke of the 12-year-old pupil in the most flattering terms, noting the diligence and neatness of the young man. Only among the qualities that could interfere with the young Corfu, he indicated "caution and timidity, preventing him from being completely open and free."
However, these qualities did not prevent Modest Andreevich from making a brilliant career. He managed the affairs of the committee of ministers, was the head of the secret committee for the supervision of printing, was the director of the St. Petersburg Public Library. Among his merits can be considered the fact that he founded a special department in the library foreign books about Russia, promoted cataloging, and was also able to attract private donations to fund the institution.
"Deacon Mordan" - this is how the son of Baron Korf was called in the Lyceum. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
(1826 — 1889)
When the future writer studied at the Lyceum, he was notable, first of all, for his gloomy appearance.
Avdotya Panaeva, a memoirist and Nekrasov's wife, recalled: “I saw him in the uniform of a lyceum student in the early forties. He came to him in the mornings on holidays. Even then, young Saltykov did not have a cheerful expression on his face. His large gray eyes looked sternly at everyone, and he was always silent. I remember only once on the face of a silent and gloomy lyceum student a smile.
If Pushkin recalled the lyceum with warmth, then Saltykov-Shchedrin retained in his memoirs the image of a state official educational institution, in which he did not find a single close friend and where "pedagogy was gloomy in every sense: both in the physical sense and in the mental sense." However, the writer was right in his dissatisfaction: the system of education at the Lyceum has changed since Pushkin's time.
"The peculiar aristocratic freedom and comfort were replaced by a gray, leveled and rather harsh regime of a paramilitary boarding school." In the Lyceum of that time, pupils were systematically punished: they were forced to stand in a corner and imprisoned in a punishment cell. According to the writer's memoirs, he was not a diligent student, but he knew languages well, had a deep knowledge of political economy, Russian history and legal sciences.
If Pushkin recalled the lyceum with warmth, then Saltykov-Shchedrin retained in his memories the image of a state educational institution, in which he did not find a single close friend. Photo: www.russianlook.com / www.russianlook.com
Lev Mei
(1822 — 1862)
For diligence and success, the future Russian poet was transferred from the Moscow Noble Institute to Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, despite the fact that he was of non-noble origin and the family lived in great need.
The moment of the rise of his creative career should be considered the day and hour when he became close friends with the publisher of the scientific and literary magazine "Moskvityanin" Pogodin, and later with the playwright Ostrovsky himself. May's works, which at first were not accepted by society and were stigmatized as outdated and chamber, later became widely known, and the plots of the dramas in verse "The Tsar's Bride", "The Maid of Pskov" and "Servilia" formed the basis of the composer Rimsky-Korsakov's opera.
May translated "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" from Old Russian into literary language XIX century. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Fedor Matyushkin
(1799 — 1872)
The future polar explorer and admiral Fyodor Matyushkin graduated from the Lyceum in the same year as Alexander Pushkin. The good-natured boy, who has a gentle character, but a strong will, was immediately loved by both fellow students and teachers. Literally in the first months of training, he showed remarkable abilities in geography and history. Despite the fact that he had a lively character, he always remained modest, in the report card, in which they wrote the characteristics for each of the graduates, it was indicated: “Very good-natured, with all his ardor, polite, sincere, good-natured, sensitive; sometimes angry, but not rude.
Immediately after completing the course, I went to circumnavigation, and even later participated in the Wrangel expedition. These travels became daydreams that haunted him during his studies at the Lyceum and which Pushkin "fueled" by drawing before Fyodor's imagination, with the help of his lively speech and poetry, unprecedented and enchanting distant countries. Curiously, Matyushkin did not have his own family, and, having anchored in St. Petersburg, he settled with a lyceum comrade Yakovlev. Later he moved to a hotel where he lived for more than 15 years. Only in last years In his lifetime, he built a dacha not far from Bologoye. Matyushkin outlived almost all of his classmates.
In 1811, Fyodor Matyushkin entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, graduating with Pushkin in 1817 Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Mikhail Petrashevsky
(1821 - 1866)
The Russian revolutionary Mikhail Petrashevsky also graduated from Tsarskoye Selo University - the organizer of the meetings of the "Petrashevites", who in 1849 were convicted for these same gatherings, despite the fact that although all its members were in some way "freethinkers", they were heterogeneous in their views and only a few had ideas of a revolutionary nature.
In his younger years, Fyodor Dostoevsky also came to meetings. It was then that a scandalous incident took place, called "staging an execution", when the convicts were psychological pressure, having brought them to the scaffold, and kept them until the last minute, waiting for one of them to blurt out the necessary information. At that time, the “convicted” had already been pardoned. It was a nice "joke" from Alexander II.
