Methods of scientific research in tourism. Scientific study of tourism
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Siberian State Geodetic Academy"
(FG BEI VPO "SSCA")
Department of Economics and Management
abstract
"The main directions of scientific research in tourism"
Completed: Art. gr. ET-33
Petrova E.S.
Checked by: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor
Nityago I.V.
Novosibirsk 2012
Introduction.
- Methodology and foundations of scientific knowledge about tourism
1.1 Essence and types of tourism
1.2 The main components of scientific knowledge about tourism
- Directions of scientific research in tourism at the present stage
1.1 Tourism and its importance
1.2 Five main lines of research
Conclusion.
List of sources used
B E D E N I E
Publications of recent years on tourism reduce opinions to the fact that tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the world economy. The science of tourism around the world is going through a period of rethinking the foundations, education, development of tourism, as well as methods and means of achieving it. The need for such a rethinking is primarily due to economic and social development modern society, the fact that tourism is becoming one of the main sectors of the world economy. Thus, tourism acts as a kind of catalyst for socio-economic development.
The purpose of the abstract is consideration of studies in the field of tourism.
Relevance the topic of research in tourism is due to the fact that in the process of intensive development of the tourism industry and the ever-increasing role of tourism in the global economy, it becomes necessary to generalize various scientific developments in the field of tourism, experience and methods of work of Western and Russian entrepreneurs in the field of tourism. The relevance is also determined by the rapid development of the tourist services market, the characteristic features of which today are internationalization, integration and regionalization to the same extent as dynamic changes in tourist demand and supply.
Subject of study in the theory of tourism are: the study of tourist activities (excursions and travel); forecasting the development of types and forms of tourism; modeling the characteristics of new tourist centers; restoration of body functions in the process of tourist activities, excursions and travel.
The subjects of tourism activity are specialists, consumers of services as carriers of certain social and industrial relations, as well as accumulated knowledge and experience in this field of activity.
An important place is occupied by the consideration of general and particular methodology in the study of tourism, the use of methods of various scientific disciplines. The essence and content of modern research methods as the basis for developing a strategy for the tourism industry are revealed. Each of the directions in tourism uses its own specific research methods that are inherent in solving certain specific problems, which are determined by the demands of practice, the state of the issue being addressed, and the accumulated experience of scientific research in this field of knowledge. One of the main trends in the development of the science of tourism is its penetration into the internal communications and relations in tourism, the discovery of the essence of processes. This trend is manifested in the formation of fundamental laws underlying the functioning and development of tourism and its specific manifestations.
1 METHODOLOGY AND BASIS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOURISM.
1.1 Essence and types of tourism.
Tourism- temporary trips travels ) people to another country or locality other than their place of permanent residence for a period of 24 hours to 6 months within one calendar year or with at least one overnight stay for entertainment, health, sports, guest, educational, religious and other purposes without occupation activity paid from a local source.
The following types of tourism can be distinguished.
Excursion tourism - travel for educational purposes. This is one of the most common forms of tourism.
Recreational tourism - travel for recreation and treatment. This type of tourism is very common all over the world. In some countries, it stands out as an independent branch of the economy and functions in parallel with other types of tourism.
Business tourism - trips related to the performance of professional duties. In connection with the general integration and the establishment of business contacts, business tourism is becoming increasingly important from year to year. Trips are made for the purpose of visiting objects that belong to the company or are of particular interest to it; for negotiations, to search for additional supply or distribution channels, etc. Contacting travel companies in all such cases allows you to organize a trip at the lowest cost, saving time. In addition, the sphere of business tourism includes the organization of various conferences, seminars, symposiums, etc. In such cases, the construction of special halls at hotel complexes, the installation of communication equipment, etc., become of great importance.
Ethnic tourism - trips to visit relatives. Travel agencies help with the issuance of transport tickets, passports, visas, etc.
Sports tourism - trips to participate in sporting events. In this case, the services of travel companies are resorted to by both the leaders of sports teams, organizers of competitions, as well as fans and those who simply want to attend the competition.
Target tourism is a trip to various public events.
Religious tourism is a journey aimed at performing any religious procedures, missions.
Caravanning is a journey in small mobile houses on wheels.
Adventure (extreme) tourism - tourism associated with physical exertion, and sometimes with danger to life.
Water tourism - trips on board a motor ship, yacht and other river and sea vessels along rivers, canals, lakes, seas. Geographically and in time, this tourism is very diverse: from hourly and one-day routes to multi-week cruises on the seas and oceans.
All these types of tourism are often closely intertwined, and it is often difficult to single them out in their pure form.
1.2 The main components of scientific knowledge about tourism.
The basis of scientific knowledge about tourism is strategy and tactics.
Strategy development of tourism in Russia is a system of scientifically based views on the essence, nature and methods of tourism development in the regions and in the country as a whole, on the requirements for the construction of hotel complexes, roads, transport, sports and recreation centers.
Tourism strategy defines priority areas development of individual regions, as well as individual protected areas of the country. The tourism strategy is the main indicator of the level of development of the economy as a whole.
Tactics covers the theory and practice of managing an enterprise, its structures. It is differentiated by directions and market segments, it is a specific activity. In essence, each department or service or each structural unit of a travel company develops and implements its own tactics on the market. It is more mobile, dynamic in its development, quickly responding to all changes that occur both outside the structure (changes in the exchange rate, man-made disasters in various regions) and inside it, for example, staff turnover, inefficient tour packages.
The unity of scientific knowledge determines the complex nature of the development of scientific problems. It is impossible, for example, to improve the system and management methods in tourism without relying on the knowledge of strategic planning, business planning, economics, computer technology, psychology, and other scientific disciplines.
The need for an integrated approach to solving scientific problems is also determined by the fact that new opportunities for fruitful research, both of a general theoretical, fundamental, and applied nature, open up at the junction of various sciences, which should be used to the full.
1.1 Tourism and its importance.
The importance of tourism for the country's economy as a whole cannot be overestimated. In developed countries, income from this area of activity is in third place after the oil refining industry and the automotive industry. To attract more tourists, local authorities are forced to take care of cultural and natural values, thanks to which tourists visit these places. Transport enterprises are significantly expanding their activities both through the transportation of tourists and through the transportation of products, industrial goods and other goods from related areas of production.
The importance of tourism for the development of folk crafts and souvenir enterprises is also very high. Due to the interest of tourists, the local population does not forget their folklore and customs. The recreation structure intended for tourists is also used by the local population. Tourism businesses are highly accessible to small and medium-sized businesses. The development of the tourism industry serves as an indicator of the standard of living in this region. In Russia, the flow of foreign tourists is still small, this is due to the poor development of tourism infrastructure. Hotel service is not comparable to Western, and qualified service workers are still rare. In Spain, tourism receipts in some years are even higher than from exports, while in China, Egypt and Turkey they reach 30% of all receipts.
It speaks of the importance of tourism and the fact that all over the world the government regularly shows great interest in this industry. Various programs are being created to increase the flow of tourists, representative offices of large travel companies are opening in other countries, promoting their product to the international level. In Russia, some large historical centers live only thanks to tourism revenues. In Europe, a network of roads has been created specifically for the convenience of tourists. In our country, tourism has recently developed in many regions. New folklore museums began to open, new tourist products were sold, aimed at both foreign and domestic tourists.
1.2 Five main areas of research.
So, in the basis of conducting scientific work on tourism issues, there are five main areas.
First direction- tourism as an important factor in health promotion - involves the scientific substantiation of tourism from the perspective of a health-improving orientation. Through the biomedical sciences (physiology, biochemistry, hygiene, medicine), in this case, the mechanism of the beneficial effect of natural applied exercises, characteristic of tourism, on the health status of people of different ages is explained. At the same time, the peculiarities of the use of various types of tourism for recreational purposes, as well as the impact on the human body of the complexity and duration of routes, should be taken into account. Based on the results of research in this direction, specific recommendations are being developed aimed at increasing the efficiency and improving the functional state of a person.
Short description
The purpose of the abstract is to review research in the field of tourism.
The relevance of the topic of research in tourism is due to the fact that in the process of intensive development of the tourism industry and the ever-increasing role of tourism in the global economy, it becomes necessary to generalize various scientific developments in the field of tourism, experience and methods of work of Western and Russian entrepreneurs in the field of tourism. The relevance is also determined by the rapid development of the tourist services market, the characteristic features of which today are internationalization, integration and regionalization to the same extent as dynamic changes in tourist demand and supply.
abstract
Coursework 27 pages, 12 sources.
TOURISM. RESEARCH WORK. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. METHOD. METHODS. SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT.
The purpose is to analyze the state of research work in tourism.
Consider research questions. Essence and features
Describe the features of scientific research activities in tourism
Economic and social significance of the work: the work helps to solve a number of difficulties in scientific research in tourism.
The theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the information collected, generalized and systematized during the study allows clarifying scientific ideas about the specifics of research in tourism.
The theoretical significance of studying the topic lies in the fact that the issues chosen for consideration are located at the junction of several scientific disciplines at once.
