Father of all "sons". The True Story of the Revolutionary Lieutenant Schmidt
Today, the name of Lieutenant Schmidt is known to many, even people with little knowledge of Russian. “Children of Lieutenant Schmidt” were mentioned in the novel “The Golden Calf” by Ilf and Petrov, and relatively recently, the well-known KVN team from Tomsk performed under the same name. The debut of the "children" of one of the heroes of the first Russian revolution took place in the spring of 1906, when, according to the verdict of the court, Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt, who led the sailor mutiny on the cruiser Ochakov, was shot. Loud process over the revolutionary, whom everyone knew about, attracted numerous swindlers and swindlers, who flourished in the 1920s.
Schmidt's name has been preserved in history, but not many people know about him. Glorified as a hero of the first Russian revolution, decades later this man moved to the periphery of history. Attitude towards his personality is ambiguous. Usually, Schmidt's assessment directly depends on the person's attitude to the revolutionary events in Russia. For those people who consider the revolution a tragedy of the country, this character and the attitude towards him are often negative, while those who believe that the collapse of the monarchy in Russia was inevitable treat Lieutenant Schmidt as a hero.
Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt (February 5 (12), 1867 - March 6 (19), 1906) - Russian naval officer, revolutionary, self-proclaimed commander of the Black Sea. It was Peter Schmidt who led the Sevastopol uprising of 1905 and seized power on the cruiser Ochakov. He is the only naval officer who took part in the revolution of 1905-1907 on the side of the Socialist Revolutionaries. It is worth noting that Lieutenant Schmidt was not actually a lieutenant at that time. In fact, this is a nickname that is firmly entrenched in history. His last naval rank was captain of the 2nd rank. The rank of junior fleet officer “lieutenant”, which did not exist at that time, was invented and “assigned” to him in order to maintain a class approach and explain the transition of the full admiral’s nephew to the side of the revolution. According to the verdict of the court, Peter Schmidt was shot 110 years ago, on March 19, 1906, according to the new style.
The future famous, albeit unsuccessful revolutionary, was born in a family of very high origin. He was the sixth child in the family of a respected nobleman, hereditary naval officer, rear admiral and later mayor of Berdyansk, Petr Petrovich Schmidt. His father and full namesake was a member Crimean War and hero of the defense of Sevastopol. His uncle was no less famous person, Vladimir Petrovich Schmidt rose to the rank of full admiral (1898) and was a holder of all orders that were at that time in Russia. His mother was Elena Yakovlevna Schmidt (nee von Wagner), who came from an impoverished, but very noble royal Polish family. As a child, Schmidt read the works of Tolstoy, Korolenko and Uspensky, studied Latin and French, and played the violin. Even in his youth, from his mother, he inherited the ideas of democratic freedom, which subsequently influenced his life.
In 1876, the future "red lieutenant" entered the Berdyansk men's gymnasium, which after his death would be named after him. He studied at the gymnasium until 1880, having entered the St. Petersburg Naval School after graduation. After graduating in 1886, Peter Schmidt was promoted to midshipman and assigned to the Baltic Fleet. Already on January 21, 1887, he was sent on a six-month vacation and transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. The reasons for the vacation are called different, according to some sources it was associated with a nervous attack, according to others - due to radical political views a young officer and frequent quarrels with personnel.
Peter Schmidt among his colleagues has always stood out for his eccentricity of thinking and diverse interests. At the same time, the young naval officer was an idealist - he was disgusted by the harsh morals that were common in the fleet at that time. "Cane" discipline and beating of the lower ranks seemed to Peter Schmidt something monstrous and alien. At the same time, he himself, in relations with subordinates, was quickly able to gain the glory of a liberal.
At the same time, the matter was not only in the features of service in the Navy. Schmidt considered the foundations themselves unfair and wrong. tsarist Russia. So the officer of the fleet was instructed to choose his life partner very carefully, but Schmidt met his love literally on the street. He saw and fell in love with a young girl, Dominika Pavlova. The main problem here was that the naval officer's lover was a prostitute, which Schmidt did not stop. Perhaps, his passion for the work of Dostoevsky also affected. One way or another, he decided to marry the girl and take care of her re-education.
Young people got married as soon as he graduated from college. Such a bold step practically put an end to his military career but that didn't stop him. In 1889, the couple had a son, whom his parents named Eugene. It was Eugene who was the only real son of "Lieutenant Schmidt". Together with his wife, Schmidt lived for 15 years, after which their marriage broke up, but the son stayed with his father. The father of Peter Schmidt did not accept his marriage and could not understand, having died soon after (1888). After the death of his father, Vladimir Petrovich Schmidt, a war hero, admiral, and, for some time now, a senator, took patronage over the young officer. He managed to hush up the scandal with the marriage of his nephew and send him to serve on the gunboat "Beaver" of the Siberian Flotilla of the Pacific Squadron. The patronage and connections of the uncle helped Peter Schmidt almost until the very Sevastopol uprising in 1905.
In 1889, Schmidt decides to retire from military service. Leaving the service, he refers to a "nervous disease." In the future, with every conflict, his opponents will make allusions to his mental problems. At the same time, Pyotr Schmidt really in 1889 could undergo treatment in the private hospital of Dr. Savey-Mogilevich for the nervous and mentally ill in Moscow. One way or another, having retired from the service, he and his family went on a trip to Europe, where he became interested in aeronautics. He even tried to make a living by conducting demonstration flights, but in one of them he was injured upon landing and was forced to give up his hobby.
In 1892, he was again restored to military service, but his character, political views and worldviews became the cause of frequent conflicts with conservative-minded colleagues. In 1898, after a conflict with the commander of the Pacific Squadron, he applied for a transfer to the reserve. Schmidt was dismissed from military service, but did not lose the right to serve in the commercial fleet.
The period of his life from 1898 to 1904 was, most likely, the happiest. During these years, he served on the ships of the ROPiT - Russian Society shipping and trade. This service was difficult, but very well paid. At the same time, the employers were satisfied with the professional skills of Peter Schmidt, and there was no trace of the “stick” discipline, which he simply hated. From 1901 to 1904, Schmidt was the captain of the passenger and merchant ships Igor, Polezny, and Diana. During the years of his service in the merchant fleet, he managed to gain respect among his subordinates and sailors. AT free time he tried to teach sailors to read and write and navigate.
On April 12, 1904, due to martial law, Russia was at war with Japan, Schmidt was called up from the reserve for active service. He was appointed senior officer on the Irtysh coal transport, which was assigned to the 2nd Pacific Squadron. In December 1904, a transport with a load of coal and uniforms left in pursuit of the squadron that had already left for Port Arthur. A tragic fate awaited the Second Pacific Squadron - it almost completely died in the Battle of Tsushima, but Peter Schmidt did not take part in it. In January 1905, in Port Said, he was decommissioned from the Irtysh due to an exacerbation of kidney disease. His kidney problems began after an injury he received while taking a great interest in aeronautics.