Petrashevsky himself, who kept literature on history at home revolutionary movements, utopian socialism, materialistic philosophy, and also advocated the democratization of the political system of Russia and the liberation of the peasants with land, was exiled to an eternal settlement in Siberia.
Mikhail Petrashevsky at one time served as an interpreter in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Vladimir Volkhovsky
(1798 — 1841)
The future Major General Volkhovsky was a lyceum student of the first graduation. As often happened, for notable academic success, he was transferred from the Moscow University boarding school to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he received the nickname "Sapientia" (wisdom) for being able to influence even the most stubborn and negligent classmates, and "Suvorochka" - diminutive of the surname "Suvorov".
Volkhovsky was small in stature, but possessed strong character and unbending will. At the end of the Lyceum, he was seen in the organization "Holy Artel" - which became the forerunner of the gathering of the Decembrists, and also participated in meetings with Ivan Pushchin and other members of the secret society. Later was noted in battles Russian-Turkish war and was even a consul in Egypt.
Volkhovsky was small in stature, but possessed a strong character and unbending will. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Nikolai Danilevsky
(1822 — 1885)
Russian sociologist, culturologist and founder of a civilized approach to history, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum in 1843, passed the master's exam, and already in 1849 was arrested in the case of the same Petrashevsky. The acquittal saved him from trial, but not from exile. Danilevsky was appointed to the office of the Vologda, and then - the Samara governor.
It must be said that there were grounds for suspicion of political unreliability in power: Danilevsky was fond of, like all "Petrashevists", Fourier's utopian socialist system. However, fate turned out differently: Danilevsky did not lay down his head on the chopping block, but went to explore fishing along the Volga and the Caspian Sea, and then became famous by writing the historical and philosophical work "Russia and Europe".
Danilevsky was one of the first to pay attention to the signs of the decline and progress of civilization, and having collected extensive factual material, he proved the inevitable repetition of social orders. A kind of idea of eternal return according to Nietzsche, but in its infancy. Along with Spengler, Danilevsky is considered the founder of the civilizational approach to history.
MBOU "Secondary School No. 25"
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
RostovtsevaYuliana
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, the highest privileged closed educational institution in pre-revolutionary Russia for children of the nobility; intended to train mainly senior government officials. Founded in 1810 in Tsarskoye Selo. It was opened on October 19, 1811 near the capital in Tsarskoye Selo with the aim of preparing noble children for public service. The initiative to create a privileged university belonged to the Minister of Public Education A.K. Razumovsky and Comrade (Deputy) Minister of Justice M.M. Speransky. Was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, since 1882 - the military department. The lyceum admitted children 10-12 years old, the number of pupils ranged from 30 (in 1811-17) to 100 (since 1832). Initially, in the building of the Lyceum there were palace premises built in late XVIII century according to the project of I.V. Neelova. And in 1811, the outstanding Russian architect Stasov rebuilt the palatial premises of the wing and adapted them to the needs of the school.
Director of the Lyceum
The internal management of the Lyceum was carried out by the director, whose candidacy was approved by the emperor. Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, a Russian educator and diplomat, was appointed the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Malinovsky tried to educate his pets useful to the Fatherland
Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky
teachers
Educational educational process in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, the director, seven professors, two adjuncts, one priest - a teacher of the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastic exercises, three overseers and three tutors organized.
In addition, the staff of the Lyceum included a doctor, an accountant, two hairdressers, a porter, five scribes, several watchmen, cooks, laundresses and other auxiliary workers.
Particular attention was paid to the selection of professors who headed the departments.
Among the first professors were well-known domestic and foreign teachers.
Lyceum students
Of fundamental importance was the staffing of the Lyceum, where the best representatives of noble origin were admitted. In August 1811, 38 applicants were selected from 30 young men who made up the first course.
The first issue is famous for the names of the great Russian public figures and future Decembrists Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbeker, Anton Delvig, Alexander Gorchakov, Fyodor Matyushkin, Vladimir Volkhovsky and, of course, Alexander Pushkin.
He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal -
Unshakable, free and carefree
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
Wherever fate takes us,
And happiness wherever it leads
We are all the same: the whole world is a foreign land for us;
Fatherland to us Tsarskoye Selo.
Cases from the life of lyceum students
Lyceum years of Pushkin and his comrades are the years of serious study. Suffice it to say that final exams in 1817 included 15 items.
The life of the boys was strictly defined by order, even during the holidays, which lasted only one month a year, they could not leave the walls of the Lyceum.
Like all boys, they were naughty, made fun of each other, quarreled, reconciled. There were various amusing incidents.
"Yes, monsieur"
On the opening day of the Lyceum on October 19, 1811, after a solemn ceremony, the Empress Mother came to the dining room to see how the boys were being fed.