Introduction
The relevance of the scientific support of tourism activities is becoming more and more obvious, and the effectiveness of the tourism sector on a national scale is increasingly dependent on the correct and timely application of the results of scientific research in the practice of planning and promoting tourism development.
Prospects for the development of tourism should have a scientific justification, and in tourism research an interdisciplinary approach should prevail, which means that research should be carried out taking into account the achievements of all branches of modern knowledge. This requires a comprehensive and systems approach to tourism as a subject of research.
The subject of scientific research in tourism is, first of all, a traveling person, along with a set of issues and problems associated with his movements and stay in those places that are his goal.
The subject of tourism research also includes the system of tourism organization, the transport and hotel industry, public catering and additional tourism infrastructure, on which the provision of secondary services is based. The subject of research is also specialists who are engaged in professional activity in the field of tourism, their educational preparation and motivation to work in the tourism industry. Information and excursion support, security, financial and economic activities, the legal component - all these and other important issues are integral part complex of scientific researches in tourism.
Scientific research in tourism is based on the intersection of many disciplines, primarily the following: economics, law, history, geography, cultural studies, art history, sociology, psychology, ethnology, natural history, computer science and a number of others.
One of the main trends in the development of science is its penetration into the internal communications and relations in tourism, the discovery of the essence of processes. This trend is manifested in the formation of fundamental laws underlying the functioning and development of tourism and its specific manifestations.
The large-scale development of tourism contributes to the establishment of peaceful relations between states, the strengthening of friendship and mutual understanding between peoples. Tourism promotes cultural cooperation, improves socio-economic relations between peoples of different cultures.
Studies in the field of tourism show that it has become not only a social, but also an economic phenomenon. The functional features of the types and forms of tourism are mass character, an economic factor, and the solution of social problems.
The unity of scientific knowledge determines the complex nature of the development of scientific problems. It is impossible, for example, to improve the system and management methods in tourism without relying on knowledge of strategic planning, business planning, economics, computer technology, psychology, and other scientific disciplines.
The need for an integrated approach to solving scientific problems is also determined by the fact that new opportunities for fruitful research, both of a general theoretical, fundamental, and applied nature, open up at the intersection of various sciences, which should be used to the full.
The purpose of the course work is to analyze the state of research work in tourism.
The purpose of the course work determined the formulation of the following research objectives:
Explore scientific literature relevant to the topic
Consider research questions. Essence and features.
Describe the features of research activities in tourism.
The structure of the course work: course work consists of introduction, main part, conclusion, list of references.
1. Scientific research. Essence and features
1.1 Sections of scientific research in tourism
Scientific work is the most important element of the activity of our republic. All full-time teachers are engaged in scientific work together with students. They conduct scientific research within the framework of the State Programs of Fundamental Research and individual projects commissioned by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, participate in competitions for research projects announced by various foundations. The results of the work are annually introduced into production and studying proccess. The research work of students at the departments of sports disciplines is the most important component in the process of training specialists with higher education.
The main areas of scientific work include: conducting scientific research for the purpose of publishing materials; preparation of reports to communicate the results of research at scientific conferences.
The main discussion in scientific papers revolves around key issues related to the improvement of national systems of physical education, the formation of the younger generation by means of physical culture, the development of the theory of physical education in the presentation of its foundations by various research schools and areas, and in the field of orienteering and tourism much attention is paid to environmental education.
Historical scientific research in tourism has two large sections. The first is the centuries-old world (including domestic) history of travel, as well as the history of the formation of modern mass tourism and the tourism industry, which has a little over a hundred years.
The second is the history of countries and peoples, knowledge and understanding of which is necessary for the correct preparation of tourist programs and routes by tourism organizers. Real knowledge and understanding of history, especially local history, is necessary for the preparation of qualified guides and accompanying tourist groups and tourists. Unfortunately, it should be noted that many specialists of tourist organizations have a poor idea of not only the history foreign countries, but, what is especially regrettable, also national history.
Geographical scientific research in tourism is practically not carried out, which is associated with large failures in the development of amateur tourism. Most tourists cannot navigate on a map, they do not know the natural, climatic and ethnological features of various regions of the country and other states, “geographical cretinism” has become a common and widespread phenomenon in modern society. Country studies as a special discipline in geography requires special research and methodological developments from the standpoint of tourism science.
Scientific research in tourism related to cultural studies, art history and architecture is very rare, but nevertheless began to appear in recent years. Tourism as a sociocultural phenomenon is gradually becoming an attractive object of scientific research.
In recent years, a large number of scientific publications and educational literature have been published related to the history of culture and religions of various countries and peoples. Serious educational programs have been created on the history and theory of culture, but Russian tourists still prefer "beach" holidays to all other cultural types of tourism. Scientific, theoretical and practical developments related to the culture of behavior of tourists on foreign trips are becoming more and more relevant.
Socio-cultural design is directly related to the architecture and organization of the human environment, unfortunately, scientists in the tourism sector almost do not deal with all these issues, leaving them at the mercy of architects and public utilities specialists. The most important direction in the scientific support of tourism is research on the tourist and recreational use of cultural and natural heritage sites.
The new information space in tourism, associated with the unprecedented development of electronic technologies, requires special scientific research, the need for which is acutely felt in the modern tourism industry. The new possibilities of the global Internet, with the right and professional approach, increase the quality level of scientific research in the field of tourism, moreover, they allow for a quick exchange of ideas and information between members of the scientific community.
The complex scientific problem includes security issues in the field of tourism. In this important topic, it is necessary to consider almost all aspects of tourism activities, starting with the legal problems of the relationship between the tourist and the travel agency, and ending with the organization of the security of tourists in accommodation facilities and on routes.
Research on safety in amateur and domestic tourism is especially important. There is no doubt that scientific developments and recommendations in this segment of tourism science can save human lives from death. Issues of legal and physical security of Russian tourists abroad in the absence of knowledge of local legislation in recent times have become very relevant.
In recent years, the security situation has sharply worsened in a number of states that for many years were leaders in receiving and servicing tourists (Egypt, Thailand, Turkey, etc.). Therefore, reliable, politically balanced and scientifically based information on the state of affairs in all countries where there are socio-political problems or natural disasters is an important task for domestic tourism science, government agencies and funds. mass media. scientific research on various aspects of security in the field of tourism must be continued in connection with the new natural, man-made and socio-economic challenges of the time.
The prospects for scientific research in tourism are associated, first of all, with the demand for scientific developments in Russian society. As well as the presence of a scientific environment that will reproduce new cadres of scientists who are ready to continue and develop scientific research in tourism. And this requires a domestic special and coordinated program of scientific research in tourism, and not only Russian problems, but also foreign and international ones. Currently in Russia there are two scientific public centers: The International Public Tourism Academy and the National Academy of Tourism, which conduct scientific activities on a limited scale, but this is certainly not enough. To organize full-scale research, it is necessary to create an all-Russian research institute for the scientific problems of tourism, which could conduct comprehensive and systematic research.
When preparing policy documents and decisions, legislative and executive authorities should more widely and more often turn to professional scientific and educational structures that have traditions and experience in tourism modeling and design. The tourism process as a whole will benefit from this, and without this the modernization of the industry is impossible. In the meantime, there is a certain fragmentation, lack of coordination and even some disunity here.
tourism scientific research recreation
1.2 Goals and objectives of scientific research in tourism
The goals and objectives of scientific research in tourism stem from the state policy of its development. The realistic nature of the state policy of tourism development determines the scientific character and objectivity of theoretical concepts.
Ways to improve the science of tourism are determined by the development of material technical means, construction and reconstruction of hotel complexes, vehicles, special technical equipment, improving the welfare of the country's citizens. This is one of the patterns of tourism, indicating the dependence of the methods of its development on the efficiency of the economy. In connection with the intensification of the growth of tourism, the following tasks arise before science: forecasting the development of infrastructure; development of substantiated recommendations for improving the legislative framework; training of service personnel.
The goals of scientific research in tourism are the comprehensive increase in the country's tourism potential, a high level of training of qualified personnel, the theory and practice of tourism management in the service market.
The goals set for the tourism industry by the state and its subjects are refracted through the implementation of specific programs. Before the science of tourism, the goal is to develop targeted programs for the development of tourism infrastructure in those areas of the country that are in demand for visiting by citizens of other countries. In this case, the goal is specified through the definition of strategic, operational and tactical problems.
The identification of factors that determine the goals and nature of tourism is important from the point of view of a clearer rationale for the direction of its development. These factors act as a single whole: it is impossible to choose the fundamental guidelines for tourism, guided by only one requirement.
In tourism, it is necessary to solve problems of a search nature, which consist in the study and explanation of processes. An example is the timeshare (club holiday) market, which originated as a shared holiday and, ultimately, became a powerful economic base for tourism abroad, having its own legislative practice and international exchange organizations. Scientists and experts did not anticipate the potential practical use of timeshare. This type of tourism has received recognition, but it requires special studies.
