Major personalities of the 20th century. People who changed the 20th century
The turbulent twentieth century gave rise to the two most destructive wars in the history of mankind and the global redistribution of the world. In the context of world history, this was just another clash of world powers, but the events caused the emergence of the so-called lost generation and colossal human losses. It is impossible not to mention the Cold War with former allies and many local conflicts.
A revolution thundered in Russia that put an end to the monarchy, a young Soviet state which did not survive until the end of the century. The end of the century was the time of globalization and endemic computerization. Such great amount events of a very different nature added many new names to history.
Time Magazine's Man of the Century
The 20th century list was published by the American magazine Time in the December 1999 issue. Of the 100 chosen, Albert Einstein became the man of the century. This decision was justified by the fact that the twentieth century, according to the editors of the journal, will be remembered primarily for technology and science. Einstein, on the other hand, serves as an example for all the outstanding scientists whose work is based on his discoveries.
On the cover of the magazine was the famous photo of Albert Einstein, taken during a photo shoot, in which the scientist told the photographer about his despair that the theory of relativity became the guide for the US government in creating an atomic bomb.
There were discussions among the compilers of the list about Adolf Hitler, the Fuhrer in charge of the Second world war and the persecution of the Jews by the Nazis, proclaiming him Man of the Century for his influence on the twentieth century. The requirements of the magazine for candidates included the fact that the chosen person had to have a huge impact on the century, but it does not matter which one - good or bad.
As a result, the image of Hitler was decided not to be placed on the cover of the issue. But there was an article by the journalist G. Gibbs “Justified Evil?”, In which she argued that the Fuhrer was simply the last in the chain of “bloodthirsty personalities” that originated from Genghis Khan.
Political leaders and revolutionaries
Among famous people The 20th century can list Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, Theodore Roosevelt, Lech Walesa, Pope John Paul II, Winston Churchill, Mao Zedong, Franklin Roosevelt, Nelson Mandela, Ronald Reagan, David Ben-Gurion, Ho Chi Minh, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Adolf Hitler, Imam Khomeini. All these people were national, political or social leaders, leaders revolutionary movements.
Time magazine singled out Vladimir Lenin and Mikhail Gorbachev in the list of famous people of the 20th century. From the point of view of his supporters, Vladimir Lenin devoted his life to the struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants from capitalist oppression. This is the most prominent political figure, the ideologist of communism and the founder of the Soviet state.
Mikhail Gorbachev became the first and last (that is, the only) president of the USSR, who started perestroika - the reform of the entire political system, the result of which was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the history of modern Russia. Acceleration, glasnost, the end of the Cold War and the beginning of private enterprise - all this is connected with the rule of Mikhail Sergeyevich.
Outstanding scientists and thinkers
Among the famous people of the 20th century, it is impossible not to mention thinkers, philosophers and outstanding scientists. Among them are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Jonas Salk, William Bradford Shockley, the Wright brothers, Lius, Mary and Richard Leakey, Sir Alexander Fleming, Leo Hendrik Baekeland, Sir Tim Bernes-Lee.
In 1903, the first aircraft, created by the American inventors the Wright brothers, lasted 59 seconds in the air. This event is considered to be the moment of the birth of aviation. In 1941, Konrad Zuse created a mechanical computer, and in 1946, John Mauchly introduced the world to the first electronic computer. World Putin was invented by Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee.
In the forties, the technology for the production of penicillin was developed, which began to be produced on an industrial scale. Alexander Feming proved that this fungus causes the complete death of pathogenic bacteria. In 1953, Francis Crick and James Watts discovered the structure of a new DNA helix, and Rutherford hypothesized the structure of the smallest unit of matter and was the first to extract energy from the nuclei of atoms.
Celebrities in the art world
In the 20th century, famous people were engaged not only in scientific discoveries and inventions, but also in social and political activities. Many changes have taken place in the field of art. Celebrities include Bob Dylan, Louis Armstrong, Coco Chanel, Charlie Chaplin, Pablo Picasso, Frank Sinatra, Igor Stravinsky, Steven Spielberg, Oprah Winfrey.
Interestingly, in the list of famous people of the 20th century, Time magazine included the cartoon character Bart Simpson. The Simpsons combined social satire and animation in a way that had never been done before. And, for example, Oprah Winfrey, according to Time, participated in the formation of both the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, so she had the honor of being honored again in 2004.
Heroes and idols of millions
There are many really familiar names in the list of heroes and idols of the 20th century. These are Che Guevara, Mohammed Ali, Princess Diana, Mother Teresa, Anne Frank, Bruce Lee, Marilyn Monroe, Pele, William Wilson, John F. Kennedy and others. Famous people of the early 20th century have become for many people symbols of hope, real idols worshiped by millions. For Russians, the main idols of the past century were Yuri Gagarin, Vladimir Vysotsky, Georgy Zhukov, Joseph Stalin, Lev Andrey Sakharov.
Famous people of Russia of the 20th century
There were many famous personalities in Soviet Russia in the 20th century. What can we say about the first man who flew into space, Yuri Gagarin, the famous surgeon Nikolai Amosov, the poet and designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, the physicist Igor Kurchatov, the composer Dmitry Shostakovich and other outstanding figures of science and art. All these names were familiar to Soviet citizens from childhood.
There are many heroes of a smaller scale, that is, regional ones, but their contribution to the common cause is no less important than the work of major political figures, talented talents or world-famous scientists. In the Amur Region alone, several well-known people of the early 20th century can be immediately listed: V. M. Popov, a natural scientist, A. Ya. Gurov, the first Amur archaeologist, K. N. edged weapons and others.
The first fighter for the civil rights of African Americans in the United States, the Baptist preacher and prominent speaker Martin Luther King urged his supporters that racism should be resisted, but not by violent means. No bloodshed! He opposed US colonial aggression and the Vietnam War. For success in democratization American society Martin King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He had a dream - to destroy racial prejudice so that whites and blacks could coexist in America as equals.
- Sergei Pavlovich Korolev - Chief Designer
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was an outstanding design engineer who dreamed of conquering space. He made a huge contribution to organizing the production of rocket and space technology and rocket weapons in the Soviet Union. He was the first in the world to launch satellites into earth orbit, scientific stations, spaceships. The news shocked the whole world. He dreamed of exploring the expanses of the Universe with the help of automatic devices and began to prepare a flight to Mars, but he did not manage to carry out his plans.