She was of German origin and did not speak Russian very correctly. Approaching the smallest one - Kornilov, she asked: "Karosh soup?"
The boy, out of confusion, answered in French: "Oui, monsieur" (yes, monsieur). Some of the lyceum students snorted, and the queen, smiling, went on.
And for Kornilov, the nickname "Monsieur" was preserved for years.
Nicknames
They began to appear from the first days, it was not only with Kornilov.
Pushkin, for example, immediately began to call "French", because even before coming to the Lyceum, he already knew this language perfectly. Later, because of his liveliness and restlessness, another nickname appeared - "Egoza".
Prince Gorchakov paid much attention to how he looked, for which he was named Frant. The bold, desperate and pugnacious Ivan Malinovsky was nicknamed the Cossack, and the large and lazy Danzas was the Bear. For the dreams of the sea, the future Admiral Fyodor Matyushkin was called "I want to swim." Affectionately, but with malice - Olosenka was called Alexei Illichevsky.
Everyone had nicknames. Some did not even need explanations: Ivan Pushchin - Big Jeanno or Ivan the Great, Anton Delvig - Tosya, Tosenka, Kyuchelbeker - Kyukhlya, Myasoedov - Myasozhorov or Myasin.
Lyceum literature
At the Lyceum, they were fond of writing. They wrote poetry, prose, the so-called "national", that is, lyceum songs, fables, epigrams.
"And the astonished nations do not know what to do:
Go to bed or get up."
Methods of work of teachers
The teaching staff was free to choose the methods of their work.
However, the main principle of education was strictly observed - lyceum students should not be in an idle state.
For each section of the training program, certain methodical rules which were strictly followed. At the Lyceum they taught to think consciously, to reason, to argue about the truth. Scientists, lawyers, philologists did not leave the walls of the Lyceum; graduates received an encyclopedic education; acquired a humanistic worldview, respect for the individual, regardless of the class of the person.
The number of classes depended on the knowledge of the students. It was not determined strictly according to some document, but was established after the recruitment of pupils, when their level of training was already known. Each new course had its own number of lessons.
Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum Pushkin
Teachers help students achieve their goals. So, Alexander Gorchakov, while still at the Lyceum, decided to devote himself to diplomatic activity, which is why teachers got him genuine diplomatic materials from the Foreign Collegium. And Fedor Matyushkin dreamed of becoming a navigator. Graduates of the Lyceum did not get into the fleet, but director Engelhardt helped his pupil Matyushkin get assigned to the Kamchatka sloop, commanded by V.M. Golovin. Sometimes the wisdom of professors was that they simply did not interfere with the development of their student's talent. Mathematics professor Kartsov did not try to make Pushkin know his subject, he saw the poet's talent and jokingly said: "You, Pushkin, everything ends in zero in my class. Sit down in your place and write poetry."
Lyceum students were brought up in an atmosphere of impossibility to encroach on the dignity of another person. In the Lyceum, any person, regardless of their social status, had the right to respect. Lyceum students were forbidden to scold ministers, even if they were serfs. There was no corporal punishment in the Lyceum.
Each pupil had his own small room where he could retire. The lyceum was kept clean, the air temperature was kept up to a degree. The premises were ventilated, and in order for the air to circulate properly, the partitions in the rooms of the lyceum students did not reach the ceiling. The classrooms were beautiful and spacious.
All life in the Lyceum was aimed at ensuring that the pupils developed correctly, successfully mastered knowledge and did not indulge in laziness. Six days a week were training days. The training lasted a whole year, with the exception of August - the month of holidays. At the same time, the classes were properly organized, study alternated with rest and walks, so that the pupils did not feel overwhelmed.
There was freedom of communication between lyceum students and teachers. Together they were a family. The special relationship between lyceum students and teachers is evidenced by the fact that quite a lot of caricatures of teachers have been preserved. The students were not afraid of their mentors and considered it possible to play a trick on them. This was not the case in other educational institutions of that time. Most often, the buildings of educational institutions were bad and could hardly accommodate the pupils, the audiences were cramped, the bedrooms were poorly ventilated. For the most part, other educational institutions were distinguished by exhausting discipline, constant cramming.
At the Lyceum, everything was different. Relations between lyceum students were regulated by certain rules, which said that "all pupils are equal, ... pupils should live peacefully and friendly among themselves." Thanks to these rules and the efforts of teachers, a spirit of camaraderie and solidarity reigned in the Lyceum. No one has ever extradited a guilty person if he himself did not admit to his deed.
The daily routine of lyceum students
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a closed university, and its pupils were on full board. Departure from the Lyceum on time school year was forbidden. All lyceum students obeyed a strict daily routine, which was observed by the director, full-time supervisors and teachers.