Propaganda activities, which were directed in support of the revolution, Schmidt begins to conduct in the summer of 1905. In early October, he organizes in Sevastopol the Union of Officers - Friends of the People, and then takes part in the creation of the Odessa Society for Mutual Assistance of Merchant Marine Sailors. Conducting propaganda among officers and sailors, he called himself a non-party socialist. The Tsar's Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which guaranteed "the unshakable foundations of civil freedom on the basis of real inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions," Peter Schmidt meets with genuine jubilation. Dreams of a new, more just structure of Russian society were about to come true. On October 18, in Sevastopol, Schmidt, along with the crowd, goes to the city prison, demanding the release of political prisoners. On the outskirts of the prison, the crowd comes under fire from government troops: 8 people were killed, about 50 were wounded. For Schmidt, this becomes a real shock.
On October 20, at the funeral of the dead, he takes an oath, which later became known as the “Schmidt Oath”. For delivering a speech to the crowd, he was immediately arrested for propaganda. This time, even his well-connected uncle could not help his unlucky nephew. On November 7, 1905, Peter Schmidt was dismissed with the rank of captain of the 2nd rank; the authorities were not going to judge him for seditious speeches. While still under arrest on the battleship "Three Saints", on the night of November 12, he was elected by the workers of Sevastopol "deputy of the Soviet for life", and soon, under pressure from the broad masses, he was released from the ship on bail.
Already on November 13, a general strike began in Sevastopol, in the evening of the same day a deputy commission, which consisted of soldiers and sailors delegated from different kinds troops, including from 7 ships of the fleet, came to Peter Schmidt with a request to lead an uprising in the city. Schmidt was not ready for such a role, but, having arrived on the cruiser Ochakov, whose crew was the core of the rebels, he quickly became involved in the mood of the sailors. At this moment, Schmidt made a decision that became the main thing in his life and preserved his name to this day, he agrees to become the military leader of the uprising.
The next day, November 14, he declared himself commander of the Black Sea Fleet, giving a signal: “I command the fleet. Schmidt. At the same time, the Ochakov team manages to free some of the previously arrested sailors from the battleship Potemkin. But the authorities did not sit idly by, they blocked the rebellious cruiser and urged him to surrender. On November 15, a red flag was raised over the cruiser and the ship took its first and last Stand in these revolutionary events. On other warships Black Sea Fleet the rebels failed to take control of the situation, so "Ochakov" was left alone. After 1.5 hours of battle, the uprising on it was crushed, and Schmidt and other leaders of the rebellion were arrested. The recovery of the cruiser from the consequences of this battle lasted more than three years.
Cruiser "Ochakov"
The trial of Pyotr Schmidt took place behind closed doors in Ochakovo. The officer who joined the insurgent sailors was accused of having been preparing a mutiny while on active duty. military service. The trial ended on February 20, Peter Schmidt, as well as three sailors of the instigators of the uprising on the Ochakovo, were sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on March 6 (March 19, according to the new style), 1906. The condemned were shot on the island of Berezan. The execution was commanded by Mikhail Stavraki, a childhood friend and fellow student of Schmidt at the school. Stavraki himself, 17 years later, already under Soviet power, found, tried and also shot.
After February Revolution in 1917 the remains of the revolutionary were reburied with military honors. The order to reburial Pyotr Schmidt was given by Admiral Alexander Kolchak. In May of the same year, the Minister of War and Naval Affairs of Russia Alexander Kerensky laid on the grave of Schmidt George Cross. At the same time, the non-partisanship of "Lieutenant Schmidt" only played into the hands of his fame. After October revolution the same year, Peter Schmidt remained in the ranks of the most revered heroes revolutionary movement, being among them all the years of Soviet power.
Based on materials from open sources
150 years ago, on February 17, 1867, a Russian naval officer, one of the leaders of the Sevastopol uprising of 1905, Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt, was born. Pyotr Schmidt was the only Russian officer who joined the revolution of 1905-1907 and led a major uprising, so his name became widely known.
Pyotr Petrovich, who is now mainly remembered in connection with the “sons of Lieutenant Schmidt” from The Golden Calf, lived a short, but very dramatic, full of contradictions life. Born on February 5 (17), 1867 in the city of Odessa, Odessa district, Kherson province, in a noble family. His father, Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt, is a hereditary naval officer, a participant in the Crimean War, a hero of the defense of Sevastopol, later a rear admiral, the mayor of Berdyansk and the head of the Berdyansk port. Schmidt's mother is Ekaterina Yakovlevna Schmidt, nee von Wagner. Uncle, also a hero of the defense of Sevastopol, Vladimir Petrovich, had the rank of admiral and was the senior flagship of the Baltic Fleet. It was his uncle (at the time of his father's death, Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt Jr. was only 22 years old) who became the main assistant in the young officer's career.
Peter Schmidt Jr. from childhood dreamed of the sea and, to the delight of his family, in 1880 he entered the St. Petersburg Naval School (Marine cadet corps). After graduating from the Naval College in 1886, he was promoted to midshipman on the exam and assigned to the Baltic Fleet. The young man was distinguished by great abilities in his studies, he sang excellently, played music and painted. But along with good qualities everyone noted his increased nervousness and excitability. The authorities turned a blind eye to the strangeness of the cadet, and then the midshipman Schmidt, believing that over time everything would work out by itself: the harsh life of the ship's service would do its job.
However, the young officer surprised everyone. Already in 1888, two years after being promoted to officer, he married and retired "due to illness" with the rank of lieutenant. He was undergoing treatment in a private hospital for the nervous and mentally ill in Moscow. Schmidt's wife, to put it mildly, stood out from the crowd. The tradesman's daughter, Dominikia Gavrilovna Pavlova, was a professional prostitute and had a "yellow ticket" instead of a passport. It is believed that Schmidt wanted to "morally re-educate" her, but in general family life they didn't work out. His wife considered all his teachings to be a fool, she did not put a penny and openly cheated. In addition, in the future, Pyotr Petrovich had to take care of the household and educate his son Eugene, since Dominicia was indifferent to household duties. The father did not accept this marriage, broke off relations with his son and soon died. In general, this case, shocking for the society of that time, had no consequences for Peter, but there was no reaction from the fleet command. They didn’t even demand an explanation from him, because behind midshipman Schmidt, the figure of his uncle, Vladimir Schmidt, the senior flagship of the Baltic Fleet, towered like a mighty cliff.
Interestingly, during his retirement, Peter Schmidt lived in Paris, where he became seriously interested in aeronautics. He acquired all the necessary equipment and intended to fly professionally in Russia. But, returning to Russia for demonstration performances, the retired lieutenant crashed in his own balloon. As a result, for the rest of his life he suffered from kidney disease caused by a hard hit of a balloon on the ground.
In 1892, Schmidt petitioned the highest name “for enrollment in the naval service” and returned to the fleet with the same rank of midshipman, enlisting in the 18th naval crew as a watch officer on the 1st rank cruiser “Rurik” under construction. Two years later, he was transferred to Far East, to the Siberian Flotilla (future Pacific Fleet). Here he served until 1898 on the destroyer "Yanchikha", the cruiser "Admiral Kornilov", the transport "Aleut", the port ship "Strongman" and the gunboats "Ermine" and "Beaver". However, soon the disease again reminded of itself. He had an exacerbation of a nervous illness that overtook Peter during a foreign campaign. He ended up in the naval infirmary of the Japanese port of Nagasaki, where he was examined by a council of squadron doctors. On the recommendation of the council, Schmidt was written off to the reserve. The 31-year-old lieutenant is enrolled in the reserve and goes to serve on merchant (or, as they used to say, on “commercial”) ships.