- Deng Xiaoping - China Reformer
Officially, Deng Xiaoping is a Chinese revolutionary and politician; unofficially, he is the leader of the country. From the late 1970s to the early 1990s, he proclaimed a policy of economic reform and building socialism with a "Chinese face." Under him, the Celestial Empire became a strong, developed state. He put forward the idea of uniting China and Taiwan on the principle of "one state - two systems." Throughout the world, he was recognized as an outstanding Chinese reformer of the 20th century.
- Robert Oppenheimer - Destroyer of Worlds
This is how Robert Oppenheimer, an American physicist, the creator of the atomic bomb, called himself when he learned about the terrible victims and destruction caused by the American atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. He was a conscientious person and further urged the scientists of the world not to create weapons of enormous destructive power. He entered the history of science as *the father of the atomic bomb" and as the discoverer of black holes in the universe.
- Alfred Hitchcock - King of Horrors
In the history of world cinema, Alfred Hitchcock, the famous English and American director, has remained as an unsurpassed master of horror films. He created action-packed pictures with an atmosphere of anxiety, tense expectation, with gloomy humor. They were called thrillers or suspense. Hitchcock skillfully influenced the psyche of the audience, subordinated them to himself. In total, he released 55 feature films, many of which have become classics of world cinema. He was repeatedly awarded the "Oscar" of the American Film Academy.
- Mao Zedong - Chinese Communism
The author of the "Great Leap Forward", the creator of the "cultural revolution", Mao Zedong, along with the classics Marx, Engels and Lenin, was considered one of the pillars of the Marxist political thought. Ruthlessness towards enemies, purposefulness and perseverance distinguished one of the founders of the Communist Party of China and the founder of the People's Republic of China. China has spent many years overcoming the negative consequences of his rule in order to embark on the path of civilized development.
- Charles Spencer (Charlie) Chaplin - The Great Silent
Charles Chaplin became famous during the silent film era when he created the image of Charlie, an intellectual vagabond, a shy, thieving little man who boldly spoke out against injustice. And even when sound films began to be made in 1927, Chaplin remained true to his former silent image for another decade. During his life, he played 80 roles and became known throughout the world as a comedian, but he was also a screenwriter, director, producer and even composer of his own films. Chaplin has been awarded many international awards, but his main award is the love of the public.
- Adolf Hitler - Fuhrer for Europe
Historians have found an explanation for the phenomenon of Hitler's impact on 66 million obedient Germans in 1933, but they have not found justification for his actions, by which he plunged Europe into the abyss of a cruel war and brought untold suffering to the peoples. The number of crimes he committed in the name of the superiority of one nation over others, in the name of conquest living space, huge. In history, he remained as an immeasurably exalted personality, who lost his sense of reality and created great disasters.
- Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (Le Corbusier) - Rational architect
In Moscow, at 39 Myasnitskaya Street, in 1930 an original building with large glazed windows was built. It was intended for the Central Union. It was designed by the Swiss-born French architect Charles Jle Corbusier, one of the most famous architects of the 20th century. A supporter of the functional style, the founder of modernism, he worked in different countries, including in Switzerland, France, USA, Argentina, Japan, Russia. He was the author of the so-called free form in architecture, he proposed to build without frills, simply, sublimely and with an abundance of light.
- Coco Chanel - Always fashionable woman
Coco Chanel loved black and recommended to her clients to wear a little black fitted dress. A black handbag, an elegant black hat and black glasses go well with a black dress. The "blacked out" look was so common among fashionistas in the 1920s that Coco's clothing was compared in popularity to Ford's American T-model, which produced only black cars off the assembly line. Gabrielle liked men, “and many liked her. From her youth she was picky, she tried to be close to those who had a position in society and money. And, of course, the mind. It was said that it was men, their typically masculine style, that influenced her to create a feminine, strict business style.
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt - America's Political Star
During the Great Depression in 1933, the United States elected the 32nd President Franklin Roosevelt. He promised to lead the country out of a deep crisis. In the same year, the president established diplomatic relations with the USSR. Since the beginning of World War II, he supported Great Britain, France and the USSR in the fight against Nazi Germany. He also put forward the idea of creating the United Nations. He had extensive plans in international politics, but he failed to complete them.
- Pablo Ruiz Picasso - Most Expensive Artist
A Spaniard by origin, Pablo Picasso - an artist, graphic artist, sculptor and designer - at first simply amazed the public with his unusual works, and then had a huge impact on the entire art world of the 20th century. He became the founder of cubism, depicting a person as a series of combined planes. This achieved, as they said, an ugly similarity. And admired it. He said that he portrays the world not as he sees it, but as he represents it. This is much more valuable, this is the highest creativity. His works are recognized as the most sought after and turned out to be the most expensive in the world.
- Alexander Fleming - Medic against staph
Alexander Fleming, a native of Scotland, an English bacteriologist, spent his whole life looking for medicines that could help a person cope with infectious diseases. He was the first to discover that there is a special liquid in the human mucous membranes, which not only prevents the penetration of microbes, but also kills them. He isolated this substance, it was called lysozyme. Later, he was able to detect a substance that kills bacteria in the penicillum mold. And the first antibiotic appeared - penicillin, which revolutionized medicine.
- George Cagpleth Marshall - The Marshall Plan
George Marshall was one of the American army generals who pushed for a Second Front during World War II. He was a participant in its development. But he went down in history as the main creator of the Marshall Plan, according to which the European states affected by the war were given a 4-year loan to restore the economy. This plan paid off completely. He allowed for a short time to restore France, Great Britain, Italy, and in Germany there was an "economic miracle". The plan was also proposed to the Soviet Union, but Stalin refused it. In 1953, as the initiator of the plan for the revival of Europe, Marshall became a laureate Nobel Prize peace.
- Albert Einstein - Everything in the world is relative
Albert Einstein - one of the founders of theoretical physics, a Nobel Prize winner, a public figure - made a strange impression on his contemporaries: he dressed casually, loved sweaters, did not comb his hair, could show his tongue to a photographer, and generally did God knows what. But behind this frivolous appearance was a paradoxical scientist-thinker, the author of over 600 works on different topics. His theory of relativity revolutionized science. It turned out that the world not so simple. Space-time is curved, and as a result, gravity changes, the course of time changes, the sun's rays deviate from the direct direction.
- Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Stalin) - Inspirer of all victories
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the head of the Soviet government, Joseph Stalin led the country to an industrial path of development, with his name the Soviet people won the Great Patriotic War, he caused mass labor heroism, under him the country became a superpower. But he planted a totalitarian, dictatorial regime in the country, carried out forced collectivization, during his time famine broke out in the country, mass repressions were carried out, the world community was divided into two camps - socialist and capitalist. In history, Stalin remained a double personality: the winner in the war and the tyrant of his own
people.
- Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill - Prominent politician of Britain
Since childhood, Winston Churchill, the British statesman, prime minister of the country, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953, was distinguished by stubbornness and self-will. What he did not want, he did not do no matter what. But if he did what he wanted, then millions admired it. He entered the history of the 20th century as a man who created the history of Britain and the peoples of Europe.
- Captain Roald Amundsen - Conqueror of the Earth's Poles
Before embarking on a childhood dream - explore North Pole, Roald Amundsen was a simple sailor for several years, went on sailing-motor ships to Mexico, Britain, Spain, Africa, spent two years on an expedition to the South Pole. But his dream remained the other end of the Earth - the Arctic, where no human foot had yet set foot. He entered the history of northern scientific expeditions as the man who was the first to visit both poles of the Earth.
- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) - Practitioner of building communism
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is the most famous politician of the 20th century. For over 70 years in the Soviet Union, he was considered an unsurpassed genius, who set the goal of building communism in Russia, which assumed the presence of highly developed productive forces, the absence of division into social classes and the abolition of the state, in which there should not have been money and the principle "from each according to abilities, to each according to his needs. In 1920, in his speech “The Tasks of Youth Unions,” Lenin argued that communism would be built in the 1930s and 1950s. In 1917, Lenin undertook the impossible task of making backward agrarian Russia socialist and then communist. He dreamed that the working people would receive everything according to their needs. The idea turned out to be untenable. True, after Lenin, the country gradually switched to an industrial path of development. Communism was not achieved, but at the cost of enormous efforts, including millions of human victims, the USSR approached the leading positions on the world stage.
- Wilber and Orville Wright - Taught an airplane to fly
The first flight of two Americans, the Wright brothers - the elder Wilber and the younger Orville - on the Flyer apparatus on December 17, 1903 with an internal combustion engine surprised both Americans and Europeans. And 2 years later, the brothers flew on an airplane of their own design with a motor. Their main merit was that, while experimenting on the ground in a wind tunnel, they discovered the so-called three axes of rotation of the aircraft - longitudinal, transverse and vertical, which ensured balance during the flight. This was the fundamental difference between their devices and those that were being designed at that time.
Those who left their mark on history are remembered for centuries. Undoubtedly, all these outstanding personalities were ambitious, self-confident and purposeful.
At the same time, they are the same people as all of us - with hidden fears, childish grievances and a desire to declare themselves to the world. So let's remember once again what they were ...
1. Vladimir Lenin (04/22/1870-01/21/1924)
Country RussiaVladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) is a Russian revolutionary who dreamed of leading the country to communism. His childhood passed in Simbirsk. When Vladimir was 17 years old, his older brother was hanged, proving his involvement in a conspiracy against the tsar. Alexander III. This made a painful impression on the child and influenced the formation of a worldview. After graduating from school, Ulyanov ( real name Vladimir) studied abroad, and upon his return founded the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Proletariat. He created the Iskra printed edition, from the pages of which communist ideology emanated.
Was in exile. After the revolution in February 1917, he returned to his homeland, where he headed the new government. He is the founder of the Red Army, changes war communism to a less burdensome new economic policy.
2. Adolf Hitler (04/20/1889 - 04/30/1945)
Country: GermanyAdolf Hitler is perhaps one of the most feared people in history. By origin - an Austrian, his direct ancestors were peasants. Only his father managed to become an official.
During the First World War he was in the service. He was distinguished by frailty and fawning, but masterfully mastered the art of oratory. In the post-war period, he worked as a "spy", infiltrating gang formations of communists and leftist forces.
He was a member of the meeting of the German Workers' Party, where he was imbued with the ideas of National Socialism and identified the main enemy - the Jews. The way of thinking of one person later led to millions of human victims and broken destinies of people of various nationalities.
In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. After the death of the President of Germany, he was given the powers of government, which, as we know, ended in terrible bloody events for the whole world. It is believed that Hitler committed suicide, although there is a theory of the death of his double.
3. Joseph Stalin (12/18/1878-03/05/1953)
Country: USSRJoseph Stalin is a cult figure for an entire era, surrounded by an aura of mystery. 30 options for pseudonyms, changing the date of birth, hiding one's noble roots - these are not all the secrets of the great leader.
During his reign, a different opinion was equated with a crime - many executions were committed, the camps were overcrowded. On the other hand, the totalitarian leadership made it possible in record time to raise the USSR from the ruins of the civil war and win the Great Patriotic War.
4. Mahatma Gandhi (October 2, 1869 - January 30, 1948)
Country: IndiaMahatma Gandhi is one of the most prominent people, a peacemaker who fought against aggression with his "accurate" word. He became the father of the whole nation, the "pious soul" of the whole world, vehemently defended human rights.
His personality and ideology were formed under the influence of the Mahabharata, books and correspondence with Leo Tolstoy, the philosophical teachings of G.D. Toro. He fought against caste inequality, organized the Indian Independence from Britain movement, tried to resolve the conflict that arose between Muslims and Hindus inhabiting Pakistan using non-violent principles.
5. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (05/19/1881 - 11/10/1938)
Country: TurkeyMustafa Kemal is considered the father of Turkey, where his personality is honored, remembered and monuments are erected in almost every city. He organized secret societies to combat the corruption of military officials, was the initiator of the liberation movement against the Anglo-Greek intervention, and also abolished the sultanate, introducing a republican form of government.
Kemal is a supporter of moderate dictatorship. He tried to reform the state along the lines of Western countries. Thanks to his efforts, women's rights were equalized with men's.
6. Konrad Adenauer (01/05/1876 - 04/19/1967)
Country: Germany (Germany)Konrad Adenauer - the first Federal Chancellor of Germany, a ruler with positive traits in new history Germany. During the period when the Nazis came to power, Adenauer resigned from his posts because of his personal enmity towards Hitler. Since he was an opponent of the regime, he was arrested by the Gestapo. After the end of the Second World War, he headed the Christian Democratic Union, was the chancellor of Germany from the 49th to the 63rd year.
An energetic and strong-willed politician, a supporter of an authoritarian style of government with the simultaneous presence of rigid and flexible methods of leadership, he was able to raise the country from ruins. The rate of development of the FRG was far ahead of the GDR. Konrad Adenauer was loved by the people, had the nickname "Der Alte" ("Old Man" or "Master").
7. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (11/30/1874 - 01/24/1965)
Country: UKOne of the most prominent people in the UK, "long-liver" of the political arena. Churchill served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
His activities were not limited to politics. Winston, the son of the Duke of Marlborough, was a versatile personality: a historian, artist and writer (awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature). Churchill was the first to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.