6.00 - rise, prayer
7.00 - 9.00 - training sessions
9.00 - tea with a white roll
9.00 - 10.00 - walk
10.00 - 12.00 - classes
12.00 - 13.00 - walk
13.00 - lunch
14.00 - 15.00 - calligraphy and drawing
15.00 - 17.00 - doing homework
17.00 - tea and walk
20.30 - dinner
Form at the Lyceum
Distinctive feature The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a single uniform. The uniform of the Lyceum consisted of a caftan of dark blue cloth with a standing collar of red cloth and the same cuffs, with gold and silver embroidery. The buttons were smooth, gilded, the lining was blue. Camisole and underdress - white cloth .
First issue and imperial
In 1817, the first graduation of pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum into the state service took place.
By an imperial decree of March 18, 1822, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was transferred to the department of the chief director of the Page and cadet corps.
Lyceum under Nicholas I
After the accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I, by decree of February 23, 1829, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum switched to preparing pupils only for civil service.
Has changed and organizational structure Lyceum. Instead of two classes of 3 years, pupils began to study in four classes of 1.5 years each.
According to the new regulation, the sons of nobles at the age of 12-14 could enter the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, necessarily baptized and in good health.
Moving Lyceum from Tsarskoye Selo
In 1843, the Lyceum left Tsarskoye Selo. On November 6, 1843, Emperor Nicholas I signed the Decree "On the Introduction of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum into the General Organization of Civil Educational Institutions." According to this decree, the Lyceum passed under the direct supervision of the monarch and moved from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg to the building of the Alexander Orphanage.
After that, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was renamed the Imperial Alexander Lyceum.
200th anniversary of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
October 19, 2011 - Day of the lyceum student. This day is inextricably linked with the name of A.S. Pushkin, with the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and with the history of all Russian education. It was on this day 200 years ago that the legendary educational institution in Tsarskoye Selo was opened.
The education and upbringing of the younger generation has always been a socially important topic. Time could only change the goals and objectives facing teachers, while learning itself has always remained an urgent task of society. This is what happens in our time. Education in Russia is currently undergoing very strong changes. GIA and USE became mandatory, Primary School already working according to the new standards, high school they still have to be switched over; in higher education, a system of bachelor's and master's programs has appeared. You can criticize these changes or welcome - only time will tell the result. And today we want to remember one of the best educational institutions in the country. It was from here that the best people of Russia came into life: A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Delvig, V.K. Kuchelbecker, I.I. Pushchin, A.M. Gorchakov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and others.
The lyceum was a closed educational institution, so the pupils had no right to leave it. This was insisted on by the first director of the Lyceum, V.F. Malinovsky. The director believed that children could be "harmful" at home and sought to isolate the children from this. Such a system made it possible to exclude excessive guardianship from parents, spoilage, influence on the formation of lyceum students from the outside. They lived and studied at the Lyceum. And this is where they become individuals. This is where their worldview took shape. From the walls of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum came a whole galaxy of remarkable people who left their mark on history. Therefore, thinking about modern reforms in education, it is useful to remember the unique experience of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Speaking of the great Russian poets, selfless Decembrists, we will talk about the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. We will speak of it as the first privileged educational institution in which young men were prepared for the most important public service, as a freedom-loving "lyceum republic" that revealed to the world the names of Delvig, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker and, of course, Pushkin.
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Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, the highest privileged closed educational institution in pre-revolutionary Russia for children of the nobility; intended to train mainly senior government officials. Founded in 1810 in Tsarskoe Selo (now the city of Pushkin Leningrad region); opened on October 19, 1811. It was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, since 1882 - the military department. The lyceum admitted children 10-12 years old, the number of pupils ranged from 30 (in 1811-17) to 100 (since 1832).
In the course of 6 years of study (two 3-year courses, from 1836 - 4 classes to 1 ½ years) the following sciences were studied at the Lyceum: moral (God's law, ethics, logic, jurisprudence, political economy); verbal (Russian, Latin, French, German literature and languages, rhetoric); historical (Russian and general history, physical geography); physical and mathematical (mathematics, the beginnings of physics and cosmography, mathematical geography, statistics); fine arts and gymnastic exercises (handwriting, drawing, dancing, fencing, horseback riding, swimming). The curriculum of the lyceum has been repeatedly changed, but it retained the humanitarian and legal basis. Graduates received the rights of those who graduated from the university and civil ranks of the 14th - 9th grades. For those who wish to enter military service additional military training was carried out, and they were granted the rights of graduates of the Corps of Pages ...