During six years of sailing on ships of the merchant fleet, Peter managed to serve as an assistant to the captain and captain on the steamships Olga, Kostroma, Igor, St. Nicholas, Diana. With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, the lieutenant was called up for active service and sent to the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet. Pyotr Petrovich was sent to the Baltic and was appointed senior officer of the huge Irtysh transport at that time with a displacement of 15 thousand tons. The ship was intended to supply Admiral Rozhdestvensky's 2nd Pacific Squadron with the necessary materials and supplies. Peter went by transport only to the Egyptian port of Suez, where he was written off to the shore due to an exacerbation of kidney disease. "Irtysh" during the Tsushima battle received one large hole in the bow, not counting other less serious damage, and sank.
Schmidt spent the next few months as part of the Black Sea Fleet, commanding the destroyer No. 253, which was stationed in Izmail. In October 1905, unexpectedly for his friends and acquaintances, he took part in a political demonstration in Sevastopol, after which he was arrested. In the course of the ensuing investigation, the embezzlement of state money from the destroyer and the neglect of service were revealed. In November, Schmidt was dismissed from the service. Many naval officers were sure that the former commander of destroyer No. 253 managed to avoid trial solely thanks to the eternal patronage of his uncle admiral.
Thus, in the fall of 1905, Pyotr Petrovich found himself without certain occupations and special prospects in Sevastopol. Schmidt was not a member of any party. He generally avoided "herding", as he considered himself a unique person. But when the buzz began in Sevastopol, he, embittered by the "injustices", joined the opposition and became very active. Being a good speaker, Petr Petrovich, participating in anti-government rallies, spoke so sharply and energetically that he quickly became a famous person. These speeches and his term in the guardhouse created a reputation for him as a revolutionary and a sufferer.
In November, during the revolution that swept Russia, strong unrest began in Sevastopol (). On November 24, 1905, the unrest turned into a mutiny. On the night of November 26, the rebels with Schmidt arrived on the cruiser Ochakov and called on the sailors to join the uprising. "Ochakov" was the newest cruiser and for a long time stood at the "finishing" in the factory. The team assembled from different crews, closely communicating with the workers and the agitators of the revolutionary parties among them, turned out to be thoroughly propagandized, and among the sailors there were their informal leaders, who actually acted as the initiators of insubordination. This sailor elite - several conductors and senior sailors - understood that they could not do without an officer, and therefore recognized the supremacy of a revolutionary leader who suddenly appeared and was determined. The sailors under the leadership of the Bolsheviks A. Gladkov and N. Antonenko took the cruiser into their own hands. The officers who tried to disarm the ship were driven ashore. Schmidt was at its head, declaring himself commander of the Black Sea Fleet.
His plans were grandiose. According to Schmidt, the capture of Sevastopol with its arsenals and warehouses was only the first step, after which it was necessary to go to Perekop and put artillery batteries there, block the road to the Crimea with them and thereby separate the peninsula from Russia. Further, he intended to move the entire fleet to Odessa, land troops and take power in Odessa, Nikolaev and Kherson. As a result, the South Russian socialist republic”, at the head of which Schmidt saw himself.
The forces of the rebels outwardly were large: 14 ships and ships and about 4.5 thousand sailors and soldiers on ships and on the shore. However, their combat power was insignificant, since most of the ship's guns had been rendered unusable even before the uprising. Only on the cruiser "Ochakov" and on the destroyers the artillery was in good condition. The soldiers on the shore were poorly armed, lacking machine guns, rifles and ammunition. The rebels missed a favorable moment for the development of success, the initiative. The passivity of the rebels prevented them from attracting the entire Black Sea squadron and the Sevastopol garrison. Schmidt sent a telegram to Tsar Nicholas II: “The glorious Black Sea Fleet, sacredly faithful to its people, demands from you, sovereign, the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly and no longer obeys your ministers. Fleet Commander P. Schmidt.
However, the authorities have not yet lost their will and determination, as in 1917. Commander of the Odessa Military District, General A.V. Kaulbars, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral G.P. Chukhnin, and Commander of the 7th Artillery Corps, Lieutenant General A.N. thousand soldiers and were able to field 22 ships with 6 thousand crew members. The rebels were given an ultimatum to surrender. Having received no response to the ultimatum, troops loyal to the government went on the offensive and opened fire on "internal enemies." The order was given to open fire on the rebel ships and vessels. Not only ships fired, but also coastal artillery, guns ground forces, as well as soldiers from machine guns and rifles from the shore. As a result, the rebellion was crushed. The wounded Schmidt with a group of sailors tried to break into the Artillery Bay on the destroyer No. 270. But the ship was damaged, lost speed, and Schmidt and his comrades were arrested. At the trial, Schmidt tried to mitigate the punishment of others, took all the blame on himself, and expressed his complete readiness to be executed.
In general, given the scale of the rebellion and its danger to the empire, when there was a possibility of an uprising by a significant part of the Black Sea Fleet, with the support of part of the ground forces, the punishment was quite humane. But the uprising itself was suppressed harshly and decisively. Hundreds of sailors died. The leaders of the Sevastopol uprising, P. P. Schmidt, S. P. Chastnik, N. G. Antonenko, and A. I. Gladkov, were shot on the Berezan Island in March 1906 by the verdict of a naval court. Over 300 people were sentenced to different terms imprisonment and penal servitude. About a thousand people were disciplined without any trial.
It should be noted that in the Russian Imperial Navy There was a strict ban on political activity. Moreover, the “taboo” was rather informal, but strictly observed. Even those naval officers who were considered liberals in the fleet, for the most part, did not violate the established unwritten rules. Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov has always said directly that the army and navy should be out of politics. The business of the armed forces is to stand guard over their Fatherland, which must be defended regardless of the form of the existing system.
Schmidt is a rare exception. It is possible that the reason for the abrupt transition of the naval officer to the side of the revolutionaries is Peter's mental instability. In Soviet historiography, taking into account the popularization of this character, this issue was bypassed. Pyotr Petrovich was an excitable person, he had previously been treated in a hospital "for the nervous and mentally ill." His illness was expressed in sudden attacks of irritability, turning into a rage, followed by hysteria with convulsions and rolling on the floor.
According to midshipman Harold Graf, who served with Peter on the Irtysh for several months, his senior officer “came from a good noble family, knew how to speak beautifully, played the cello superbly, but at the same time he was a dreamer and dreamer.” It cannot be said that Schmidt also fit into the category of "friends of sailors." “I myself saw how several times he, brought out of patience by the indiscipline and rude answers of the sailors, immediately beat them. In general, Schmidt never fawned over the team and treated her in the same way as other officers did, but he always tried to be fair, ”Graf noted. According to the naval officer: “Knowing Schmidt well from the time of joint service, I am convinced that if his plan succeeded in 1905 and the revolution triumphed throughout Russia ... he would be the first to be horrified by the results of his deeds and would become a sworn enemy of Bolshevism.”