8. Charles de Gaulle (11/22/1890 - 11/9/1970)
Country: FranceA well-known French politician, the first president of the Fifth Republic. He headed the anti-Hitler coalition, in 1944-1946 he was the head of the provisional government of France. On his initiative, in 1958, a new constitution was prepared, which expanded the rights of the president.
Of particular importance is the withdrawal from the NATO bloc and French-Soviet cooperation. Supported the creation of its own nuclear forces.
9. Mikhail Gorbachev (03/02/1931)
Country: USSRMikhail Gorbachev is the first and only president of the USSR, a politician who wanted to make the country more open and democratic. The restructuring of the state, which Mikhail Gorbachev began, has become a difficult period for all the people of the post-Soviet space. The collapse of the USSR, the decline of the economy, unemployment - all this is well remembered by people who lived at the end of the 20th century.
The undoubted success of Mikhail Sergeyevich was his meetings with Ronald Reagan and the first steps towards ending cold war with the USA. In 1991, Gorbachev announced that he was leaving the presidency, transferring powers to Boris Yeltsin.
10. Vladimir Putin (07.10.1952)
Country RussiaVladimir Putin is an outstanding politician Russian Federation, receiver of Boris Yeltsin. Today Vladimir Putin leads the country for the third time. A native of a simple working-class family was in the service of the KGB. He worked in the state security bodies of Dresden in the GDR. In 1991 he returned to his homeland, to St. Petersburg, where he headed the committee for external relations of the mayor's office.
Putin managed to stabilize the situation in Chechnya and stick to social priorities during the 2008 economic crisis. The third term of the president was crowned with active actions to return the Crimea to Russia in connection with the refusal of the population to obey the new illegitimate government in Ukraine. This situation was not accepted by the heads of the European countries.
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Adjubey Alexey Ivanovich
Alexey Ivanovich Adzhubey (1924-1993) - an outstanding journalist of the short period of the "Khrushchev thaw". This name arose in the firmament of domestic journalism half a century ago and soon became widely known in our country - the editor-in-chief of Komsomolskaya Pravda, and then Izvestia, which began to appear in millions of copies under him. Public interest in A. I. Adzhubey was fueled by this. that he was the son-in-law of N. S. Khrushchev. This fact of the biography, which contributed to the ascent of the young talented journalist to the newspaper Olympus, subsequently played a fatal role in his fate: in October 1964, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU removed Khrushchev from all posts and, at the same time, Adjubey was removed from the post of editor-in-chief of the Izvestia newspaper.
Chingiz Aitmatov was born on December 12, 1928 in the village of Sheker (Kyrgyzstan). Under the influence of the family, the future writer from childhood became familiar with Russian culture, the Russian language and literature. In 1937, his father, who occupied a leading position, was repressed, and Chingiz had to face the true life of the people: his work experience began at the age of ten, and from the age of fourteen he had to work as a secretary of the village council (this was the time of the Patriotic War, and adult men were on front), solving the most difficult questions big village life. After graduating from eight grades, he entered the Dzhambul Zootechnical School, from which he graduated with honors, and was admitted without exams to the Agricultural Institute. In his student years, he wrote small notes, articles, essays, publishing them in newspapers. After graduation, he worked as a livestock specialist, continuing to write.
In 1956 he came to study in Moscow at the Higher Literary Courses, which gave him a lot. Returning to Kyrgyzstan, he became the editor of the journal "Literary Kyrgyzstan", for five years he was his own correspondent for the newspaper "Pravda" in Kyrgyzstan. The novel "Jamilya" (1958), later included in the book "The Tale of the Mountains and Steppes" (Lenin Prize, 1963), brought wide fame to the young writer. In 1961, the story "My Poplar in a Red Scarf" was published. This was followed by the stories "The First Teacher" (1962), "Mother's Field" (1965), "Farewell, Gulsary!" (1966)," white steamer"(1970) and others. The first novel written by Aitmatov is "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Stormy Station", 1980). In 1988, the famous novel "The Block" was published. Ch. Aitmatov was able to make a diplomatic career: Ambassador of the USSR to Luxembourg, is currently the Ambassador of Kyrgyzstan to Belgium, without leaving literary activity(novel "Cassandra's Brand", 1994).
Surgeon, writer, thinker-publicist. Amosov Nikolai Mikhailovich [b. 6 (19). 12.1913], Soviet surgeon, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1961), Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939 he graduated from the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. Since 1952, the head of the clinic of thoracic surgery of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Thoracic Surgery. F. G. Yanovsky. In 1954 he created and headed the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the Kyiv Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education. Works A. devoted to the surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs, heart, blood vessels, medical cybernetics. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 6th-7th convocations. Lenin Prize (1961). Awarded with the Order Lenin, 3 other orders, as well as medals.
The author of several works of fiction (for example, the story "Thoughts and Heart", 1965: in 1969, the film "Degree of Risk" was released based on this story).
People's Artist of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. Irina Konstantinovna Arkhipova is an outstanding Russian singer (mezzosoprano). "Queen of Russian Opera". One of the brightest Russian names on the world opera stage of the second half of the 20th century. Architect by education. In Moscow, there are buildings built according to her designs. She began to get involved in singing during her studies at the Architectural Institute. Already working as an architect, she graduated from the Moscow Conservatory. She performed the leading repertoire at the Opera and Ballet Theater in Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Two years after the Sverdlovsk debut, she was invited to the Bolshoi Theater and made her debut on its stage in the part of Carmen, which became a landmark for the singer. In 1959, Arkhipova sang the part of Carmen in a duet with the outstanding Italian tenor Mario del Monaco in a performance by the Bolshoi Theatre, after which she was invited by the Italian singer to stage the opera Carmen in Rome and Naples. The triumph of these performances marked the beginning of her brilliant international career. Irina Arkhipova is recognized as the best Carmen in the world. Four and a half decades of Irina Konstantinovna's creative performing career included performances in the entire leading mezzo-soprano repertoire at the Bolshoi Theater and other theaters in Russia, as well as on the world's leading stages - La Scala and Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera and Colon. She is an outstanding chamber singer with a huge repertoire of classical romances and song cycles. For more than three decades, Irina Konstantinovna Arkhipova has been engaged in the professional development of young Russian singers. He is the chairman of the jury of the All-Russian and International Vocal Competitions. Glinka. Thanks to a coherent system for identifying and educating vocal talents, the prestige of Russia as a vocal power has been increased. President of the International Union of Musical Figures. President of the Irina Arkhipova Foundation. The organizer of numerous festivals, including "Irina Arkhipova Presents", musical drawing rooms, etc. She received all the highest awards and titles of the USSR and Russia. Listed in the Russian book of records as the most titled Russian singer.