In the first years of its existence (1811-1817), the Lyceum created an atmosphere of enthusiasm for new Russian literature, represented by the names of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, K. N. Batyushkov, and French literature of the Enlightenment (Voltaire). This enthusiasm contributed to the unification of a number of young people in a creative literary and poetic circle, which determined the spirit of the educational institution (A. S. Pushkin, A. A. Delvig, V. K. Kyuchelbeker, V. D. Volkhovsky, A. D. Illichevsky, K K. Danzas, M. L. Yakovlev and many others). The circle published hand-written magazines "Lyceum Sage", "Bulletin", "For Pleasure and Use", etc., creative literary competitions were held between its members, poems of lyceum students Pushkin, Delvig, Kuchelbeker, etc. from 1814 they began to print well-known magazines ("Bulletin Europe", "Russian Museum", "Son of the Fatherland"). The poetic creativity of the lyceum students and their interest in literature were encouraged by N. F. Koshansky, a professor of Russian and Latin literature, a friend of Zhukovsky, and his successor from 1814, A. I. Galich.
... After 1825, the restrictive regime for pupils, control over the selection of teachers and the direction of lectures was strengthened in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. At the end of 1843, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was reorganized into the Alexandrovsky Lyceum, and in January 1844 it was transferred to St. Petersburg. The new lyceum was transferred to the 4th department of its own imperial majesty office, from the end of the 19th century. - Departments of institutions of the Empress Maria. Closed after October revolution 1917
For 33 years of existence of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, 286 people graduated from it, including 234 in the civilian part, 50 in the military, 2 in the navy. ... Many of them joined the ranks of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire (A. M. Gorchakov, A. K. Gire, N. K. Gire, A. V. Golovnin, D. N. Zamyatnin, N. P. Nikolai, N. A. Korsakov, M. A. Korf, S. G. Lomonosov, F. Kh. Steven, D. A. Tolstoy, etc.)… scientific activity K. S. Veselovsky, I. K. Grot, N. Ya. I. Pushchin. ... ME Saltykov-Shchedrin studied there for 5 years.
Big Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975
The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum became the most legendary educational institution in Russia immediately after its establishment. The initiator of its appearance was Emperor Alexander I, a brilliant teaching staff and a talented director, with their pedagogical and personal talents, brought to light several generations of Russian thinkers, poets, artists, military men. Lyceum graduates made up the Russian elite not so much by origin, but by the implementation of the principles of selfless service to the Fatherland in any field.
Base
The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum was opened during the reign of Alexander I, and more specifically, the decree on its foundation was signed by the highest permission in August 1810. The foundation of a higher educational institution fell on the "liberal years" of the reign of the sovereign. The lyceum was supposed to be the first example of an educational institution with a European approach to education, nurtured on Russian soil.
Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum, from others higher schools, was distinguished by the absence of physical punishment, friendly relations between teachers and students, a rich curriculum designed to form personal views, and much more. It was planned that the grand dukes, the younger brothers of the ruling tsar, Nikolai and Mikhail, would study at the lyceum, but later they decided to give them a traditional home education.
living conditions
For the lyceum, a four-story new building was provided - an outbuilding of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace. The premises of the first floor were intended for the medical unit and the board. On the second floor there were classrooms for the junior year, the third was given to older students, and the uppermost, fourth floor, was occupied by bedrooms. The private bedchambers were modest, almost Spartan, furnished with a wrought-iron canvas-covered bed, an office table for study, a chest of drawers, and a wash table.
For the library, a two-height gallery was assigned, which was located above the arch. The main hall for celebrations was on the third floor. Services, the church and the director's apartment were located in a separate building next to the palace.
idea of learning
The concept and curriculum were developed by an influential courtier, adviser to Alexander I in the first half of his reign. The main task was to educate civil servants and the military of a new formation from the children of the nobility. Speransky's idea was to Europeanize Russia, and this required officials with a different way of thinking, with inner freedom and an appropriate level of humanitarian education.
The selection of lyceum students was very strict, boys from noble families aged 10 to 12 were accepted, who had to successfully pass entry exams, confirming a sufficient level of knowledge in three languages (Russian, German, French), history, geography, mathematics and physics. Full course was a six-year training, divided into two stages, each was given three years.
Humanities and military
The main direction of education is humanitarian, which made it possible to instill in the student the ability to further self-study, logic and comprehensively develop the talents inherent in the child. For six years, teaching was conducted in the following main subjects:
- Learning native and foreign languages(Russian, Latin, French, German).
- Moral sciences, the law of God, philosophy).
- Exact sciences (arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, geometry, physics).
- Humanities (Russian and foreign history, chronology, geography).
- Fundamentals of fine writing (rhetoric and its rules, works of great writers).
- Art (fine, dancing).
- Physical education (gymnastics, swimming, fencing, horseback riding).
In the first year, students mastered the basics, and in the second year they moved from the basics to in-depth mastering of all subjects. In addition, throughout the training, much attention was paid to civil architecture and sports. Those who chose military affairs were additionally read hours on the history of wars, fortification and other specialized disciplines.