Meanwhile, the revolutionary events in Russian Empire continued to boil, and very soon after the execution of the lieutenant, young people began to appear at rallies of various parties, who, calling themselves "the son of Lieutenant Schmidt", on behalf of their father who had died for freedom, called for revenge, to fight the tsarist regime or to provide all possible material assistance to the revolutionaries. Under the "son of a lieutenant" not only revolutionaries acted, but simply speculators. As a result, a completely indecent number of "sons" divorced. Moreover, even "Schmidt's daughters" appeared! For some time, the “children of the lieutenant” flourished quite well, but then, with the decline of the revolutionary movement, Lieutenant Schmidt was practically forgotten.
In Soviet times, the "children of a lieutenant" were revived in the second half of the 1920s. In 1925, the twentieth anniversary of the first Russian revolution was celebrated. While preparing the holiday, party veterans, to their considerable surprise and chagrin, discovered that the majority of the country's population does not remember at all or does not know at all the heroes who died during the first revolution. The party press began an active information campaign, and the names of some revolutionaries were hastily extracted from the darkness of oblivion. A lot of articles and memoirs were written about them, monuments were erected to them, streets, embankments, etc. were named after them. Petr Petrovich Schmidt became one of the most famous heroes first revolution. True, the propagandists were somewhat hasty and in a hurry missed some facts unfavorable for the hero. So, prominent tsarist admirals turned out to be relatives of the revolutionary, and his son Eugene participated in the Civil War on the side white movement and died in exile.
November 14 (27) led the rebellion on the cruiser "Ochakov" and other ships of the Black Sea Fleet. Schmidt declared himself commander of the Black Sea Fleet, giving a signal: “I command the fleet. Schmidt. On the same day, he sent a telegram to Nicholas II: “The glorious Black Sea Fleet, sacredly faithful to its people, demands from you, sovereign, the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly and no longer obeys your ministers. Fleet Commander P. Schmidt.
Throwing out the admiral's flag on the Ochakovo and giving a signal: "I command the fleet, Schmidt," with the expectation that this would immediately attract the entire squadron to the uprising, he sent his cruiser to the Prut in order to free the Potemkinites. No resistance was offered. "Ochakov" took the convict sailors on board and went around the entire squadron with them. A salutatory "cheers" sounded from all the ships. Several of the ships, including the battleships "Potemkin" and "Rostislav", raised the red banner; on the latter, however, it fluttered for only a few minutes.
November 15 at 9 a.m. In the morning, a red flag was hoisted on Ochakovo. Against the insurgent cruiser, the government immediately began hostilities. On November 15, at 3 pm, a naval battle began, and at 4:45 pm. the tsarist fleet has already won a complete victory. Schmidt, along with other leaders of the uprising, was arrested.
Death and funeral
Schmidt, along with his associates, was sentenced to death by a closed naval court, held in Ochakovo from February 7 to February 18, 1906. The surrender of a retired captain of the second rank Schmidt to a court-martial was illegal [ ], since the court-martial had the right to judge only those who were on active military service. Prosecutors alleged that Schmidt allegedly plotted while still a lieutenant on active duty. Schmidt's lawyers convincingly refuted this unproven fact by the fact that, for patriotic reasons, Schmidt, who voluntarily entered active service during the Russo-Japanese War, was considered to be subject to a court-martial illegally, since for health reasons he was not subject to conscription, regardless of his patriotic impulse, state his health is quite obvious, and his legal military rank- for many years the rank of naval lieutenant did not exist then, the betrayal of which to a court-martial is not just a legal incident, but flagrant lawlessness.
On February 20, a verdict was passed, according to which Schmidt and 3 sailors were sentenced to death.
On May 8 (21), 1917, after the plans of the masses under the influence of a revolutionary impulse became known, to dig up the ashes of "counter-revolutionary admirals" - participants in the Defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War and in their place to rebury Lieutenant Schmidt and his comrades who were shot for participation in the November 1905 Sevastopol uprising, the remains of Schmidt and the sailors shot with him were, by order of the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral A. V. Kolchak, expeditedly transported to Sevastopol, where they were temporarily buried in the Intercession Cathedral. This order of Kolchak made it possible to bring down the heat of revolutionary passions on the Black Sea Front and finally stop all talk about the exhumation of the remains of admirals who died during the Crimean War and rested in the Vladimir Cathedral of Sevastopol.
11/14/1923 Schmidt and his comrades were reburied in Sevastopol at the city cemetery Kommunarov. The monument on their grave was made of a stone that previously stood on the grave of the commander of the battleship "Prince Potemkin" - Tauride, Captain 1st Rank E. N. Golikov, who died in 1905. For the pedestal, they used granite confiscated from former estates and left after the erection of a monument to Lenin.
A family
Awards
- Medal "In memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III", 1896.
- In May 1917, Minister of War and Naval A.F. Kerensky laid an officer’s St. George’s Cross on Schmidt’s gravestone.
Ratings
Retired captain of the second rank Pyotr Schmidt was the only known officer of the Russian Navy who joined the revolution of 1905-1907. To explain the transition of the nephew of the Admiral General to the side of the revolution by the class struggle, Peter Schmidt was "assigned" the rank of junior officer of the fleet - lieutenant. So, on November 14, 1905, V. I. Lenin wrote: “The uprising in Sevastopol is growing ... The command of the Ochakov was taken over by a retired lieutenant Schmidt ..., the Sevastopol events mark the complete collapse of the old, slavish order in the troops, the order that turned soldiers into armed machines, made them instruments of suppression of the slightest aspirations for freedom.
At the trial, Schmidt stated that if he had really prepared a conspiracy, then the conspiracy would have won, and he agreed to lead the uprising that was being prepared by the left and broke out without his participation only in order to avoid the massacre of all representatives of the privileged classes and non-Russians by the sailors and to introduce the rebellion into a constitutional channel.
Memory
Since Schmidt streets are located in several cities on different banks of the Taganrog Bay, journalists talk about the informal “widest street in the world” (tens of kilometers) (the official record holder - 110 meters - is 9 July Street in Buenos Aires, Argentina).
The P.P. Schmidt Museum in Ochakov was opened in 1962, at present the museum is closed, some of the exhibits were moved to the former Palace of Pioneers.
Since 1926, P.P. Schmidt has been an honorary member of the Sevastopol Council of Working People's Deputies.
Lieutenant Schmidt in art
- The story "The Black Sea" (chapter "Courage") by Konstantin Paustovsky.
- Poem "Lieutenant Schmidt" by Boris Pasternak.
- The novel-chronicle "I swear by the earth and the sun" by Gennady Alexandrovich Cherkashin.
- The film "Post novel" (1969) (in the role of Schmidt - Alexander Parra) - the story of the complex relationship between P. P. Schmidt and Zinaida Rizberg (in her role - Svetlana Korkoshko) based on their correspondence.
- "Lieutenant Schmidt" - painting by Zhemerikin Vyacheslav Fedorovich (oil on canvas), 1972 (Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts)
- In Ilf and Petrov's novel The Golden Calf, "thirty sons and four daughters of Lieutenant Schmidt" are mentioned - fraudulent impostors wandering in the outback and begging for material assistance from local authorities, under the name of their famous "father". O. Bender became the thirty-fifth descendant of Lieutenant Schmidt. The real son of Pyotr Petrovich - Evgeny Schmidt-Zavoisky (memoirs about his father were published under the name "Schmidt-Ochakovsky") - was a Socialist-Revolutionary and an emigrant.