The search direction in the development of tourism is to study such problems as the impact scientific discoveries on the creation of new technical means of its provision, for example, yachts, buses, sea and river steamers, inventory, equipment, as well as methods of managing in market conditions. This is necessary to identify the prospects for improving the tourism infrastructure, the ratio of their funds with the funds and resources of competitors. The solution of search problems has an impact on the development of related sciences, tourism development strategy
The subject of research in the theory of tourism is tourist activity, the tasks of which are: the study of tourist activities (excursions and travel); forecasting the development of types and forms of tourism; modeling the characteristics of new tourist centers; restoration of body function in the process of tourist activities, excursions and travel. The methodology for researching tourism activities makes it possible to substantiate scientific approach to the study and solution of theoretical and practical issues of tourism.
Methodological assessment of tourism activities helps to determine a likely competitor in the service market, the economic and technical condition of the tourist enterprise, the proposed ways of its development and competition, the strategy and tactics of specialists.
1.3 Types of studies
Empirical research is based on reliable facts, the collection and analysis of which is carried out using certain methods based on observation and study of tourism activities. Empirical research does not involve the creation of an artificial, experimental situation to identify and collect the necessary facts. These facts are real events in tourism that have occurred in the process of tourism activities. They are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the events taking place.
Empirical research can be descriptive and explanatory. In a descriptive study, they reflect facts relating to little-studied objects or phenomena in tourism.
Explanatory empirical research includes the collection and analysis of facts, the explanation of causes and cause-and-effect relationships between facts, with the help of which an unknown event or an atypical result is explained from the standpoint of facts already known.
Review-analytical research can be critical and be called review-critical. In this case, in addition to the obligatory review and analytical part, it should present a detailed and reasoned criticism of what has already been done on the problem, and draw appropriate conclusions.
An overview study may also contain the author's own reflections on what is described in it, including ideas regarding a possible solution to the problem posed. Such reflections can be interspersed with the text of the abstract or they can be separated into a separate section of it, which is a transition between the review-analytical, review-critical and constructive-theoretical parts of the work.
A scientist can conduct a theoretical study, in which, in addition to a review and critical analysis of the literature, there are own proposals aimed at solving the problem posed, which can be the author's contribution to the theory of the problem being solved, its new vision, original point of view.
The following requirements are imposed on theoretical research: the accuracy of the definition of the concepts used and the consistency, consistency of reasoning. A feature of theoretical knowledge is its generalization and abstractness, which are distinguished by their systemic nature. Changing part of this knowledge leads to a change in the system as a whole. The methods of theoretical research include: ascent of the abstract to the concrete, analysis and synthesis, structural-systemic approach, inductive-deductive approach, modeling, historical-logical method.
The formulation of a research topic is one of the most important stages in the activity of a scientist: the topic is specified taking into account a specific scientific or practical need. The title of the topic should, if possible, briefly reflect the essence of the problem being solved. Ambiguity and vagueness in the formulation of the topic are unacceptable. The consequences of this will affect all stages of the study, in particular when formulating working hypotheses.
observation. Observation can be direct, indirect, open, hidden. It is specially organized, and a system for fixing facts is being developed, which includes monitoring the activities of the teacher and the child. Pedagogical observation allows you to study the issues of interest in a relaxed, natural environment. In the process of observation, it is recommended to use a variety of methods for recording the observed: video, audio recordings, photography and filming, etc.
The parameters of movement, the functional state of the body, the timing of individual activities are taken into account. For example: indicators of psychophysical qualities, physical fitness are measured; measurement is carried out: vital capacity of the lungs through spirometry; arm muscle strength - with a manual dynamometer; time indicators for individual parts of the body when performing various forms of organization of motor activity - with a stopwatch, etc. Thus, in the theory of physical education, instrumental and non-instrumental means of measuring various physiological and psychophysiological states are used.
Method of continuous observation. This method is used in classes at school, technical school and university, in "health groups" and physical therapy, as well as in training in sports with short-term, repeatedly repeated loads with a complete cycle of movements (gymnastics, weightlifting, swimming, fencing, etc.). ).
Before the start of a lesson (training), the subject in a sitting position is determined by the pulse rate at 10-second intervals until stable indicators are obtained, blood pressure is measured, the number of breaths in 20 seconds is counted, and other studies are carried out. The data are entered into a protocol drawn up in a generally accepted form for recording the results of a functional test of the cardiovascular system or into a timing protocol.
Test method with additional load. In order to determine the degree of impact of an activity or training on the state of the body, to study the dynamics of its recovery to the initial level, a method known as the "test with additional load" is used. The systematic conduct of these tests in medical and pedagogical observations began in 1946. This method is mainly used to assess the state of the body of a trained athlete.
Additional physical activity should, if possible, reflect the specifics of the sport. In practice, both standard non-specific and specific are used, i.e. inherent in the sports specialization of the subject, additional loads. The study of the body's response to them is carried out using the most common and some additional research methods. Registration of heart rate, blood pressure, as well as performed additional load quantitatively and qualitatively carried out in a special protocol.
In a formative experiment, a new content is being developed, a systematic approach to different forms organization of motor activity and methodology, which are tested in practice.
In the final, or final, part of the experimental work, a comparative analysis of the state of work before and after the experiment is carried out.
Control tests help to: identify the level of development of individual motor qualities; assess the degree of technical and tactical readiness; compare the readiness of both individual students and entire groups; to conduct the most optimal selection for practicing a particular sport and for participating in the competition; lead in to a large extent objective control over the training of both individual athletes and entire groups; identify the advantages and disadvantages of the means used, teaching methods and forms of organizing classes; draw up the most reasonable individual and group lesson plans.
Thus, research work carried out in tourism requires constant painstaking mental work, the formation of such strong-willed qualities as perseverance, the ability to overcome obstacles.
2. Features of research activities in tourism
1 The main directions of research activities in tourism
In each of the areas of research work (R&D) in tourism, specific research methods are used that are inherent in solving certain specific problems, which are due to the demands of practice, the state of the issue being addressed, and the accumulated experience of scientific research in this field of knowledge. An in-depth study of tourism as a phenomenon, according to Marxist-Leninist dialectics, requires the joint efforts of scientists from different fields of knowledge: historians, sociologists, teachers, physiologists, physicians, and psychologists.
There are five main directions in the basis of conducting scientific work on tourism issues.
The first direction - tourism as an important factor in health promotion - involves the scientific substantiation of tourism from the perspective of a health-improving orientation. Through the biomedical sciences (physiology, biochemistry, hygiene, medicine), in this case, the mechanism of the beneficial effect of natural applied exercises, characteristic of tourism, on the health status of people of different ages is explained. At the same time, the peculiarities of the use of various types of tourism for recreational purposes, as well as the impact on the human body of the complexity and duration of routes, should be taken into account. Based on the results of research in this direction, specific recommendations are being developed aimed at increasing the efficiency and improving the functional state of a person.
The nature of research in tourism in the first direction is experimental. Data for analysis is mainly obtained through periodic medical and pedagogical monitoring of the state of those involved in tourism. Evaluation criteria physical condition organisms serve as indicators physical development(somatoscopic and somatometric), as well as data on changes in physical fitness. Particular attention should be paid to functional diagnostics (blood pressure, performance, BMD). Using data on changes in physical development, physical fitness and functional state, it is possible to give a more or less objective assessment of morphological and functional changes occurring in the body under the influence of tourism.
The second direction is the ideological and educational functions of tourism. The purpose of research in this direction is to identify the possibilities of solving many educational problems by means of tourism.
Of no small importance in campaigns is the planned socially useful work of their participants. Through research, it is necessary to specify the forms of this work, to develop a more advanced methodology for its implementation. In other words, a scientific substantiation of the whole variety of forms and methods of labor education by means of tourism is required.
Considering the rich possibilities of tourism in educating people, it is necessary to scientifically substantiate the sequence and complexity of solving certain educational tasks in the conditions of hiking, so that their combination is the most optimal, encourages students to expand their cognitive interest in surrounding phenomena and objects. In this case, we need scientifically based options for optimizing many educational activities in the conditions of trips, taking into account the age of their participants.
Research in this direction should be based on experimental material, mainly obtained during the campaign. A particular difficulty here lies in the search for objective criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of many educational activities. Therefore, specific sociological methods (questionnaires, interviews), as well as methods of expert assessments, should be widely used. One of the goals of scientific research in the second direction is to identify and generalize the best experience of individual teams in solving educational problems by means of tourism.
The third direction is the scientific, methodological and organizational foundations of youth tourism. Research here should reveal the most optimal dosages of loads in the training process and hikes, characteristic of childhood and adolescence. It is necessary to determine an effective methodology for teaching certain methods in Tourism, i.e., science must give reasonable recommendations to the practice on teaching the technique and tactics of tourism. Since children and youth need versatile general physical training, it is necessary to determine the possibilities of combining tourism with other means. Soviet system physical education.
A number of studies in the third direction should reveal the patterns of formation of vital skills and abilities, as well as the development of motor qualities in the younger generation, using targeted tourism activities.
The effectiveness of mass tourist work largely depends on the organizational forms used, which must correspond to the tasks set, take into account the age characteristics of those involved, as well as the existing conditions. The search for precisely such forms, characteristic of childhood and adolescence, should be in the field of view of researchers.
The main scientific methods in the third direction are pedagogical experiment and pedagogical observations.