Title: Academician.
Elected: 09/27/1943.
Specialization: economics
Born on December 1, 1903, the village of Teploe Chernskogo Tula lips. Died September 30, 1950, Moscow. Economist, party and statesman. Academician in the Department of Economics and Law (Economics) since September 27, 1943.
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin 1934-1968. Test pilot. First in the world to fly Earth on the spaceship"Vostok" 04/12/1961 Cosmonaut No. 1.
(b. 1923) Avar poet, People's Poet of Dagestan (1959), Hero of Socialist Labor (1974). Son of G. Tsadasa. Poetry collections "The Year of My Birth" (1950; State Prize of the USSR, 1952), "High Stars" (1962; Lenin Prize, 1963), "Letters" (1963), "Rosary of Years" (1968), "At the Hearth" ( 1978), "Island of Women" (1983), "Wheel of Life" (1987), lyrical story "My Dagestan" (books 1-2, 1967-71). Gamzatov's poetry is distinguished by civic consciousness, lyricism, a penchant for philosophy and aphorism, and national folklore flavor.
Gorkin Alexander Fedorovich (August 24, 1897, the village of Ramenki, Tver province - 1988), statesman, Hero of Socialist Labor (1967). The son of a peasant. In 1916 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. From Aug. 1917 to June 1919 Secretary of the Tver City Council, Chairman of the Provincial Executive Committee. In 1919-20 he served in the Red Army. Since 1921, an employee of the Tver Provincial Committee. Kirghiz regional committee, Central Volga regional committee of the party, apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1934-37 he was the 1st secretary of the Orenburg Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From 1937 secretary of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from 1938 - the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1937-74 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1939-52 he was a candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1952-76 he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. After the death of I.V. Stalin in 1953 was removed from the post of secretary of the Presidium, but in 1956 he returned to his post again. In 1957-72 before. Supreme Court of the USSR, in 1959-61 at the same time before. CRC. Participated in the campaign for the rehabilitation of victims of the cult of personality, although the bulk of the cases took place in 1954-56, i.e. prior to his appointment. court. In 1972 he retired.
Russian designer, doctor of technical sciences (1971), colonel (1969), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1958, 1976). Created AK and AKM assault rifles, RPK, PK, PKT machine guns, etc. Lenin Prize (1964), State Prize of the USSR (1949). Major General (1994).
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich, Soviet state. and part. activist, Hero Socialist. Labor (1944). Entered the nearest polit. entourage of I. V. Stalin; actually sanctioned the mass repressions of the 1930s and 40s. He graduated in 1889 villages. school. From 1896 he worked as a turner at the Putilov factory. Member communist. parties since 1898. He was a member of St. Petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class", was an agent of Iskra. He was repeatedly arrested, imprisoned, exiled. Participant 3 grew up. roar-tion. During the years of the Civil war led the propaganda-instructor train " October Revolution”, which made 12 flights to the center. regions of Russia, Ukraine, Sev. Caucasus, Ural, Siberia and almost all fronts. Member since 1926 Party Politburo. From March 1919 pres. VTsIK. From 30 Dec. 1922 preds. Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from 1938 to March 1946 chairman. Presidium Top. Council of the USSR. First time visiting Chel. in Nov. 1920. On the morning of 18 Nov. train "October Revolution" arrived in Chel. After a short rally at the station, K. held a meeting in the provincial party committee dedicated to. fight against destruction. He delivered greetings. speech to conscripts and school graduates kr. military commanders. parade on the square Revolutions. In the evening, he took part in a rally on the railway. node, spoke at a meeting of the 2nd District Congress of Soviets in the People's House with a report on strengthening the Soviets. power in the country and its priorities. On the trail. day K. visited Chel. coal mines, spoke at a rally in the circus with a report on the international. position. In addition to speaking at rallies, K. considered complaints from citizens and took decisions on them. During the 2nd visit June 1, 1933 K. attended the celebrations. start-up ChTZ, got acquainted with the work of the main. workshops. In the afternoon he spoke at the celebrations. rally at the factory square. On the trail. day addressed with a speech to drummers and tech. plant personnel. On the same day, he visited the ferroalloy plant, ChGRES, the plant named after. Kolyushchenko.
(01/28/02/10/1911-1978), Russian mathematician and mechanic. He owns a large number of fundamental research in the field of mathematics, aerohydrodynamics, and the theory of vibrations. He made an outstanding contribution to the development of a number of important issues in aviation, atomic and space technology, which placed him among the world's most prominent scientists.
(1902/03-1960), Russian physicist, organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1943), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Researched ferroelectrics. Together with his collaborators, he discovered nuclear isomerism. Under the leadership of Kurchatov, the first domestic cyclotron was built (1939), spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered (1940), mine protection for ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first atomic bomb in the USSR (1949), the world's first thermonuclear bomb ( 1953) and NPP (1954). Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1943, since 1960 - named after Kurchatov). Lenin Prize (1957), State Prize of the USSR (1942, 1949, 1951, 1954).
Lysenko Trofim Denisovich (1898, village of Karlovka, Poltava province - 1976, Moscow) - agronomist. Genus. in a peasant family. After graduating from the school of horticulture and the Kyiv two-year courses on breeding, Lysenko worked at a breeding station and studied at the Kiev agricultural. institute, which he graduated in 1925. He worked as a breeder in Azerbaijan, then in Odessa. Having moved to Moscow, Lysenko put forward a doctrine, understandable to any ignoramus, about heredity, variability and speciation, which he called "Michurin's". He promised to create miracle varieties, to increase the yield of all crops in a short time by methods that practically did not require costs, which won him great popularity. Thus, in 1929, Lysenko reported that he knew how to increase grain production (vernalization) by means of the action of cold on germinating wheat grains. Lysenko is inexhaustible for such ideas. This "People's Academician" of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934), VASKhNIL (1935), and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939) was the first of his colleagues to declare that pests are operating in science, and he qualified scientific polemics as political sabotage. So opponents-genetics ended up in camps and prisons, expelled from science. In 1938, after N.I. Vavilov and repressed scientists A.I. Muralov and G.K. Meister Lysenko took over as president of VASKhNIL. Pleasant lies for the authorities took the form of figures, graphs and rigged experiments; hoaxes were declared real. Lysenko was awarded the Stalin Prize three times (1941, 1943, 1949), the title of Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1945), received 8 Orders of Lenin. The heroic attempts of genetic scientists to explain the desks conclusively. the leaders of the harm of Lysenkoism (A.A. Lyubishchev, V.P. Efroimson in 1947, etc.) ended in their arrest. Lysenko's activities brought enormous harm to biology and led to a total ban on genetics for a long time.
Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky Marshal of the Soviet Union, commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front. Born November 23, 1898 in Odessa. Ukrainian. After graduating from the parochial school in 1911, Malinovsky left home. In 1911-1913. worked as a laborer. In 1913-1914. an apprentice clerk in an Odessa haberdashery store. In 1914, he begged the soldiers going to the front to take him to the military echelon, after which he was enrolled as a volunteer in the machine gun team of the 256th Elisavetgrad infantry regiment. In October 1914 he received his first military award - George Cross 4th degree and was evacuated to the rear due to injury. In February 1916, he arrived in France as part of the Russian expeditionary force, where he was awarded for bravery. After February Revolution in Russia, Malinovsky was elected chairman of the company committee. Malinovsky agreed to join the Foreign Legion of the French army, where he fought until the surrender of Germany. In 1919 he returned to Russia and began to serve in the Red Army, fought on the Eastern Front against A.V. Kolchak. In the 1920s he went from platoon commander to battalion commander. In 1930 he successfully graduated from the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1937-1938. participated in civil war in Spain on the side of the republican government. During the mass repressions in 1937-1938. among the command staff, materials were collected on Malinovsky as a participant in the military-fascist conspiracy, but the case was not given a move. Since 1939 he taught at the Military Academy. M.V. Frunze. Malinovsky met the Great Patriotic War as the commander of the 48th rifle corps on the border of the USSR. In August 1941 he was appointed commander of the 6th Army and fought heavy defensive battles. In 1941-1942. commanded the Southern and North Caucasian Fronts. In 1942, he distinguished himself by commanding the defeat of the fascist army group, marching to the aid of the encircled German troops near Stalingrad. From 1943 he commanded the troops of the Southern, then Southwestern Front, freed Nikolaev and Odessa. He played a big role in the liberation of Romania, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia. In 1944, Malinovsky was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. In August 1945, the troops of the Trans-Baikal Front under the command of R.Ya. Malinovsky dealt a crushing blow to the Kwantung Army of the Japanese and participated in the liberation of Northeast China and the Liaodong Peninsula. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the medal " Golden Star" Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky was assigned September 8, 1945. After the war, Rodion Yakovlevich commanded the troops of the district, was commander in chief ground forces. Since 1957, Minister of Defense of the USSR. Cavalier of the Order of Victory, five Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, two Orders of Suvorov I degree, many medals and orders of foreign countries. R.Ya. Malinovsky - folk hero Yugoslavia. Died March 31, 1967. The ashes were buried in the Kremlin wall.
Poskrebyshev Alexander Nikolaevich (1891, Vyatka - 3.1.1965, Moscow), party leader, lieutenant general. Shoemaker's son. By profession a paramedic. In March 1917 he joined the RSDLP (b). Since 1922, he worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee, in 1923-1924 he was the head of the Administration of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in 1924-1929, assistant I.V. Stalin. In 1929-1934, deputy head, head of the secret department, in 1934-1952 - a special sector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since August 1935, head of the office Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Since 1931, Stalin's personal secretary and his most trusted person. Performed personal assignments Stalin, prepared documents for him, etc. Through him, Stalin received all the information of any nature. For each document, Poskrebyshev attached a leaflet with a proposal for a specific solution, in most cases Stalin agreed with his recommendations. Since 1934 he was a candidate member, in 1939-1956 he was a member of the Central Committee of the party. Since 1946, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He was distinguished by his amazing capacity for work (his working day was at least 16 hours) and diligence. According to a number of memoirs and studies (though not confirmed by sources), Poskrebyshev was involved in most of the crimes of the regime, incl. the murder of G.K. Ordzhonikidze, the organization of political processes in 1936-1938, the "cause of doctors", etc. After the war, his wife - Bronislava Solomonovna, a distant relative of L.D. Trotsky, - was arrested, Poskrebyshev begged Stalin to save her, but he refused him; she spent 3 years in prison, and then was shot on charges of espionage. From 1952 Secretary of the Presidium and Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In November 1952, L.P. Beria managed to convince Stalin to remove Poskrebyshev from the Kremlin. "Perhaps Poskrebyshev is connected with the doctors' case," was one of Beria's arguments. Removed from active in 1953 political life and retired. In his speech at the XX Congress of the CPSU, N.S. Khrushchev called him "Stalin's faithful squire." Buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Russian architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1970), full member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1979). Chief Architect of Moscow (1960-82). High-rise residential building on the square. Uprisings (1954), the Palace of Congresses in the Kremlin (1961), the construction of Novy Arbat (1964-69), the pavilions of the USSR at the World Exhibitions in Montreal (1967) and Osaka (1970) - with co-authors. Project Manager master plan development of Moscow (approved in 1971). Lenin Prize (1962), State Prize of the USSR (1949, 1980).
Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich (9/21.12.1896-3.08.1968), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Marshal of Poland (1949), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945). Born in the city of Velikiye Luki in the family of a railway worker. In the First World War - junior non-commissioned officer. Since October 1917 in the Red Guard, then in the Red Army. Member of the fighting on the CER. During the Great Patriotic War, he commanded the army in the Battle of Moscow, the Bryansk, Don fronts (in Battle of Stalingrad), Central, Belorussian, 1st 2nd Belorussian (in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations) fronts. In 1945-49 commander in chief northern group troops. In 1949 - 56 Minister of National Defense and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland. In 1956-57 and 1958-62 Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR.
(1896-1986) physicist, one of the founders of chem. physicist, founder of scientific schools, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1966, 1976). Graduated from Phys.-Math. f-t Petrogr. un-ta (1917). In 1920-31 he worked at the Phys.-Techn. in-those, at the same time. (since 1921) taught in Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (professor since 1928; Politekhnicheskaya st., 29; memorial plaque). Since 1931 dir. created by him Ying-ta chem. physicists of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which in 1941 was evacuated to Kazan, in 1943 he was transferred to Moscow, where S. lived from that year; prof. Moscow State University. In 1957-63 Academician-secret. Department of Chemical Sciences, in 1963-71 Vice President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Proceedings in the field of chemistry. kinetics, combustion theory. Author of the theory of chain reactions (1943). Nobel Ave. (1956, jointly with S. Hinshelwood), Stalinskaya Ave. (1941, 1949), Leninskaya Ave. (1976).