- In Berdyansk, the name of P.P. Schmidt is the central city park, named after his father, the founder of the park, and not far from the entrance to the park near the Palace of Culture. N. A. Ostrovsky installed a pair of sculptures (works by G. Frangulyan), depicting the “sons of Lieutenant Schmidt” sitting on a bench - Ostap Bender and Shura Balaganov.
- In the film "Vodovozov V. V. // Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- "Crimean Herald", 1903-1907.
- "Historical Bulletin". 1907, no. 3.
- Vice Admiral G.P. Chukhnin. According to colleagues. SPb. 1909.
- Neradov I.I. Red Admiral: [Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt]: a true story from the revolution of 1905. Moscow: Will, .
- Calendar of the Russian Revolution. From-in "Rose", St. Petersburg, 1917.
- Lieutenant Schmidt: letters, memoirs, documents / P. P. Schmidt; ed. and foreword. V. Maksakov. - M.: New Moscow, 1922.
- A. Izbash. Lieutenant Schmidt. Memories of a sister. M. 1923.
- I. Voronitsyn. Lieutenant Schmidt. M-L. Gosizdat. 1925.
- Izbash A.P. Lieutenant Schmidt L., 1925 (sister PPSh)
- Genkin I. L. Lieutenant Schmidt and the uprising on the Ochakovo, M., L. 1925
- Platonov A.P. Uprising in the Black Sea Fleet in 1905. L., 1925
- Revolutionary movement in 1905. Collection of memories. M. 1925. Society of political prisoners.
- "Katorga and exile". M. 1925-1926.
- Karnaukhov-Kraukhov V.I. Red lieutenant. - M., 1926. - 164 p.
- Schmidt-Ochakovsky. Lieutenant Schmidt. "Red Admiral". Memories of a son. Prague. 1926.
- Revolution and autocracy. A selection of documents. M. 1928.
- A. Fedorov. Memories. Odessa. 1939.
- A. Kuprin. Works. M. 1954.
- The revolutionary movement in the Black Sea Fleet in 1905-1907. M. 1956.
- Sevastopol armed uprising in November 1905. Documents and materials. M. 1957.
- S. Witte. Memories. M. 1960.
- V. Long. Purpose. Novel. Kaliningrad. 1976.
- R. Melnikov. Cruiser Ochakov. Leningrad. "Shipbuilding". 1982.
- Popov M. L. Red Admiral. Kyiv, 1988
- V. Ostretsov. Black Hundred and Red Hundred. M. Military Publishing. 1991.
- S. Oldenburg. Reign of Emperor Nicholas II. M. "Terra". 1992.
- V. Korolev. Riot on your knees. Simferopol. "Tavria". 1993.
- V. Shulgin. What we don't like about them. M. Russian book. 1994.
- A. Podberezkin. Russian way. M. RAU-University. 1999.
- L. Zamoysky. Freemasonry and globalism. Invisible Empire. M. "Olma-press". 2001.
- Shigin. Unknown Lieutenant Schmidt. "Our Contemporary" No. 10. 2001.
- A. Chikin. Sevastopol confrontation. Year 1905. Sevastopol. 2006.
- L. Nozdrina, T. Vaishlya. Guide to the memorial house-museum of P. P. Schmidt. Berdyansk, 2009.
- I. Gelis. November uprising in Sevastopol in 1905.
- F. P. Rerberg. Historical secrets of great victories and inexplicable defeats
Notes
- According to some reports, having unexpectedly received an inheritance after the death of his maternal aunt, A. Ya. Esther, Schmidt, with his wife and little Zhenya, leaves for Paris and enters the school of aeronautics of Eugene Godard. Under the name of Leon, Aera is trying to master ballooning. But the chosen enterprise did not promise success, the family was in poverty, and at the beginning of 1892 they moved to Poland, then to Livonia, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, where the flights of Leon Aer also did not give the desired fees. In Russia, on one of his demonstration flights, a retired lieutenant had an accident, and as a result, for the rest of his life, he suffered from kidney disease caused by a hard impact of a balloon basket on the ground. Further flights had to be stopped, the Schmidts ran into debt for the hotel. The balloon, along with the flight support equipment, had to be sold.. “In the midst of the ball, during a respite in dancing, the senior officer of the Anadyr transport Muravyov, who was dancing with a blue-eyed, blond beauty, Baroness Krudener, was sitting and talking with his lady. At this time, the senior officer of the Irtysh transport Schmidt, who was at the other end of the hall, came close to Muravyov and, without saying a word, slapped him in the face. Baroness Krüdener shrieked and fainted; several people from those sitting nearby rushed towards her, and the lieutenants grappled in a deadly fight and, striking each other, fell to the floor, continuing to fight. From under them, like from under fighting dogs, pieces of paper, confetti, and cigarette butts flew. The picture was disgusting. The first to rush to the fighting on the 178th infantry regiment Staff Captain Zenov, his example was followed by other officers who forcibly pulled the fighters apart. Immediately they were arrested and sent to the port. When they were led out into the hallway, whose large crystal glass windows overlooked Kurgauzsky Prospekt, where hundreds of cab drivers stood in line, Schmidt grabbed a heavy yellow chair and threw it into the glass. According to Rerberg, Schmidt staged this incident specifically in order to be expelled from the service. Fragment from the memoirs of the chief of staff of the Libau fortress F.P. Here Schmidt saw Lieutenant D., who in the days of their youth was the cause of his family drama. Since then, he has not met D., but he did not forget his promise to “settle accounts” at the first meeting. On that ill-fated evening, many years later, this meeting took place, and when the dancing was over and almost the entire audience had dispersed, Schmidt went up to D. and, without much conversation, hit him in the face. /G. K. Graf “Essays from the life of a naval officer. 1897-1905./ , p. 166 Links
The expression "son of Lieutenant Schmidt" is firmly entrenched in Russian as a synonym for a swindler and swindler thanks to the novel Ilfa and Petrova"Golden calf".
But today much less is known about the man whose sons were pretended to be cunning swindlers at the time of the creation of the novel.
Glorified as a hero of the first Russian revolution, decades later Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt turned out to be somewhere on the periphery of the attention of historians, not to mention ordinary inhabitants.
Those who remember Schmidt diverge radically in their assessments - for some he is an idealist who dreamed of creating a justice society in Russia, for others he is a mentally unhealthy subject, pathologically deceitful, greedy for money, hiding egoistic aspirations behind lofty speeches.
As a rule, Schmidt's assessment depends on people's attitude to the revolutionary events in Russia as a whole. Those who consider the revolution a tragedy tend to have a negative attitude towards the lieutenant, those who believe the collapse of the monarchy is inevitable treat Schmidt as a hero.
Marriage for the purpose of re-education
Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt was born on February 5 (17), 1867 in Odessa. Almost all the men of the Schmidt family devoted themselves to serving in the navy. Father and full namesake of the future revolutionary Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt rose to the rank of rear admiral, was the mayor of Berdyansk and the Berdyansk port. Uncle, Vladimir Petrovich Schmidt, held the rank of full admiral, was a holder of all Russian orders, was the senior flagship of the Baltic Fleet.
Peter Schmidt graduated from the St. Petersburg Naval School in 1886, was promoted to midshipman and assigned to the Baltic Fleet.