The fourth direction - scientific support for the training of highly qualified tourists - is associated with the rationale for the methods of training sessions for tourism. Modern sports tourism includes the organization and conduct of complex categorical trips, when a person may find himself in extreme conditions. In this regard, scientific research is being carried out to substantiate the methods of training those involved in sports tourism, taking into account the possibility of taking measures for optimal life support in extreme conditions and avoiding injuries, i.e., safety measures.
Scientific search for reserve opportunities human body, the laws of its adaptation to various conditions has always been and will be in the field of view of researchers, and a particularly difficult task in this direction of research is associated with the development of a single country-wide integrated program control of participants of tourist trips and route observations. Its implementation in practice will solve the following tasks:
) identification of criteria for classification and determination of methods for standardizing tourist routes in the territory differentiated by types of tourism;
) improving the system of tourist-classification zoning of the territory and developing principles for determining the safe timing of hiking trips in various geographical areas;
) improving the methodology for refereeing competitions (championships) by type of tourism and category requirements for sports tourism;
) development and improvement of methods of pedagogical and medical control of participants in hiking trips, determination of their functional states on the routes, dosage of loads and the healing effect of hiking trips;
) development of control standards for general and special physical fitness of participants in hiking trips and recommendations for their pre-hiking and post-hiking medical control;
) improving the content and methods of route observations that provide not only the internal needs of tourism (classification issues, regionalization problems, determining safe dates for hiking, bioclimatic conditions for hiking, monitoring the functional states of their participants, standardizing tourist routes), but also the participation of tourist groups, especially expeditionary, in solving problems of national economic importance (studying the adaptive capabilities of the human body in extreme conditions of remote areas, photoglaciological observations of possible glacier movements, long-term route meteorological observations, snow measurements, observations of the water level in rivers and lakes, observations on assignments from environmental organizations, other industrial , scientific and public organizations and institutions).
As in the third direction, a pedagogical experiment and pedagogical observations should be used here. Particular difficulties in research are associated with the need to collect a maximum of various information about the state of the body and human behavior in difficult field conditions, close to extreme.
The fifth direction is the scientific basis for the organization and management of mass tourist work. Considering that the importance of tourism in modern society is increasing, a scientifically based structure of its organization and management is needed. Complicating the solution of this problem is the fact that mass tourism work with the population must be carried out by many state and public organizations. Therefore, reasonable coordination actions between them and a clear distribution of functional responsibilities are necessary. Through scientific research, the most appropriate organizational structure for the development of tourism, as well as the forms and methods of mass tourism work, are determined. Improving tourism work is also impossible without the appropriate professional and public personnel. The need for them, the structure and content of their professional training are determined by scientific research. The need to solve the problem of purposeful development of the material and technical base of tourism makes us approach the justification of the needs for its further improvement from a scientific point of view, taking into account many interrelated qualitative and quantitative features.
In this regard, research in the fifth direction should be based on a systematic analysis of the structure and content of mass tourism work carried out by various organizations. Processing of the obtained results must be carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. In addition, here it is necessary to use the methods of normalization and programming, grouping, comparisons and comparison of data, as well as generalization of the results obtained.
In general, it should be noted that the further development of tourism in the country is possible only with fundamental scientific research covering all its main aspects in social, pedagogical and economic terms.
Speaking about the strategy of scientific research and social participation, we note, firstly, the goals of developing new destinations, i.e. tourism, employment and professional tourism education; secondly, the tasks associated with the development of areas of economic depression, the creation of jobs with year-round employment in new places of tourist destination, etc. Within this aspect, there are two options for action in relation to the movement of people: the first consists of actions in the territories supplying tourists, the second option is the creation of destinations along the main scientific sites and tourist routes. As part of a social participation strategy, the third pillar is linked to the response to new types of demand, the reasons for the emergence of new destinations, the intensification of the process of movement of people, scientific and technological progress in communications, transport and other sectors that affect tourism, as well as the expansion of the range of motives for making travel, scientific, cultural and spiritual pilgrimage, the spontaneous emergence of tourism destinations. The fourth component of the social participation strategy is related to the nature of tourist destinations, which geographical location, infrastructure, the formation of societies that accept tourists, the emergence of services required for the process of movement of people.
The leitmotif of the strategy of scientific participation is the motto: science - culture - recreation - tourism - education. It was this motto that was supported by UNESCO as part of the decision to create a UNESCO Chair on the basis of the Russian International Academy of Tourism water resources, restoration of fisheries, fauna and flora, strengthening the environmental issues of tourism.
The thesis CULTURE refers to the cultural-historical heritage, for example the Aegean Sea. These are monuments and estates, complexes and memorials, museums and libraries, houses of culture and exhibition halls, crafts and languages, traditions and folklore, identity and ethnic characteristics.
As part of the RECREATION thesis, I would like to draw attention to the fact that recreation in itself is already sports and health tourism.
Therefore, touching upon the problems of sports and health tourism, one should emphasize the new elements that have arisen in the last decade. This is an expansion of the sphere of sports and health-improving cooperation with various institutions of physical culture, sports and tourism. .
2.2 Recreational geography - scientific direction, which integrated research in the field of recreation and tourism
After the Great Patriotic War, the revival of the tourism industry in the country proceeded at a rather slow pace. On April 24, 1945, a decree of the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions “On the restoration of the activities of the tourist and excursion department of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions” was issued, but the results of the work of the revived TEU were felt poorly. This was hampered by serious reasons, among which the main ones were the following: the plight of the predominant population of the country; lack of free time due to the fact that people had a primary task - the improvement of their lives; the difficult food situation in most regions of the country; extremely low need of citizens for tourist recreation, etc.
Only by the middle of the 50s, i.e. 10 years after the end of the war, tourism reaches pre-war volumes of activity, which can be judged by the number of those who rested at tourist bases. So, in 1938, the tourist bases of the trade unions received about 200 thousand tourists. In 1956, 179,000 tourists were served by tourist trade union hostels (Abukov, 1978; Dvornichenko, 1985).
Since that time, in the mid-1950s, one can speak of fundamental changes in tourism. And in 1960, 627 thousand people rested at tourist bases.
Along with the ongoing growth of all indicators of domestic tourism, the interest of science in it increased. A serious impetus to the development of scientific research on tourism was the introduction of it as an academic discipline in a number of higher educational institutions. In the mid 50s. The Ministry of Education of the USSR introduced academic plan faculties of physical education pedagogical institutes as a compulsory subject for all students the discipline "Tourism", in the early 60s. the discipline "Tourism" was also introduced at the pedagogical departments of the institutes of physical culture; Thus, a significant number of teachers were formed, whose duties included conducting research work in the field of tourism.
In 1972, the work of V.S. Preobrazhensky, I.V. Zorina, Yu.A. Vedenin "Geographical aspects of designing new types of recreational systems", and in 1975 the scientific community of the country got acquainted with the collective monograph "Theoretical foundations of recreational geography" edited by Professor V.S. Preobrazhensky. These two works outlined a trend in the development of scientific research in the field of recreational geography and tourism for two decades to come.
In the history of recreational geography, the period of the late 60s - early 80s is especially distinguished. At this time, field research, sociological surveys were intensively carried out, and recreational and geographical meetings were held. There was a development of the young scientific direction of "Recreational Geography", which was defined as a scientific direction in geography, studying the territorial patterns and characteristics of people's activities, aimed at restoring and developing physical and spiritual forces.
The subject of study of recreational geography, which was formed into a scientific discipline in the early 70s. XX century., is the functioning of the territorial recreational system.
Under the territorial recreational system, the authors of domestic recreational geography understood a social geographical system consisting of the following interrelated subsystems:
natural and cultural complexes,
technical structures (engineering structures),
service personnel,
governing body,
vacationers (recreants).
More and more scientific papers began to appear on the pedagogical aspects of tourism, psychological, economic, urban planning, but the main role in coordinating scientific research in the field of recreation and tourism, developing a concept for the development of tourism in the country belonged to geographers.
The vast majority of publications concerning the theoretical issues of recreational geography in modern scientific geographical literature in the country belongs to L.Yu. Mazhar, Professor Smolensky humanitarian university. In her dissertation research for the degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences “Territorial tourist and recreational systems: a geosystemic approach to formation and development” (2009), she substantiates the concept of such a scientific category as “territorial tourist and recreational systems”, which are based on the developed by V. FROM. Preobrazhensky in the early 70s. the idea of the recreational system as a basic model that reflects recreational activities of any level and nature, aimed at restoring the physical and spiritual strength of a person.
A special case of the universal recreational system is the territorial recreational system (TRS). As a modern TRS invariant, L.Yu. Mazhar considers the territorial tourism and recreation system (TTRS), which has certain differences, consisting in the "concretization and narrowing" of the concept of "recreation". L.Yu. Mazhar uses the definition of "tourist-recreational" in his works and believes that the "tourist-recreational territorial system" (TRTS) should now be taken as the subject of study of recreational geography.
TTRS is a set of elements of the sphere of recreation and tourism, united spatial relationships and relationships. The “tourist-recreational” version of the concept characterizes mainly the multifaceted tourist activity, but not excluding the need for recreation in the process of organizing a tour.