The entire educational and educational process took place under the vigilant supervision of the director. The teaching staff included seven professors, a priest who taught the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastics, two adjuncts, discipline was monitored by three overseers and tutors.
The first set of students was carried out under the supervision of the emperor himself, out of 38 people who submitted documents and passed the competition, only 30 students were admitted to the lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo, the list was approved by the royal hand. Alexander I carried out the patronage of the educational institution, and Count Razumovsky A.K. was appointed head of the lyceum with the rank of commander in chief. By position, the count was supposed to be present at all exams, which he did with pleasure, knowing by sight and by name all the students.
Principles
The tasks of the director of the lyceum were comprehensive, this position was entrusted to V. F. Malinovsky, who was educated at Moscow University. According to the charter of the institution, the director was obliged to live around the clock on the territory of the lyceum and pay attention to the students and the whole process tirelessly, he was personally responsible for the students, for the level of teaching and general state lyceum life.
The Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum was staffed by the best teachers of its time, all had higher education, scientific degrees, loved their work and the younger generation. Teachers were free to choose the methods of presenting knowledge, one principle had to be strictly observed - there should not be any idle pastime for lyceum students.
Daily Schedule
The usual school day was built according to a strict schedule:
- The morning began at six o'clock, time was allocated for hygiene procedures, fees, prayers.
- The first lessons in the classes started from seven to nine in the morning.
- The next hour (9:00-10:00) the students could devote to a walk and a snack (tea with a bun, breakfast was not supposed).
- The second lesson started at 10:00 and lasted until 12:00, after which there was a walk in the fresh air for an hour.
- Lunch was served at 13:00.
- In the afternoon, from 14:00 to 15:00, students were engaged in fine arts.
- From 15:00 to 17:00 there were classes in the classroom.
- At 17:00 the children were offered tea, after which a walk followed until 18:00.
- From six o'clock until half past eight in the evening, the students were engaged in the repetition of the material covered, were engaged in auxiliary classes.
- Dinner was served at 8:30 pm, followed by free time for relax.
- At 22:00 it was time for prayer and sleep. Every Saturday the students went to the bathhouse.
The lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo differed from other educational institutions in that it was obligatory for the teacher to achieve knowledge and understanding of his subject from each student. Until the material was mastered by all students in the class, the teacher could not start new topic. In order to achieve efficiency, additional classes were introduced for lagging students, new teaching approaches were sought. The lyceum had its own system of control over the level of acquired and assimilated knowledge, each lyceum student wrote reports, answered oral control questions.
Often the teacher considered it good to leave the student alone in his subject, Pushkin was not forced to know thoroughly mathematical sciences, Professor Kartsov said: “In your class, Pushkin, everything ends with zero. Sit down in your seat and write poetry."
Lyceum life
The lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo was endowed with another feature - it was completely closed, the lyceum students did not leave the walls of the educational institution during the entire academic year. There was also a uniform uniform for all. It consisted of a dark blue caftan, a stand-up collar and cuffs, which were red, fastened with gilded buttons. To distinguish between senior and junior courses, buttonholes were introduced, for the senior course they were sewn with gold, for the junior course they were sewn with silver.
In the lyceum where Pushkin studied, much attention was paid to education. The students respected not only the people of their class, but also the servants, the serfs. Human dignity does not depend on origin, this was instilled in every student. For the same reason, the children practically did not communicate with their relatives - everyone was the heirs of serfs and at home they could often see a completely different attitude towards dependent people, among the nobility, neglect of serfs was commonplace.
Brotherhood and honor
Despite the fact that the lyceum students had a busy schedule of study and classes, in their memoirs everyone admitted to a sufficient amount of freedom. Students lived according to a certain code of laws, the charter of the institution was posted in the corridor of the fourth floor. One of the points stated that the community of students is a single family, and therefore there is no place among them for arrogance, bragging and contempt. Children came to the lyceum from an early age, and it became a home for them, and comrades and teachers were a real family. The atmosphere in the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo was friendly and close-knit.
A system of rewards and punishments was developed for lyceum students, which excluded physical violence. The guilty mischief-makers were put in a punishment cell for three days, where the director personally came to conduct a conversation, but this was an extreme measure. For other reasons, more benign methods were chosen - deprivation of lunch for two days, at which time the student received only bread and water.
The lyceum fraternity sometimes independently issued a verdict on the behavior of its members, those who retreated from honor and trampled on dignity. Students could boycott a friend, leaving him in complete isolation without the ability to communicate. The unwritten laws were observed no less sacredly than the charter of the lyceum.