Among his colleagues, Peter Schmidt stood out for his eccentricity of thinking, versatile interests, love for music and poetry. The young sailor was an idealist - he was disgusted by the harsh morals that reigned at that time in the tsarist fleet. The beatings of the lower ranks, the "cane" discipline seemed monstrous to Peter Schmidt. He himself, in relations with subordinates, quickly gained fame as a liberal.
But the point is not only in the peculiarities of the service, Schmidt seemed wrong and unfair to the foundations of tsarist Russia as a whole. The officer of the fleet was instructed to choose his life partner with extreme care. And Schmidt fell in love literally on the street, with a young girl whose name was Dominika Pavlova. The problem was that the sailor's lover was... a prostitute.
Schmidt didn't stop. Perhaps his passion Dostoevsky, but he decided that he would marry Dominica and re-educate her.
They got married right after Peter graduated from college. This bold step deprived Schmidt of hopes for a great career, but this did not frighten him. In 1889, the couple had a son, who was named Evgeny.
Schmidt failed to achieve the correction of his beloved, although their marriage lasted more than a decade and a half. After the divorce, the son stayed with his father.
Merchant Navy Captain
Peter Schmidt's father could not accept and understand his son's marriage, and soon died. Peter retired from service due to illness with the rank of lieutenant, went with his family on a trip to Europe, where he became interested in aeronautics, tried to earn money with the help of demonstration flights, but in one of them he was injured upon landing and was forced to leave this hobby.
In 1892, he was reinstated in the service in the Navy, but his character and views led to constant conflicts with conservative-minded colleagues.
In 1889, leaving the service, Schmidt referred to a "nervous disease". Subsequently, with each new conflict, his opponents will hint at the mental problems of the officer.
In 1898, Peter Schmidt was again dismissed from the navy, but received the right to serve in the commercial navy.
The period from 1898 to 1904 in his life was perhaps the happiest. The service on the ships of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade (ROPiT) was difficult, but well paid, employers were satisfied with Schmidt's professional skills, and there was no trace of the "cane" discipline that disgusted him.
However, in 1904, Peter Schmidt was again called up to serve as a fleet reserve officer in connection with the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War.
Love in 40 minutes
The lieutenant was appointed senior officer on the Irtysh coal transport, assigned to the 2nd Pacific squadron, which in December 1904, with a load of coal and uniforms, went after the squadron.
A tragic fate awaited the 2nd Pacific Squadron - it was defeated in the Battle of Tsushima. But Lieutenant Schmidt himself did not participate in Tsushima. In January 1905, in Port Said, he was decommissioned from the ship due to an exacerbation of kidney disease. Schmidt's kidney problems began just after an injury sustained during his passion for aeronautics.
The lieutenant returns to his homeland, where the first salvos of the first Russian revolution are already thundering. Schmidt was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet and was appointed commander of the destroyer No. 253, based in Izmail.
In July 1904, the lieutenant, without obtaining permission from the command, went to Kerch to help his sister, who had serious family problems. Schmidt was traveling by train, stopping in Kyiv on his way. There, at the Kiev hippodrome, Peter met Zinaida Ivanovna Rizberg. She soon turned out to be his fellow traveler on the train Kyiv - Kerch. We drove together for 40 minutes, talked for 40 minutes. And Schmidt, an idealist and a romantic, fell in love. They had a novel in letters - it is about him that the hero remembers Vyacheslav Tikhonov in "Let's Live Until Monday"
This romance took place against the backdrop of ever-increasing events that reached the main base of the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol.
Oath over the grave
Peter Schmidt did not participate in any revolutionary committees, but enthusiastically met the tsar's manifesto of October 17, 1905, which guarantees "the unshakable foundations of civil freedom on the basis of real inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions."
The officer is delighted - his dreams of a new, more just structure of Russian society are beginning to come true. He ends up in Sevastopol and participates in a rally at which he calls for the release of political prisoners languishing in a local prison.
The crowd goes to the prison and comes under fire from government troops. 8 people were killed, more than fifty were injured.
For Schmidt, this becomes a deep shock. On the day of the funeral of the dead, which turned into a demonstration with the participation of 40,000 people, at the grave, Pyotr Schmidt delivers a speech that in just a couple of days makes him famous throughout Russia: But let the words of love and the holy oath that I want to pronounce here with you be like a prayer. The souls of the departed look at us and ask silently: “What will you do with this blessing, which we are forever deprived of? How will you use your freedom? Can you promise us that we are the last victims of arbitrariness? And we must calm the troubled souls of the departed, we must swear to them this. We swear by him that we will never give up a single inch of the human rights we have won. I swear! We swear by him that we will devote all our work, our whole soul, our very life to the preservation of our freedom. I swear! We swear by him that we will give all our social work for the benefit of the poor working people. We swear to them that there will be no Jew, no Armenian, no Pole, no Tatar between us, and that from now on we will all be equal and free brothers of the great free Russia. We swear to them that we will bring their cause to the end and achieve universal suffrage. I swear!
Rebellion leader
For this speech, Schmidt was immediately arrested. The authorities were not going to bring him to trial - they intended to dismiss the officer for seditious speeches.
But in the city at that moment, an uprising had actually begun. The authorities did their best to suppress the discontent.
On the night of November 12, the first Sevastopol Soviet of Sailors, Soldiers and Workers' Deputies was elected. The next morning, a general strike began. On the evening of November 13, a deputy commission, consisting of sailors and soldiers delegated from various types of weapons, including seven ships, came to Schmidt, who was released and awaiting resignation, with a request to lead the uprising.
Peter Schmidt was not ready for this role, however, having arrived on the cruiser Ochakov, whose crew became the core of the rebels, he finds himself carried away by the mood of the sailors. And the lieutenant makes the main decision in his life - he becomes the military leader of the uprising.
On November 14, Schmidt declared himself commander of the Black Sea Fleet, giving a signal: “I command the fleet. Schmidt. On the same day he sent a telegram Nicholas II: “The glorious Black Sea Fleet, sacredly faithful to its people, demands from you, sovereign, the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly and no longer obeys your ministers. Fleet Commander P. Schmidt. His 16-year-old son Eugene, who is participating in the uprising with his father, also arrives on the ship to his father.
The Ochakov team manages to release some of the previously arrested sailors from the battleship Potemkin. Meanwhile, the authorities are blocking the rebellious Ochakov, calling on the rebels to surrender.
On November 15, a red banner was raised over the Ochakovo, and the revolutionary cruiser took her first and last battle.
On other ships of the fleet, the rebels failed to take control of the situation. After an hour and a half battle, the uprising was crushed, and Schmidt and his other leaders were arrested.
From execution to honors
The trial of Peter Schmidt took place in Ochakovo from February 7 to February 18, 1906 behind closed doors. The lieutenant, who joined the rebel sailors, was accused of preparing a mutiny while on active military service.
On February 20, 1906, Pyotr Schmidt, as well as the three instigators of the uprising on Ochakovo - Antonenko, Gladkov, Private owner— were sentenced to death.
On March 6, 1906, the sentence was carried out on the island of Berezan. Schmidt's fellow student at the school, a friend of his childhood, commanded the execution. Mikhail Stavraki. Stavraki himself, 17 years later, already under Soviet rule, was found, tried and also shot.