(real name Solovyov) Vasily Pavlovich (1907, St. Petersburg - 1979, Leningrad), composer, people. art. USSR (1967), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1975). Graduated from Leningrad. the conservatory in the class of composition from P. B. Ryazanov (1936). From 1925 he worked as a pianist-improviser for Leningrad. radio, sports. and do-it-yourselfers. collectives. During Vel. Fatherland war organizer and hands. front-line variety theater "Yastrebok". In 1948-64 before. LO Union of Composers, in 1957-74 sec. Union comp. USSR. Master of mass song (St. 400). Melodich. the gift, spontaneity, penetratingness of his song lyrics won her immense popularity. Songs of S.-S. entered the life of millions, and "Moscow Evenings" (words by M. L. Matusovsky, 1956) became international. music emblem of Russia. Ch. theme of creativity S.-S. - military, soldier. In collaboration with A. I. Fatyanov created "On a sunny meadow" (1943), "Nightingales" (1944), "We have not been at home for a long time" (1945), "Where are you now, fellow soldiers" (1947) "Where Well you are my garden "(1948); with S. B. Fogelson - "Sailor Nights" (1945), with A. D. Churkin - "Evening on the raids" (1941), with M. V. Isakovsky - "Hear me, good" (1945). Author of the ballet "Taras Bulba" (Theater of Opera and Ballet named after S. M. Kirov. 1940, 1955), operettas and music. comedies, including "The most cherished" (1951), "Eighteen years" (1967), "At the native pier" (1970); music for 36 art. film, including "Heavenly slug" (1945), "First glove" (1946), "Maxim Perepelitsa" (1955), "She loves you" (1956), "Don story" (1964), to scientific-popular and dokum. k / f., to drama. performances and radio shows (c. 40). Stalinskie pr. (1943, 1947), Leninskaya pr. (1959). Genus. and lived until 1929 on Nevsky Prospekt, 139, then changed several. addresses. In 1950-79 he lived on the embankment. R. Fontanka, 131 (memorial plaque) and in the village. Komarovo (Bolshoi Ave., 17). He was buried at Literary bridges. In the name of S.-S. named variety-symphony. Orchestra of the television and radio company "Petersburg".
Titov German Stepanovich (born September 11, 1935, died September 20, 2000) (September 11, 1935, the village of Verkhnee Zhilino, Kosikhinsky District, Altai Territory - September 20, 2000, Moscow), Russian cosmonaut. Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (1961), Colonel-General of Aviation (1988), Hero of the Soviet Union (1961). In the first detachment of cosmonauts of the USSR, German Titov was one of the best and was appointed understudy of Yu. A. Gagarin, while preparing for the first space flight in history on April 12, 1961. In August 1961, German Titov made a space flight on Vostok-2, which lasted 25 hours. Later he left the cosmonaut corps and worked as a test pilot. In 1968 he graduated from the Air Force Academy, worked in its experimental design department. Then he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. military service completed the post of First Deputy Commander of the Military Space Forces and the rank of Colonel General, the highest among Russian cosmonauts. In the last years of his life, he was a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from the Communist Party. Died in an accident. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
[R. 15 (28) 9.1915, Tbilisi], Soviet director, People's Artist of the USSR (1957), Doctor of Arts (1968). In 1938 he graduated from the directing department of GITIS. In 1938-46 director of the Tbilisi Russian Theater named after. Griboyedov, in 1946-49 he worked in the Moscow Central Children's Theater, in 1950-56 he was the chief director of the Leningrad Theater. Lenin Komsomol, since 1956 - the Bolshoi Drama Theater. Gorky. One of the sides of the director's talent T. - the desire for monumental, generalized forms. This was manifested in the performances "The Road of Immortality" (1951, based on the book by Yu. Fuchik "The Word Before the Execution"), "The Death of the Squadron" by Korneichuk (1952) and in the most significant work - "Optimistic Tragedy" by Vishnevsky (1955), awarded the Lenin Prize ( 1958). Among the best performances of T. at the Bolshoi Drama Theater: "The Idiot" by Dostoevsky (1957, 1966), "Barbarians" (1959) and "Barbarians" (1966) by Gorky, "Virgin Soil Upturned" by Sholokhov (1964), "Three Sisters" by Chekhov (1965), "Restless old age" Rakhmanov (1970), "Khanuma" Tsagareli (1973). T. brought up a team of like-minded actors and contributed to the successful debuts of a number of playwrights (A. M. Volodina, V. S. Rozov, and others). Author of books on the theory and practice of directing creativity - "On the Profession of a Director" (1965) and "Circle of Thoughts" (1972). In 1939-46 he taught at the Georgian Theater Institute. Sh. Rustaveli, from 1962 he headed the department of directing at the Leningrad Institute of Theatre, Music and Cinematography (professor since 1960). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 7th and 8th convocations. USSR State Prize (1950, 1952, 1968). He was awarded two orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, as well as medals.
(1883-1945) Born December 29 (January 11), 1883 in the village of Sosnovka, Samara province. His writing career began in 1907 with the publication of a collection of poems. The most significant works of Tolstoy belong to the Soviet period of creativity, although he spent the first years after the revolution in exile in Paris (1918-1921). He returned to the USSR and was subsequently awarded the Stalin Prize twice for his outstanding contribution to literature. During the Second World War, Tolstoy devoted a lot of energy to journalism and wrote numerous front-line essays. In the 1920s, Tolstoy published a number of fantastic works: the story Aelita (1922-1923), a depiction of a social upheaval on Mars; the play Revolt of the Machines (1925) and the novel Hyperboloid by engineer Garin (1925-1927), about a megalomaniac scientist who tries to enslave the world. The short story Blue Cities (1925) describes the confrontation modern science and the patriarchal Russian village. The trilogy of the Pain, begun in Paris in 1921 and completed in 1941, is his most important work, a realistic picture of life Russian society, especially the intelligentsia, during the war and revolution. His Peter I (books 1-3, 1929-1945, unfinished) is considered the best historical novel Soviet period in the history of Russian literature. Tolstoy died in Moscow on February 23, 1945.
Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev - Soviet aircraft designer and scientist, one of the founders of the domestic aircraft industry. Tupolev, together with Zhukovsky, founded TsAGI (Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute). There Tupolev created and headed design department, in which all his aircraft were later developed. Experiments showed that for the construction of heavy aircraft it is necessary to use light metals in aircraft construction, and under the leadership of Tupolev, the first Soviet all-metal aircraft, the ANT-2 and ANT-3, were built. Tupolev managed to put forward and implement ideas that determined the development of multi-engine bombers for decades to come. The monoplane scheme, the installation of engines on the wing, the placement of fuel tanks inside the wing have become integral features of aircraft of this class. Bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev successfully fought on the fronts of World War II. AT post-war years under the leadership of Tupolev, a number of military and civil aircraft were created: the Tu-12 jet bomber in 1947, the first Tu-104 jet passenger aircraft in 1954, the first Tu-114 turboprop intercontinental passenger liner in 1957. Later Tu-124, Tu -134, Tu-154. Tupolev also created supersonic aircraft, including the Tu-144 passenger aircraft. In total, more than 100 types of aircraft were created under the leadership of Tupolev.