First edition
The first pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum left the walls of the educational institution in 1817. Almost everyone got a place in the state apparatus, according to the results of the exams, many entered the service in high ranks, many lyceum students chose military service, equated in status to the Corps of Pages. Among them were people who became proud Russian history and culture. The poet Pushkin A. S. brought great fame to the Lyceum, no one before him treated his school and teachers with such warmth and awe. He devoted many works to the Tsarskoye Selo period.
Almost all students in the first intake became the pride of the country and glorified the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum. Famous graduates, such as: Kuchelbeher V. K. (poet, public figure, Decembrist), Gorchakov A. M. (outstanding diplomat, head of the foreign affairs department under Tsar Alexander II), Delvig A. A (poet, publisher), Matyushkin F F. (polar explorer, admiral of the fleet) and others contributed to history, culture, and the development of the arts.
Lyceum student Pushkin
It is impossible to overestimate the influence of Pushkin on Russian literature, his genius was revealed and brought up within the walls of the Lyceum. According to the memoirs of classmates, the poet had three nicknames - the Frenchman (a tribute to his excellent knowledge of the language), the Cricket (the poet was a mobile and talkative child) and the Mixture of the Monkey and the Tiger (for his ardor of temper and tendency to quarrel). In the lyceum where Pushkin studied, exams were held every six months, it was thanks to them that talent was noticed and recognized back in school years. The poet published his first work in the journal Vestnik Evropy, being a lyceum student, in 1814.
The situation in the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo was such that the student could not help but feel his vocation. The entire studying proccess teachers contributed to this. In his memoirs, in 1830, A.S. Pushkin notes: "... I began to write from the age of 13 and print almost from the same time."
In the corners of Lyceum passages,
The Muse began to appear to me.
My student cell
hitherto alien to fun,
Suddenly lit up - Muse in it
She opened a feast of her inventions;
Sorry, cold science!
Sorry, early years games!
I have changed, I am a poet...
First known public speaking Pushkin happened at the exam during the transition from the initial course to the senior, final course of study. Eminent people attended the public examinations, including the poet Derzhavin. The poem “Memories of Tsarskoye Selo” read by a fifteen-year-old student made a huge impression on the guests present. Pushkin immediately began to predict a great future. His works were highly valued by the lights of Russian poetry, his contemporaries - Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Karamzin and others.
Alexander Lyceum
After the accession to the throne of Nicholas I, the lyceum was transferred to St. Petersburg. Tsarskoye Selo was a haven for lyceum students from 1811 to 1843. The educational institution moved to Kamenoostrovsky Prospekt, where the premises of the former Alexandrinsky orphanage were allocated for students. In addition, the institution was renamed Imperial in honor of its creator.
Traditions and the spirit of brotherhood settled in the new premises, no matter how Nicholas I tried to fight this phenomenon. The history of the Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum continued in a new place and lasted until 1918. Permanence was marked by the observance of unwritten rules, the current charter, as well as the coat of arms and the motto - "For the common good." Paying tribute to your famous alumni, in 1879 on October 19, the first museum of A.S. Pushkin.
But with the justification in the new location, some changes were introduced. According to the new curriculum, students began to be accepted and graduated annually, military disciplines were completely abolished, and the list of humanities expanded. New departments became the answer to the time and the changed environment - Agriculture, civil architecture.
After the 17th year
In 1917, the last graduation of students took place. Until 1918, classes continued with long breaks, the Alexander Lyceum was closed in May of the same year. The famous library was partially sent to Sverdlovsk, most of distributed among libraries, lost or found shelter in private hands. It was possible to save about two thousand volumes from the general collection of books, and localize them in the collection of the State Literary Museum in 1938. The collection, which ended up in the Sverdlovsk Library in 1970, was transferred to the fund of the Pushkin Museum.
The building of the Alexander Lyceum was used for various purposes. In 1917, it housed the headquarters of the Red Army and other organizations. Before the start of the Great Patriotic War and after it there was a school in the premises, then the building was given to the SGPTU. The building now houses the College of Management and Economics.
A terrible fate befell many lyceum students and teachers of the Alexander Lyceum. In 1925, a case was fabricated, in which, among others. the last director of the lyceum V. A. Schilder and the prime minister N. D. Golitsyn were accused of creating a counter-revolutionary organization. All those accused of plotting to restore the monarchy, and there were 26 of them, were shot. So sadly ended the history of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Pushkin was his singer and genius, the rest of the lyceum students are history and pride.
Modern pedagogy is increasingly inclined to think that the ideas laid down by Speransky are the best option for education for the younger generation, which would be useful to apply today.
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Modern photo
On August 12, 1810, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree establishing a lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo for "the education of youth destined for important parts of the state service."