After the February Revolution, the remains of Peter Petrovich Schmidt were reburied with military honors. The order for reburial was given future Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Alexander Kolchak. In May 1917 military and naval minister Alexander Kerensky laid the officer's St. George's Cross on Schmidt's gravestone.
Schmidt's non-partisanship played into the hands of his posthumous fame. After the October Revolution, he remained among the most revered heroes of the revolutionary movement, which, in fact, was the reason for the appearance of people posing as the sons of Lieutenant Schmidt.
The real son of Schmidt fought in the army of Wrangel
The only real son of Peter Schmidt, Eugene Schmidt, was released from prison in 1906 as a minor. Already after the February Revolution, Yevgeny Schmidt petitioned the Provisional Government for permission to add the word "Ochakovsky" to his surname. The young man explained that this desire was caused by the desire to preserve in his offspring the memory of the name and the tragic death of his revolutionary father. In May 1917, such permission was given to the son of Lieutenant Schmidt.
Schmidt-Ochakovsky did not accept the October Revolution. Moreover, he fought in the White Army, in shock units baron Wrangel, and left Russia after the final defeat of the White movement. He wandered around different countries; arrived in Czechoslovakia, where in 1926 he published the book Lieutenant Schmidt. Memoirs of a Son”, full of disappointment in the ideals of the revolution. The book, however, was not successful. In the emigration environment, the son of Lieutenant Schmidt was not even treated with suspicion, he was simply not noticed. In 1930 he moved to Paris, and the last twenty years of his life were marked by nothing remarkable. He lived in poverty and died in Paris in December 1951.
The last beloved of the lieutenant, Zinaida Rizberg, unlike his son, remained in Soviet Russia and even received a personal pension from the authorities. On the basis of the correspondence she saved with Peter Schmidt, several books were created, and even a film was made.
But best of all, the name of Lieutenant Schmidt has been preserved in history thanks to the satirical novel by Ilf and Petrov. Amazing irony of fate...
Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt was born in Odessa February 5 (17), 1867, died March 6 (19), 1906. Schmidt P.P. was born in the family of Captain-Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt (1828-1888), a hereditary nobleman and sailor, and Princess E. Ya. Schmidt (1835-1876), and he was the sixth child.
He graduated from the Naval College in St. Petersburg (1886). Served in the Baltic and pacific ocean; in 1898 he retired with the rank of lieutenant. Sailed on ocean merchant ships.
At the beginning of 1904 he was mobilized, from January 1905 he was commander of the destroyer No. 253 in the Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Revolution of 1905-07, he organized in Sevastopol the "Union of Officers - Friends of the People", then participated in the creation of the "Odessa Society for Mutual Assistance of Merchant Marine Sailors" - one of the first trade union organizations in maritime transport.
October 20 (November 2), 1905 arrested for speaking at meetings of sailors, workers and soldiers, participating in a political demonstration.
The workers elected Schmidt a lifetime deputy of the Sevastopol Soviet of Workers' Deputies; On November 3 (16) they secured his release.
On November 7 (20), Schmidt was retired and promoted to captain of the 2nd rank. With the beginning of the Sevastopol uprising, the military organization of the Social Democrats, given that Schmidt was a sincere revolutionary, although without firm political views, who knew military affairs, enjoyed authority and popularity among sailors, offered him to become the military leader of the uprising.
On November 14 (27), Schmidt arrived on the cruiser Ochakov. The red flag was raised on the ship and the pennant of the commander of the fleet.
By a court held on February 7-18 (February 20 - March 2), 1906, he was sentenced to death. Together with other leaders of the uprising, he was shot on about. Berezan (an island in the Black Sea, near the city of Ochakov).
In 1926 Schmidt P.P. - was elected an honorary member of the Sevastopol Council of Workers' Deputies.
In 1962, a museum named after him was opened in Ochakovo. More than 1.7 million people visited the P.P. Schmidt Museum during its operation. In 1972 on about. Berezan, on the site of the execution of Schmidt P.P., a monument was erected.
Who was Peter Schmidt? Adventurer, romantic, loser...
Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt was born on February 5 (17), 1867 in Odessa in the family of a hereditary naval officer. His father in the days of the first Sevastopol defense commanded a battery on the Malakhov Kurgan. Subsequently, he rose to the rank of vice admiral and died the mayor of Berdyansk. Schmidt's mother came from the princes of Skvirsky, almost of the Gedimin family - an impoverished branch of the ancient Polish kings and Lithuanian grand dukes. She was nineteen when she, against the will of noble parents, came to the besieged Sevastopol to work as a nurse. She carried the wounded sailors from the battlefield and heard kind words of gratitude from the lips of PS Nakhimov himself. An associate of Nakhimov, Captain II rank Skorobogatov, fell in love with a brave girl. But the day of the matchmaking became the day of his death. Skorobogatov died a hero on Malakhov Hill. In the same battle and on the same mound, Skorobogatov's student, the brave lieutenant P.P. Schmidt, was seriously wounded. Ekaterina Yakovlevna saved him. Later, yielding to his feelings, she became his faithful wife, caring mother of his children.
Early interest in the books of Pushkin and Tolstoy, Korolenko and Uspensky, in the ideas of revolutionary democrats, knowledge of Latin, English and French, love for the violin and the sketchbook, and most importantly, a growing sense of deep involvement in the life of his people, a feeling of compassion for the humiliated and offended - all this, first with a high school student, and then with officer Schmidt from his mother. Three of her children died in childhood. But even with Maria, Anna and Petya, she had enough worries. She raised them without nannies and governesses. She raised herself as best she could, and she knew how to do it well. Unfortunately, Ekaterina Yakovlevna passed away early, when young Petya was only nine years old. But love for his mother passed through his whole life in a light and tender strip.
In April 1876, the Schmidt family moved from Odessa to Berdyansk, where Captain 1st Rank P.P. Schmidt was appointed mayor. Autumn. Young Schmidt enters the Berdyansk Men's Gymnasium. Today this building houses pedagogical institute named after Schmidt
Pyotr Schmidt graduated from the Berdyansk Men's Gymnasium in 1880 and entered the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. After graduating, he entered the Baltic Fleet with the rank of midshipman, where on January 1, 1887 he was enrolled in the rifle team of the 8th Baltic naval crew. But conceit and extreme ambition caused him to be rejected by the officer team - after 20 days, Schmidt was expelled due to illness with a six-month vacation and transfer to the Black Sea Fleet.
Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt was a man "with great oddities." On graduation day Maritime School the newly promoted midshipman Schmidt married a street prostitute, Dominika Gavrilovna Pavlova, whom he had previously hired. He dreamed of "developing her personality". He served in the rank of midshipman for only two years and retired due to illness. Then from 1892 to 1898 he was again in the service. He served on the gunboat "Beaver", which was part of the Siberian flotilla in the Far East. In 1898, with the rank of lieutenant, he again retired. Sailed on ocean merchant ships of the Volunteer Fleet and ROPIT ( Russian society shipping and trade). He was the captain of the steamer "Diana", which was engaged in the transportation of goods across the Black Sea (in August-September 2009, Berdyansk divers made an expedition to the sunken steamer "Diana" and, thanks to the help of the Berdyansk Commercial Sea Port, the propeller of the ship was raised. The artifact is planned to be installed in the Schmidt Museum) .