(11/24(12/07/1910-10/24/1974), party member since 1930, member of the Central Committee since 1956 (candidate 1952), member of the Presidium of the Central Committee 06/29/57-10/17/61. (candidate from 02/27/56), Secretary of the Central Committee 02/27/56-05/04/60 Born in Vyshny Volochek, Tver province (Kalinin region). Russian. In 1941 she graduated from the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. M. V. Lomonosov, in 1948 - VPSh under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Labor activity started in 1928 as a weaver. In 1930-1933 and 1935-1937. at Komsomol work, in 1933-1935. studied. From 1942 secretary, second secretary, first secretary of the district party committee in Moscow. In 1950-1954. second secretary, in 1954-1957 First Secretary of the MGK CPSU. In 1956-1960. Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since 1960 Minister of Culture of the USSR. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 3-5 and 7-8 convocations. She was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
(1904, St. Petersburg - 1994), physicist and physical chemist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t (1925; memorial plaque). From 1921 he worked at the Phys.-Techn. in-those, since 1931 - in the institute of chem. physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and other research institutes, prof. Leningrad. industrial institute (since 1934). In 1938 he left Leningrad. Works on nuclear physics, chem. kinetics, physics of combustion and explosion. One of the hands. nuclear project USSR. Gene. dir. and lifelong scholar. hands State. scientific center of the Russian Federation "Arzamas-16". Stalinskie pr. (1949, 1951, 1954), Leninskaya pr. (1956). Lived at 61 Lesnoy Avenue. Bust in the Alley of Heroes Moscow. Victory Park (1985, sculptor V. Kh. Dumanyan). Lit .: Man of the century Julius Borisovich Khariton. M., 1999; Cheparukhin V. V. Julius Borisovich Khariton and the Polytechnic Institute // Generals of the Spirit. SPb., 2000. Book. 1. S. 547-556. V. V. Cheparukhin.
(1903-78) Russian composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia (1963), Hero of Socialist Labor (1973), Doctor of Arts. In the melodically generous, rhythmically impulsive works of Khachaturian, the tonal system of European music organically merged with oriental harmony. The ballets "Gayane" (1942) and "Spartacus" (1954), 3 symphonies (1934-47), concertos for piano (1936), violin (1940) and cello (1946) with orchestra, music for the drama "Masquerade" by M. Y. Lermontov (1941). Professor of the Moscow Conservatory, Musical and Pedagogical Institute. Gnesins (since 1951). Acted as a conductor. Lenin Prize (1959), State Prize of the USSR (1941, 1943, 1946, 1950, 1971).
Khrennikov Tikhon Nikolaevich (born May 28, 1913, Yelets), composer, administrator, People's Artist of the USSR (1963). Hero of Socialist Labor (1973), three times winner of the Stalin Prize (1942, 1946, 1952). Educated at the Gnessin Musical College (1932) and the Moscow Conservatory (1936), a student of V.Ya. Shebalin and G.G. Neuhaus. In 1939 he wrote the opera Into the Storm (1939), which became "the first successful experience of translating a revolutionary theme into music", in which Khrennikov first brought V.I. Lenin. In 1950 he wrote the opera "Frol Skobeev" (1950). He wrote music for performances and films, incl. "The Pig and the Shepherd" (1941), "At six o'clock in the evening after the war" (1944), etc. In 1947 he joined the CPSU(b). Since 1948 General (since 1957 - 1st) Secretary of the Union of Composers of the USSR. In 1941-56 he was responsible for the musical part at the Theater of the Soviet Army. After the Great Patriotic War, he took part in the persecution of D. Shostakovich and the establishment of the "party line" in music, however, unlike the leadership of the Writers' Union, he was not involved in denunciations. After the death of I.V. Stalin retained his positions and remained for almost 40 years the only leader of Soviet music under N.S. Khrushchev, L.I. Brezhnev, Yu.V. Andropov, M.S. Gorbachev. At this time he wrote the operas "Mother" (1957), "The Golden Calf" (1985), the ballet "Love for Love" (1976), "Hussar Ballad" (1979), the operetta "One Hundred Devils and One Girl" (1963) and etc. Since 1961 a member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU, since 1976 a candidate member of the Central Committee. Since 1962 he has been a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1967 he received the State, in 1974 - the Lenin Prize. In 1990 he became a prev. Union of Composers of the USSR.
Soviet pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (July 24, 1936), brigade commander. Member of the CPSU since 1936. Born into a working class family. In 1919, he voluntarily joined the Red Army, worked as an aircraft assembler in an aviation park in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1921-1924 he studied at the Yegoryevsk and Borisoglebsk aviation schools, at the Moscow aerobatics school and the Serpukhov Higher School of Air Shooting and Bombing. Since 1924 he served in the Red Banner Fighter Squadron, became famous as a skilled pilot. Since 1930, he was a test pilot at the Air Force Research Institute, tested more than 70 types of aircraft, developed and introduced new aerobatics: an upward spin and a slow roll. He possessed exceptional courage, perseverance and endurance. July 20-22, 1936 with G. F. Baidukov and A. V. Belyakov made a non-stop flight from Moscow to Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka and further to about. Udd (9374 km in 56 hours 20 minutes). On June 18-20, 1937, with the same crew, he flew from Moscow to Vancouver (USA) via the North Pole (8504 km in 63 hours and 16 minutes). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner. Killed while testing a new fighter. He was buried in Red Square near the Kremlin wall.
Shostakovich Dmitry Dmitrievich, Soviet composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Hero of Socialist Labor (1966), Doctor of Arts (1965). Born in the family of an engineer. He graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory in piano with L. V. Nikolaev (1923) and composition with M. O. Steinberg (1925). In 1927 at the 1st International Piano Competition. F. Chopin (Warsaw) received an honorary diploma. He performed his own work. From 1937 he taught a composition class at the Leningrad Conservatory, and from 1943-48 at the Moscow Conservatory (professor since 1939). Among the students: R. S. Bunin, A. D. Gadzhiev, G. G. Galynin, O. A. Evlakhov, K. A. Karaev, G. V. Sviridov, B. I. Tishchenko, K. S. Khachaturian , B. A. Tchaikovsky.
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