The author of the project for the creation of the Lyceum was M.M. Speransky, known for his reformist ideas. In the new educational institution he was creating, he dreamed of educating people who would be able to put into practice all the plans he had outlined for the transformation of Russia. Speransky himself was a well-educated person, so he wanted people who could think, who had broad knowledge and who wanted to use it for the good of the Fatherland, to be in state power.
The adjunct professor of moral and political sciences Alexander Petrovich Kunitsyn spoke about the same in his keynote speech at the opening of the Lyceum: "Love for glory and the Fatherland should be your leaders."
In the autumn of 1811, the first set of lyceum students took place. Children 10-12 years old were accepted, the number of pupils was to be 30 people.
The highest diploma of Alexander I, granted to the Lyceum
On October 19, 1811, the opening of the Lyceum, a new educational institution for boys from privileged families, took place in Tsarskoe Selo. This educational institution got its name from the name of the outskirts of ancient Greek Athens (Lyceum), where Aristotle studied with students in the garden next to the temple of Apollo.
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a completely new type for Russia. educational institution, Alexander I himself kept his organization under close scrutiny.
Initially, the Lyceum was located in the 4-storey wing of the Catherine Palace, rebuilt for this purpose by the architect V. Stasov.
The lyceum was planned as a closed educational institution, where students were supposed not only to study, but also to live. In terms of the level of education received, the Lyceum was equated to the university.
The training program was designed for 6 years: 2 courses of 3 years each. The students were to receive general education dominated by the humanities. In the first year, the curriculum included mathematics, grammar, history, "fine writing" - literature, fine arts and gymnastic exercises (handwriting, drawing, dancing, fencing, horseback riding, swimming). In the senior year, special attention was paid to the "moral sciences" (Law of God, ethics, logic, jurisprudence, political economy), history, mathematics, and foreign languages.
At the same time, special attention was paid to teaching literature: each student must learn to write an essay on a given topic, expressing his thoughts correctly and gracefully.
No less close attention was paid to the study of Russian history, which included knowledge home country, its past, present and future.
Immediately after the emperor signed the Decree on the Lyceum in August 1810, a set of lyceum students was announced, 38 families filed a petition to receive their children, so an entrance exam and a medical examination were arranged. In addition, applicants for training required recommendations from influential people (for example, Pushkin was accepted on the recommendation of the famous writer A. Turgenev and his uncle V.L. Pushkin).
In October, future lyceum students began to gather in Tsarskoye Selo, where they were met by the director of the Lyceum and teachers.
V.F. Malinovsky - the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
The first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, one of the most educated people of his time. He believed in the special purpose of the new educational institution, and, having received the right to personally select teachers, he invited the most advanced and talented people. He created the very “lyceum spirit” known from many memoirs of lyceum students, which his pupils carried through their whole lives. What was this spirit? This is a special atmosphere in which it was possible to freely exchange views, where the most pressing topics of society were discussed. Teachers and educators treated lyceum students as adults, addressed them as “you”, and some pupils addressed each other as “you”.
The solemn opening of the Lyceum on October 19, 1811 was attended by Alexander I, his family, the most distinguished and influential people of Russia. In the center of the hall stood a table covered with red cloth and on it lay a letter about the establishment of the Lyceum. Lyceum students stood on one side of the table together with director V.F. Malinovsky, and on the other - professors. Guests of honor headed by Emperor Alexander I sat at the table.
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Big hall
Director of the Lyceum V. F. Malinovsky delivered a solemn speech, and then Professor Kunitsyn addressed the pupils. Lyceum students remembered his performance with gratitude all their lives. After the solemn ceremony, a dinner was arranged for the boys, and for the guests - an inspection of the premises of the Lyceum. In the evening, everyone enjoyed the magnificent fireworks.
30 boys started new life. Each was given a small room with the most necessary furniture: an iron bed, a chest of drawers, a desk, a mirror, a chair, and a washing table. On the desk is an inkwell and a candlestick with tongs.
The daily routine of the lyceum students was severe: getting up at 6 am, morning prayer, classes from 7 to 9 am, tea at 9 am, a walk until 10, classes from 10 to 12, then a walk, lunch, calligraphy again and drawing, from 3 to 5 - again classes, a walk, repetition of lessons. Dinner at 9 pm, evening prayer and tea at 10 pm. None of the lyceum students had to leave the Lyceum for 6 years of study, and relatives were allowed to visit the boys only on holidays.
Physics office of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
The day of October 19 became sacred for lyceum students. They always aspired to get together on October 19, although each of them had his own life. Every year fewer and fewer lyceum students came to the meeting ...
Pushkin and all his friends considered only their first graduation to be truly lyceum. So it was: although the history of the Lyceum was long, but the curriculum in it changed, the teachers were different, and most importantly, there was no longer that unique lyceum spirit ...