In the newspaper "Odessa News" dated November 20, 1905, memories of Schmidt were printed, signed "Sailor". "The writer of these lines sailed as an assistant to P.P. Schmidt when he commanded the Diana. Not to mention the fact that all of us, his colleagues, deeply respected and loved this man, we looked at him as a teacher of maritime affairs. The most enlightened Pyotr Petrovich was a most enlightened captain, he used all the latest techniques in navigation and astronomy, and sailing under his command was an indispensable school, especially since Pyotr Petrovich always, sparing no time and effort, taught everyone as a comrade and friend. One of his assistants, who sailed for a long time with other captains and was then assigned to the Diana, having made one voyage with Pyotr Petrovich, said: "He opened my eyes to the sea!"
In 1904, with the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, he was mobilized to the Baltic Fleet and was appointed senior officer of the Irtysh coal transport, which was part of Admiral Rozhestvensky's squadron heading to the Far East. In September 1904, in Libau, where the Irtysh was preparing for the campaign, Schmidt got into a fight at a ball organized by the Red Cross Society.
“In the midst of the ball, during a respite in dancing, the senior officer of the Anadyr transport, Lieutenant Muravyov, who was dancing with a blue-eyed, blond beauty, Baroness Krudener, was sitting and talking with his lady. At this time, the senior officer of the Irtysh transport, Lieutenant Schmidt, who was at the other end of the hall, came close to Muravyov and, without saying a word, slapped him in the face. Baroness Krüdener shrieked and fainted; several people from those sitting nearby rushed towards her, and the lieutenants grappled in a deadly fight and, striking each other, fell to the floor, continuing to fight. From under them, like from under fighting dogs, pieces of paper, confetti, and cigarette butts flew. The picture was disgusting. Captain Zenov was the first to rush to the fighters of the 178th Infantry Regiment, his example was followed by other officers who pulled the fighters by force. Immediately they were arrested and sent to the port. When they were led out into the hallway, whose large crystal glass windows looked out onto Kurgauzsky Prospekt, where hundreds of cabbies stood in line, then the lieutenant. Schmidt grabbed a heavy yellow chair and threw it at the windows.
According to Rerberg, Schmidt arranged this incident specifically in order to be expelled from the service.
During the campaign of the squadron, Schmidt was repeatedly subjected to penalties, in the parking lot in Port Said, at the entrance to the Suez Canal, Lieutenant Schmidt was decommissioned from the Irtysh "due to illness" and sent to Russia. Appointed commander of the destroyer No. 253, based in Izmail for patrols on the Danube.
At the beginning of the Revolution of 1905, he organized in Sevastopol the "Union of Officers - Friends of the People", then participated in the creation of the "Odessa Society for Mutual Assistance of Merchant Marine Sailors". Conducting propaganda among sailors and officers, Schmidt called himself a non-party socialist.
On October 18 (31), Schmidt led a crowd of people who surrounded the city prison, demanding the release of prisoners. On October 20 (November 2), 1905, at the funeral of eight people who died during the riots, he delivered a speech that became known as the "Schmidt oath": "We swear that we will never cede to anyone a single inch of the human rights we have won." On the same day, Schmidt was arrested. On November 7 (20), Schmidt was dismissed with the rank of captain of the 2nd rank.
What wind brought the lieutenant to the rebel cruiser Ochakov is still unknown. After all, Schmidt had nothing to do with the preparation of the uprising! Schmidt allegedly arrived at the Ochakov at the request of the sailors. “Exalted, struck by the grandeur of the goals opening before him, Schmidt not so much led the uprising as he himself was inspired by it!” - this is how his biographers explained his act. As a result, the madman declared himself commander of the Black Sea Fleet, about which he informed the emperor with a special telegram: “The glorious Black Sea Fleet, sacredly faithful to its people, demands from you, sovereign, the immediate convocation of the Constituent Assembly and no longer obeys your ministers. Fleet Commander P. Schmidt. A signal was raised on the Ochakovo: “I command the fleet. Schmidt,” and the lieutenant felt that now the entire fleet would raise red flags and recognize him as commander! The next day the rebellion was crushed.
Sentenced by a naval tribunal to death. He was shot on March 6 (19), 1906 on the island of Berezan.
Numerous “children of Lieutenant Schmidt” immediately appeared: young people and girls spoke at rallies, calling for “revenge for daddy”, and at the same time to contribute money to the party cash desks.
In Ilf and Petrov's novel The Golden Calf, "thirty sons and four daughters of Lieutenant Schmidt" are mentioned - impostors and swindlers "working" by mutual agreement in different regions of the USSR. Schmidt's real son is Eugene, who participated in the 1905 rebellion with his father, during civil war served in the white army, and then emigrated abroad.
Pyotr Schmidt was the only officer of the Russian fleet who joined the revolution of 1905-1907, therefore, his name was widely used by Soviet propaganda. His half-brother, the hero of the defense of Port Arthur, Vladimir Petrovich Schmidt, because of the shame that fell on the family, changed his last name to Schmitt.
Who was Peter Schmidt? Adventurer, romantic, loser, you decide.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia, http://berdyanskcity.ru/people/20-shmidt-petr-petrovich.html
Berezan Island in the Black Sea. It is also called the island of Lieutenant Schmidt
Berezan Island It is also called the island of Lieutenant Schmidt. Here, on March 6, 1906, by the verdict of the royal court, the commander of the revolutionary squadron of the insurgent Black Sea Fleet, Lieutenant Pyotr Petrovich Schmidt, and the leaders of the uprising on the cruiser "Ochakov" were shot. When Schmidt learned about the confirmation of the sentence and the place of execution, he said:
- "It will be good for me to die on Berezan ... There will be a high sky above me, the sea around me is my favorite element."
In 1968, at the highest point of the southern tip of Berezan Island, according to the project of young architects, graduates of the Odessa Civil Engineering Institute N. Galakina and V. Ochakovsky, students of the same institute and students of the Nikolaev Shipbuilding Institute erected an original monument to P.P. Schmidt and his associates. It consists of 16-meter reinforced concrete steles located 120 degrees relative to each other. When approaching the island from any direction, it looks like one huge sail filled with wind - a symbol of the sea element, courage and stamina of sailors.
In the northeastern part of the island at the end of the last century, archaeologists discovered the oldest Greek settlement on the territory of the USSR, founded in the 7th century BC, the city of Borisfenites, similar to Olbia and other ancient Greek cities that appeared in the Northern Black Sea region much later (in the 5th century BC). VI centuries BC). The island has been declared an archaeological reserve. Archaeological research on it was started at the end of the last century, they continue to this day. The objects of human activity found by archaeologists helped them uncover the history of the island. The hypothesis was confirmed that in the 7th century BC. on the island there was a fairly large agricultural and craft settlement, in which farmers, masons, carpenters, tanners, bone cutters, and potters lived. After the formation of the large ancient Greek city-state of Olbia, the Berezan settlement ceded its primacy to it and after several centuries disappeared for unknown reasons.
- The displacement is called the vector connecting the start and end points of the trajectory The vector connecting the beginning and end of the path is called
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