The elementary composition of the territorial tourist and recreational system postulated by L.Yu. Mazhar, consists of several subsystems: infrastructural, organizational and managerial, natural and recreational, historical and cultural, recreational and active (main functional), material and household (accommodation, meals), personnel (service personnel), consumer (tourists), etc. All subsystems are connected by straight lines and feedback that ensure the integrity of the TTRS. In the very general view a schematic diagram of the territorial tourist and recreational system is shown in fig. one.
Rice. 1. Schematic diagram of the territorial tourist and recreational system
Subsystems: P - consumer (tourists), I - infrastructural, OS - organizational and managerial, PR - natural and recreational, IC - historical and cultural, RD - recreational and active (basic-functional), MB - material and household (accommodation, food), K - personnel (service personnel)
The subsystems indicated in the schematic diagram are of a generalized nature, which allows them to be filled with real content, depending on the level of hierarchy and the functional nature of the TTRS.
The conditions and factors for the formation of territorial tourist and recreational systems are considered by L.Yu. Mazhar from the standpoint of the geosystemic approach in the context of the interaction between "system" and "environment". In this case, “conditions” are external causes that reflect the properties of the environment, and “factors” are internal causes that reflect the properties of the system itself.
In relation to the studied TTRS, the “environment” is the natural geosystem and all territorial systems (except for the TTRS) included in the social geosystem. "Environment" are also territorial systems of the same type, located at a higher hierarchical level, as well as TTRS, formed outside the studied system.
"Factors" are the driving forces behind the formation and development of TTRS. There are 15 groups of factors: geotorial factors (location factors), geopolitical factors, factors staffing, as well as tourist and recreational needs of a person, economic, organizational and managerial, infrastructural, material and household, socio-psychological, demographic, environmental, health, tourist and resource, recreational and activity, innovative. Proposed by L.Yu. The Mazhar variant, containing 15 groups of factors, is distinguished by a high degree of detail, which makes it possible to take into account the various factors that affect the development of tourism.
The actions of factors have their own manifestations at different levels of TTRS. Unique combinations of factors determine the features of the formation of TTRS in different regions. Through a conscious or spontaneous impact on certain factors, it is possible to contribute to the purposeful development of the system.
L.Yu. Mazhar distinguishes four hierarchical levels of TTRS: world, national, regional and local. The TTRS of the highest hierarchical level - the world tourism and recreation system (MTRS) - largely determines all tourism and recreational activities also in individual countries and regions.
National tourist and recreational systems (NTRS) are key in the hierarchical subordination of systems of this type. On the one hand, in their interaction they determine the nature and level of development of the world tourism and recreation system, and on the other hand, they directly regulate the activities of the relevant sphere at the regional level.
The idea of creating special economic zones of a tourist and recreational type on the territory of Belarus was expressed in a national project that can be used as an effective means of reviving peripheral territories, historical provinces, regions and local regions of the republic, attracting investors to valuable historical, cultural and natural objects. By embodying the idea of special economic zones, the Belarusian Dvina and Ponemanye, Polesie and Dnieper in the eyes of Europeans can acquire the same meaning as Bohemia, Saxony, Normandy or Wales. In the context of the aforementioned republican project and within the framework of the academic discipline "Humanitarian Resources in Tourism", the project activities of the 2nd year full-time students of the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality of the Institute of Tourism of the Educational Establishment "Belarusian State University physical culture".
As a product for family tours, projects of specialized program tourism related to entertainment (“Museum of Contemporary Photography”, “Museum of Chocolate”, “Museum-Reserve fairy forest ”, “Museum of evil spirits and ghosts”, “Museum of embroidery and vytinanka”, etc.). In order to improve and replenish vitality, projects were proposed: “Salt Caves”, the Bogatyrsky Bor Museum, “Belarusian Dubai”, etc. Separate projects were devoted to cultural and educational tourism based on interest in national cuisine, medicine, herbal medicine (phytotherapy). This is how the projects of the Museum of National Cuisine "Korchma" in ethnic style, "Museum of Witchcraft and Magic" with elements of paganism and mysticism, "Belarusian Herbalist" with a phytopharmacy and a phytobar appeared. Some of the projects contained routes that were already well thought out, rational in terms of content and time parameters. The guys took into account all the characteristics of the main stream of tourists and museum visitors (specific features of age, education and upbringing, interests dominating in mass culture, etc.), and also stipulated the features of the implementation of specialized program tourism in different seasons of the year. In addition, some projects had ready-made economic calculations, contours of architectural designs of buildings and binding to the area, a list of cultural events in the form of festivals, theatrical performances, animation, a list of basic and additional services, etc. According to students, the development and protection of educational project not only enlivened learning activities but also updated the necessary theoretical knowledge and practical skills, developed creative imagination, as well as communication skills, presentation culture in promoting a tourism product. Thus, educational design based on the academic and practical knowledge gained by students in the field of tourism and hospitality is the most productive method for the formation of the necessary competencies, and the completed educational projects, according to their authors, have become a wonderful means of mastering the material of the academic discipline. Studies have shown that residents of the country prefer to relax in the forest - 34.5%, by the sea - 28.1%, on the rivers-lakes - 29.5%, in the mountains - 5.5%. A complete lack of interest in the steppe territories was noted, only 0.1% of the respondents named steppe landscapes as a place of rest. It was found that age has the greatest influence on the choice of recreation landscape. So, with age, the attraction of the urban population to the forest increases. Interest in the mountains is manifested mainly among young people aged 16 - 24 years. Resorts are chosen by pensioners. The survey refuted the established opinion about the preference for sea holidays to all others, it turned out that holidays in the forest area near the river are more popular than those near the sea. But at the same time, a trend was noted for the entire urban population of the country, expressed in the growth of the desire for recreation on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, as well as in the Crimea. The next large-scale survey to determine the nature of the needs of the country's population in tourist recreation was conducted in the first half of the 1980s. All-Union Scientific Research Laboratory of Tourism and Excursions. The general conclusions made in the previous study were confirmed, and rather significant regional differences were noted in the choice of recreational conditions and recreation areas by citizens. These two studies gave impetus to numerous surveys conducted in regions that differed, and sometimes significantly, from previous all-Union surveys. The tender for the analysis of the structure of expenses of foreign citizens during their stay in Belarus was announced by the National Tourism Agency. Any organization can take part in the tender. The winner of the competition will become the executor of one of the items of the State Program for the Development of Tourism for 2011-2015 - conducting a marketing research "Analysis of the structure of expenses and preferences of foreign citizens in the Republic of Belarus". This is the first such project being implemented in Belarus. At the same time, a study was conducted in the republic several years ago, which covered foreign tourists traveling by transport (by rail, car and plane), but it was of a general nature. Now the National Agency expects to receive specific information on the structure of expenses of foreign tourists, broken down by target groups and types of tourism (health resort, transit, sightseeing, nostalgic, etc.). The study will affect not only Minsk and regional centers, but also the regions. Its results are planned to be used in the formation of economic policy for the development of the tourism industry. The study should show which tourist destinations need to be actively developed to attract foreign tourists, and which ones will not bring the expected effect. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to rural, or, as it is also called, "green" tourism. As an example, let us point out a number of publications on this topic that are included in the statistical block we are studying (Edokimov, Kozhevnikov, 2006, Lyapina, 2005). In all the above articles, the authors analyze rural tourism, which refers to the temporary residence of tourists from cities in rural areas with an acquaintance with the life and traditions of this territory, with participation in rural labor, in local holidays. A large study of the features of the development of rural tourism was carried out by the International Tourism Academy. The scientists considered the legal issues of the functioning of rural tourism, the creation of specialized infrastructure, the training of personnel for the needs of rural tourism, the system of certification of services, etc. tourism in accordance with applicable law. Conclusion Tourism occupies a special place in the social organization of modern society. This is perhaps the most versatile and dynamic characteristic of modern civilization, expressed in a voluntary temporary change in the rhythm of life, place of residence, and often the sociocultural environment as a whole. Being one of the largest dynamically developing sectors of the world economy, tourism is currently trying to take its rightful place in the economy of our state. Belarus, being in the center of Europe, does not effectively benefit from this. Its advantages are not only geographical position but also the hospitality of the people, the virginity of nature, the cleanliness and well-groomed city streets. Improving the management of the tourism industry today is an urgent task of the state. Among the new methods of education and upbringing, the most relevant and promising in recent years is project-oriented learning, during which conditions are created for the manifestation of initiative, creativity, and independence of future specialists. Each of the directions of R&D uses its own specific research methods that are inherent in solving certain specific problems, which are determined by the demands of practice, the state of the issue being addressed, and the accumulated experience of scientific research in this field of knowledge. The competition of scientific papers is the largest and most significant event of the republican R&D system. The development of research and development requires constant updating of the material and technical base, scientific laboratories and specialized classrooms of departments. Most of funds are directed to the purchase of new and modernization of old computer equipment. In higher educational institutions, material incentives are provided for teachers and students for certain individual achievements in scientific activities from extrabudgetary financial sources, contributing to the intensification of research work. Measures are being taken to stimulate young researchers who have prospects in the preparation and defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations. The main direction of scientific research of the department in the tourism sector is the problems and prospects for the development of tourism in the Republic of Belarus. List of sources used 1.Barchukov, I.S. Methods of scientific research in tourism: textbook for universities /I.S.Barchukov. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 224 p. 2.Vasilenko S.G. Research work in physical culture and sports. Tutorial / S.G. Vasilenko. - Vitebsk: Publishing house of the UO "VGU im. P.M. Masherova", 2007. -34 p. .Ganapolsky, V.I. Tourism and sports orientation / V.I. Ganapolsky. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 596 p. 4. Zhitenev, S. Yu. Tourism science: subject, tasks, problems and prospects [Electronic resource]. Access mode:<#"justify">11.Fedorov Yu.N. Sports and health tourism / Yu.N. Fedorov, I.E. Vostokov. - M.: Soviet Sport. 2002.-364 p. 12. Yakovchuk, V.I. Management of tourism development in the Republic of Belarus [Electronic resource]. Minsk.: Access mode: RUSSIAN FEDERATION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE FGBOU VPO TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION ON THE. Baluk RESEARCH METHODS IN SERVICE AND TOURISM Tutorial Tyumen State University Publishing House ON THE. Baluk. RESEARCH METHODS IN SERVICE AND TOURISM: tutorial. Tyumen: Tyumen State University Press, 2012. The textbook discusses the basics of scientific knowledge focused on the study of the problems of service and tourism, the organization of service activities. The study of the problems of tourism and the service sector requires the development of an integrated interdisciplinary approach that allows the use of general theoretical and practical methods of socio-economic and financial analysis of tourism activities. Modern trends in the development of the science of tourism are determined by a combination of theoretical and applied approaches in the analysis of the factorial influence on the processes of tourism activity, the essence of the cluster approach and its role in the development of tourism as a branch of the economy. The textbook discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations of tourism, incl. groups of basic, special and private methods, the specifics of scientific. The specificity of the application of general scientific methods in the study of tourism activities is shown. The characteristics of general scientific methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, research of the resource potential of the tourism business, private and special methods for studying the problems of tourism are given. Of particular importance at the present stage are practical methods for analyzing processes in the field of management and marketing, entrepreneurial, financial, economic, excursion activities. In order to analyze the resource potential of the territory for the purposes of tourism development, the program-target method, the method of scientific forecasting, scientific forecasting in tourism, and the cluster approach are being implemented. In order to form the competencies of students in the field of scientific design, this manual provides a methodology for diploma design, which allows testing the received theoretical knowledge in the field of studying the problems of tourism and organizing tourist activities. The manual is recommended for students studying according to the educational standard of the 3rd generation in the direction of "Tourism". Fundamentals of methodology as a doctrine of research methods in tourism The development of tourism in modern conditions actualizes the development and implementation effective methods studying this sphere as a socio-cultural phenomenon and a branch of the economy. Officially, methodology is defined as the doctrine of methods, as a system of basic principles, forms and methods of scientific research. By definition I.V. Zorin and V.A. Each science has its own methodology. There are three main levels of methodology: 1) general methodology, which is universal in relation to all sciences, its content includes philosophical and general scientific methods of cognition; 2) private research methodology for the group of natural sciences and humanities, which forms a group of general scientific and private methods; 3) the methodology of scientific research of a specific science, including general, general scientific, private and special methods of cognition. General
methodology provides accurate ideas about the general laws of tourism development, which are based on the principles of dialectics - the science of universal connections and development. Special the methodology makes it possible to formulate laws and regularities related to the originality of the formation, development and functioning of the phenomena that are being studied. The special methodology is based on the following principles: scientific character, visibility, accessibility, unity of theory and practice of teaching. Private methodology is a set of methods, methods, techniques for studying specific phenomena of tourism activity, which constitute the object and subject of analysis. The private methodology is based on the following principles: determinism - the causality of mental processes occurring during the development of tourism species and flora; the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity - an indicator of the unity of the development of consciousness and activity, when consciousness arises, develops and manifests itself in activity; development is an indicator of the inseparable connection of tourism with other branches of science and general development - intellectual, emotional, social; personal approach to teaching - orientation of researchers to the study of individual and socio-psychological characteristics of specialists 1 . To the main objectives of the methodology for the study of tourism activities includes the development of a model for studying economic, social, cultural and other problems based on the principles of objectivity and subjectivity. In turn, the objectivity of tourism activities allows us to give a theoretical justification for the effective conduct of tourism business in market conditions; develop theoretical concepts that correspond to modern trends in the state strategy for the development of tourism. Relevant for the development of tourism problems is competitive bidding methodology, as a set of methods and techniques, technologies and mechanisms aimed at solving certain problems, for example, holding tenders for the construction of tourism industry facilities. Competitive bidding (tenders) contribute to the solution of socio-economic problems. This process is studied by means of a complex methodology, using the methods of mathematical and economic analysis, forecasting, etc. The methodology for studying tourism problems is based on the theory of tourism and the theory of recreation. tourism theory is focused on the study of tourism activities, the tourism industry - tourist centers and areas, including a complex of natural and cultural-historical conditions, as well as tourism organizations and service enterprises that tourists use at the place of rest and during transportation. The subject of study is a tourist product - a program of recreational activities and tourist services specially organized by the tour operator, which is sold on the tourist market as an independent product. The subject of study is a tourist who satisfies his recreational needs and is characterized by a special system of properties and states (physiological, psychological, economic, social, etc.) 2 . Theory of recreation involves the study of processes associated with conditions that ensure the expanded reproduction of human strength (physical, intellectual, emotional): the sphere of leisure and entertainment used to restore physical and mental strength; the dynamics of the restructuring of the body, providing vigorous activity under various conditions, nature and changes in the environment. The most essential elements of the theory of recreation are the following concepts: 1. humane-centered concept, which determines the target function of the recreational system from the standpoint of orientation to recreational needs and human motivation; 2. economy-centered concept, considering the problem from the standpoint of the economic essence of recreation. recreation interacts with other sciences, incl. With anthropoecology(human ecology) - a fundamental doctrine of the relationship between man and the environment in order to improve the characteristics of the environment for humans. recreation as well as valeology is the science of health and a healthy lifestyle of both personal and social value. Recreation is associated with demographics- a science that studies the population, its size, composition and sociological indicators. The study of recreation problems is carried out within the framework of several approaches. Consider the essence of the main approaches. AT genetic approach the main role is given to the accounting of the past development and the origin of the tourist object. descriptive - the descriptive approach involves fixing the events that take place. Dialectical the approach is based on a concept that combines empirical experience with an analysis of phenomena in their development and change. Integral the approach is aimed at operating during the study of recreational systems with three main criteria in finding effective solutions: social, economic, environmental. The goals and objectives of the scientific study of tourism problems are determined by the general trends of state policy aimed at the development of inbound and domestic tourism as a sector of the economy. The scientific study of tourism problems involves the solution of the following tasks: Collection, description, analysis, generalization and explanation of facts; Identification of general patterns of development of socio-economic processes. Systematization of acquired knowledge. Explanation of the essence of phenomena and processes. Forecasting the main development trends, processes. Establishment of directions and forms of practical use of acquired knowledge. Thus, the scientific foundations of tourism are based on a system that consists of theory, methodology, methodology and research techniques; practice of implementation of the obtained results. Conducting scientific research requires the definition of the object and subject of research. An object (subject) is a set of connections and relations, properties that exists objectively in theory and practice and serves as a source of information necessary for the researcher. Object of study aimed at determining the essence, the theoretical foundations of the phenomenon under study. Subject of study are processes, phenomena, trends, mechanism of development. According to the classification, there are several areas in the structure of science: 1. natural sciences and mathematics (mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology, soil science, geography, ecology, etc.): 2. humanitarian and socio-economic (culturology, theology, philosophy, history, sociology, management, etc.); 3. technical sciences (construction, radio engineering, geodesy, etc.; 4. agricultural sciences. The sphere of tourism correlates with the humanitarian and socio-economic areas. The structure of the theory of tourism is formed by concepts, categories, scientific terms, judgments, principles, laws, scientific provisions, teachings, ideas, elements. Let's consider the main definitions. concept- this is a thought that reflects the essential and necessary features of a certain set of objects or phenomena. Category- this is a general fundamental concept that reflects the most essential properties and relationships of objects and phenomena (categories are philosophical, general scientific and related to a separate branch of science. Scientific term - denotes a concept used in science. Judgment - it is a thought in which something is affirmed or denied. Principle - it is the guiding idea, the basic starting position of the theory, doctrine, worldview, theoretical program. Principles are theoretical and methodological. Axiom- this is the position that is the original, unproven in this theory and from which all other assumptions are derived according to pre-fixed rules. Law- this is an objective, necessary, internal stable connection between phenomena, processes. (laws of nature, society, thinking, knowledge). According to the scope of action, laws are general, general, and particular. regularity in the field of scientific analysis it is defined as the totality of the action of many laws, as a system of existing necessary general connections. Position- this is scientific statement, formulated thought. Examples of scientific provisions are hypothesis, disposition, sanction. Doctrine is interpreted as a set of theoretical provisions about reality, reality; as a system of views of a scientist, thinker, as an idea - a new intuitive explanation of events, phenomena. Concept - this is a certain way of understanding, interpreting an object, phenomenon, process, the main point of view, the guiding idea, the main idea. Scientific research is based on empirical and theoretical levels. The basis of scientific knowledge about tourism is strategy and tactics.
Strategy development of tourism in the country is a system of evidence-based views on the essence, nature and methods of tourism development in the regions and the country as a whole. The tourism development strategy is determined on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the tourist and recreational potential and is the main indicator of the level of development of the economy as a whole. Tactics covers the theory and practice of an economic enterprise, its structures. tactics is differentiated by directions and market segments, is a specific activity. Scientific work is the most important element of the activity of our republic. All full-time teachers are engaged in scientific work together with students. They conduct scientific research within the framework of the State Programs of Fundamental Research and individual projects commissioned by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, participate in competitions for research projects announced by various foundations. The results of the work are annually introduced into production and the educational process. The research work of students at the departments of sports disciplines is the most important component in the process of training specialists with higher education. The main areas of scientific work include: conducting scientific research for the purpose of publishing materials; preparation of reports to communicate the results of research at scientific conferences. The main discussion in scientific works revolves around key issues related to the improvement of national systems of physical education, the formation of the younger generation by means of physical culture, the development of the theory of physical education in the presentation of its foundations by various research schools and areas, and in the field of orienteering and tourism much attention is paid to environmental education. Historical scientific research in tourism has two large sections. The first is the centuries-old world (including domestic) history of travel, as well as the history of the formation of modern mass tourism and the tourism industry, which has a little over a hundred years. The second is the history of countries and peoples, knowledge and understanding of which is necessary for the correct preparation of tourist programs and routes by tourism organizers. Real knowledge and understanding of history, especially local history, is necessary for the preparation of qualified guides and accompanying tourist groups and tourists. Unfortunately, it should be noted that many specialists of tourist organizations have a poor idea not only of the history of foreign countries, but, which is especially regrettable, of domestic history. Geographical scientific research in tourism is practically not carried out, which is associated with large failures in the development of amateur tourism. Most tourists cannot navigate on a map, they do not know the natural, climatic and ethnological features of various regions of the country and other states, “geographical cretinism” has become a common and widespread phenomenon in modern society. Country studies as a special discipline in geography requires special research and methodological developments from the standpoint of tourism science. Scientific research in tourism related to cultural studies, art history and architecture is very rare, but nevertheless began to appear in recent years. Tourism as a sociocultural phenomenon is gradually becoming an attractive object of scientific research. In recent years, a large number of scientific publications and educational literature have been published related to the history of culture and religions of various countries and peoples. Serious educational programs have been created on the history and theory of culture, but Russian tourists still prefer "beach" holidays to all other cultural types of tourism. Scientific, theoretical and practical developments related to the culture of behavior of tourists on foreign trips are becoming more and more relevant. Socio-cultural design is directly related to the architecture and organization of the human environment, unfortunately, scientists in the tourism sector almost do not deal with all these issues, leaving them at the mercy of architects and public utilities specialists. The most important direction in the scientific support of tourism is research on the tourist and recreational use of cultural and natural heritage sites. The new information space in tourism, associated with the unprecedented development of electronic technologies, requires special scientific research, the need for which is acutely felt in the modern tourism industry. The new possibilities of the global Internet, with the right and professional approach, increase the quality level of scientific research in the field of tourism, moreover, they allow for a quick exchange of ideas and information between members of the scientific community. The complex scientific problem includes security issues in the field of tourism. In this important topic, it is necessary to consider almost all aspects of tourism activities, starting with the legal problems of the relationship between the tourist and the travel agency, and ending with the organization of the security of tourists in accommodation facilities and on routes. Research on safety in amateur and domestic tourism is especially important. There is no doubt that scientific developments and recommendations in this segment of tourism science can save human lives from death. The issues of legal and physical security of Russian tourists abroad in the absence of knowledge of local legislation have recently become very relevant. In recent years, the security situation has sharply worsened in a number of states that for many years were leaders in receiving and servicing tourists (Egypt, Thailand, Turkey, etc.). Therefore, reliable, politically balanced and scientifically substantiated information about the state of affairs in all countries where there are socio-political problems or natural disasters is an important task for domestic tourism science, government agencies and the media. scientific research on various aspects of security in the field of tourism must be continued in connection with the new natural, man-made and socio-economic challenges of the time. The prospects for scientific research in tourism are associated, first of all, with the demand for scientific developments in Russian society. As well as the presence of a scientific environment that will reproduce new cadres of scientists who are ready to continue and develop scientific research in tourism. And this requires a domestic special and coordinated program of scientific research in tourism, and not only Russian problems, but also foreign and international ones. At present, there are two scientific public centers in Russia: the International Public Tourism Academy and the National Academy of Tourism, which carry out scientific activities on a limited scale, but this, of course, is not enough. To organize full-scale research, it is necessary to create an all-Russian research institute for the scientific problems of tourism, which could conduct comprehensive and systematic research. When preparing policy documents and decisions, legislative and executive authorities should more widely and more often turn to professional scientific and educational structures that have traditions and experience in tourism modeling and design. The tourism process as a whole will benefit from this, and without this the modernization of the industry is impossible. In the meantime, there is a certain fragmentation, lack of coordination and even some disunity here. tourism scientific research recreation -- [ Page 1 ] -- Barchukov I. S. Methods of scientific research in tourism: textbook. allowance for universities / I.S. Barchukov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008. - 224 p. ISBN 978-5-7695-4899-4 The content of tourist activity, features of its scientific knowledge, management and marketing in the tourism business, its economic and mathematical methods and models. The features of methodological techniques in conducting excursions, methods and technology are highlighted. formation of health programs for tourists, as well as methodological foundations international cooperation in tourism. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of financial activities in the tourism business and the prospects for its scientific research. For university students. May be useful for specialists tourist organizations. UDC 379.85(075.8) BBK 75.81ya73 The original layout of this publication is the property of the Publishing Center "Academy*, and its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited © Barchukov I.S., © Educational and Publishing Center "Academy", 2008 ISBN 978-5-7695-4899- © Design. Publishing Center "Academy", One of the main trends in the development of the science of tourism is its penetration into the internal communications and relations in tourism, the discovery of the essence of processes. This trend is manifested in the formation of fundamental laws underlying the functioning and development of tourism and its specific manifestations. An important place in the textbook is the consideration of general and particular methodology in the study of tourism, the use of methods of such scientific disciplines as economics, management, law, sociology, psychology, computer science, biomedical science aimed at improving human health. The essence and content of modern research methods as the basis for developing a strategy for the tourism industry are revealed. Much attention is paid to management and marketing methods, predictive methods, methods for determining strategic alternatives, identifying competitive advantage, etc. The training manual reflects the methodological basis of international cooperation in tourism. The methods used in accounting activities are shown, as well as the logical sequence of the research process in tourism, the formulation and formulation of a scientific problem, the rationale for a scientific hypothesis. Having studied a wide range of methods and methodological techniques, specialists will be able to professionally perform their duties at a tourist enterprise, occupy their niche in the service market, and develop steadily in a competitive environment. Tourism is that part of the hospitality industry where citizens can satisfy their physical, intellectual, ethical and psychological needs. An important problem of tourism is the search for new forms and ways of doing business. To correctly foresee the nature of the future tourism market, to develop forms and methods of doing business means to achieve an additional advantage over competitors, to ensure the success of one's own business in tourism (tourism business). New ways of doing business are determined not only empirically. Having identified its general laws, it is possible to develop methodological principles for analyzing the forms and methods of doing business in tourism, to determine the trends in its development. The methodological preparedness of managers in improving the known and developing new ways of doing business in the tourism business is becoming important due to the constant innovations in tourism, its technical equipment, and focus on strategy. Business planning, training of specialists, material and technical equipment, scientific research, development strategy depend on the stage of tourism product production reached at the moment, on information support. Of great importance is the creativity of managers who can “invent” a tourist product, better adapt to the service market, and influence the development of the industry as a whole. Much depends on talented specialists, their decisive role in the development of modern tourism. The development of forms and methods of conducting tourism business depends not only on the quality, but also on the number of specialists and technical means. Qualitative shifts in the development of forms and methods of doing tourist business occur with a certain amount of new technology. This serves as a material basis for the emergence of new types of tourism, such as extreme tourism, which contributes to the production of technical equipment, training of specialists and consumers. The modern market of tourist services is an interweaving of interrelated and contradictory processes. You can thoroughly know the tourist business, its laws, but each specific case will have its own specifics. The experience, intuition of the manager, his outlook should help him quickly find an original solution, weakness from competitors and use it to solve their problems. The large-scale development of tourism contributes to the establishment of peaceful relations between states, the strengthening of friendship and mutual understanding between peoples. Tourism promotes cultural cooperation, improves socio-economic relations between peoples of different cultures. Studies in the field of tourism show that it has become not only a social, but also an economic phenomenon. The functional features of the types and forms of tourism are mass character, an economic factor, and the solution of social problems. Mass tourism solves the problem of achieving a high degree of physical development of the individual. It performs such social functions as health and educational. In the era of globalization, tourism has become an economic tool. The prestige of tourism, as an integral part of the hospitality industry, affects the consciousness and feelings of people. Such functions of tourism as professionalism, prestige, communication determine its place in the social system. Functions of tourism Tourism has the following general cultural and educational functions: aesthetic - satisfaction of the needs of the individual in the overall harmonious development; normative - the development and consolidation of certain norms that have a regulatory and evaluative value; information - implementation, accumulation, distribution and transmission from generation to generation of information about the sights, cultural values of peoples, their capabilities, means and ways to improve them; legal - regulation of tourism activities by laws, international and domestic legal acts; economic - material and financial and technical support activity of tourist enterprises of specialists, maintenance and operation of facilities, wages. In the process of tourism activities, people enter into a variety of specific relationships, which, in turn, are included in a wider system. social relations. The totality of these relations is the defining basis of the formative influence of tourism on the individual, increasing social activity. In tourist activities, the process of socialization of the individual takes place at an accelerated pace and has a direct impact on increasing social activity. In society, the need to educate the younger generation is constantly increasing, which requires the full promotion of all types and forms of tourism. Goals and objectives of the scientific study of tourism The goals and objectives of the scientific study of tourism follow from the state policy of its development. The theoretical development of programs for the development of regions is aimed at protecting the provision of domestic interests. The realistic nature of the state policy of tourism development determines the scientific character and objectivity of theoretical concepts. Ways to improve the science of tourism are determined by the development of material and technical means, the construction and reconstruction of hotel complexes, vehicles, special technical equipment, and the improvement of the welfare of the country's citizens. This manifests one of the patterns of tourism, indicating the dependence of the methods of its development on an effective economy. In connection with the intensification of tourism growth, science faces the following tasks: forecasting the development of regional infrastructure; development of substantiated recommendations for improving the legislative framework: training of service personnel. The goals of scientific research in tourism are the comprehensive increase in the country's tourism potential, a high level of training of qualified personnel, the theory and practice of tourism management in the service market. The goals set for the tourism industry by the state and its subjects are refracted through the implementation of specific programs. For example, the state strategy proceeds from the assessment that is taking shape in the global service market. Before the science of tourism, the goal is to develop targeted programs for the development of tourism infrastructure in those regions of the country that are in demand for visiting by citizens of other countries. In this case, the goal is specified through the definition of strategic, operational and tactical problems. The identification of factors that determine the goals and nature of tourism is important from the point of view of a clearer rationale for the direction of its development. These factors act as a single whole: it is impossible to choose the fundamental guidelines for tourism, guided by only one requirement. In tourism, it is necessary to solve problems of a search nature, which consist in the study and explanation of processes. An example is the timeshare (club holiday) market, which originated as a shared holiday and, ultimately, became a powerful economic base for tourism abroad, having its own legislative practice and international exchange organizations: Resort Condominium International (RCI), Interval International (II) . Scientists and experts did not anticipate the potential practical use of timeshare. This type of tourism has been recognized, but for the Russian reality it requires special studies. The search direction in the development of tourism consists in the study of such problems as the impact of scientific discoveries on the creation of new technical means of its provision, for example, yachts, buses, sea and river steamers, inventory, equipment, as well as on ways of managing in market conditions. This is necessary to identify the prospects for improving the tourism infrastructure in the regions, the ratio of their funds with the funds and resources of competitors. The solution of search problems has an impact on the development of related sciences, the strategy of tourism development. If a manager needs to assess the situation in a market segment, he must assess how this will affect the promotion of a tourist product, the actions of competitors, how to use partnerships, support from credit organizations, and the media. The purposefulness of the manager's thinking should ensure the effectiveness of his activities in the real terms of the tasks. An inaccurately formulated or unclearly understood goal by the performer has a negative effect. The main components of scientific knowledge about tourism At the heart of scientific knowledge about tourism are strategy and tactics. The tourism development strategy in Russia is a system of scientifically based views on the essence, nature and methods of tourism development in the regions and in the country as a whole, on the requirements for the construction of hotel complexes, roads, transport, sports and recreation centers. The tourism strategy determines the priority areas for the development of individual regions, as well as individual protected areas of the country. The tourism strategy is the main indicator of the level of development of the economy as a whole. Tactics covers the theory and practice of managing the enterprise, its structures. It is differentiated by directions and market segments, it is a specific activity. In essence, each gave or service or each structural unit of the tourist company develops and conducts its own tactics on the market. It is more mobile, dynamic in its development, quickly responding to all changes that occur both outside the structure (changes in the exchange rate, man-made disasters in various regions) and inside it, for example, staff turnover, inefficient tour packages. The unity of scientific knowledge determines the complex nature of the development of scientific problems. It is impossible, for example, to improve the system and management methods in tourism without relying on knowledge of strategic planning, business planning, economics, computer technology, psychology, and other scientific disciplines. The need for an integrated approach to solving scientific problems is also determined by the fact that new opportunities for fruitful research, both of a general theoretical, fundamental, and applied nature, open up at the intersection of various sciences, which should be used to the full. Importance of tourism in the life of society At present, tourism has turned from a form of recreation into an entire industry, which includes many types of tourism activities. Tourism is associated with activities such as travel organization, hotel business, economics, etc. All this is combined under the term tourism business. New specialties have appeared in the tourism business: tourism products, tour operators, travel agents, managers, marketers, etc. For professionals working in the tourism industry, it is important to know the challenges facing tourism and how to solve them in the implementation of tourism activities. Thus, tourism has become a whole science, including objects, subjects, principles, laws, categories and research methods. In modern conditions, tourism has a great influence on many aspects of society, covers many processes, such as social and technical. To social processes include the economic provision of tourism activities, the moral and psychological preparation of people for the rational use of vacations, the general well-being of most people, the availability of recreational facilities and quality service. The need for a deep study of this kind of processes led to the emergence of such sciences as "Sanatorium business", "Management and marketing in tourism", "Tourist market", "Organization of international tourism", "Economics of tourism", as well as psychological, pedagogical, legal science in the field of tourism. They reflect the processes that occupy a contiguous position between tourism activities and the corresponding types of activities, which, in terms of their content, are included, on the one hand, in the composition of tourism science, and on the other hand, in special branches of the relevant sciences. For effective tourism activities in tourism, it is necessary to develop the production of special equipment and the construction of various structures and facilities. Methodology in science is the doctrine of the principles of construction, forms and methods of scientific knowledge. Methodology acts as a means of theoretical knowledge and transformation of reality. Methodology as a doctrine of research methods in tourism is a set of views, the result of knowledge and understanding of the practice of life, which allows you to create specific theoretical judgments about the studied phenomena and processes in this field of activity. To study tourism as a type of human activity, as a successfully developing branch of the world economy, research is carried out using various methods. In the science of tourism, scientists and specialists in their research rely on general, special and private methodology. The general methodology provides correct and accurate ideas about the general laws of tourism development, its originality and constituent components, as well as the place and role in it of those phenomena that scientists and specialists study. It is based on a dialectical approach to understanding the essence of tourism. This methodology proceeds from the materiality of the world around us, in which matter is in continuous motion, development. The driving forces of the development of the surrounding world (matter) obey the laws of dialectics - the unity and struggle of opposites, the transformation of quantitative changes into qualitative ones, the negation of negation. "A special methodology makes it possible to formulate laws and patterns related to the originality of the formation, development and functioning of the phenomena that are being studied. This methodology in the study of specific phenomena and processes in tourism allows you to apply appropriate methods and principles, techniques, methods and techniques to determine the final results of research. The special methodology is based on the following principles: scientific character - is based on general scientific knowledge and is built taking into account the achievements of related sciences, such as economics, law, management, computer science and sociology; visibility - is implemented in the main teaching methods, based on the need to create a visual image, which contributes to its better assimilation and memorization; accessibility - based on taking into account the characteristics of the staff, the possibility of mastering one or another level of complexity of the content of training in tourism activities; the unity of the theory and practice of teaching - is based on dialectics and is implemented in the process of activity, providing for the obligatory achievement of the level of practical application of the acquired knowledge for their complete and accurate assimilation; the educative nature of training is determined by the coincidence of the directions of training and education, since training is aimed at the formation personal qualities from specialists, which realizes the main goal of education. Private methodology is a set of methods, methods, techniques and techniques for studying specific phenomena of tourist activity, which constitute the object and subject of its analysis. It is based on the following principles: determinism - the causality of mental processes occurring during the development of types and forms of tourism, phenomena and processes for quality customer service, making a profit; the unity of consciousness and activity is an indicator of the unity of the development of consciousness and activity, when consciousness arises, develops and manifests itself in activity; development is an indicator of the inseparable connection of tourism with other branches of science and general development - intellectual, emotional, social; personal approach in teaching - orientation of researchers to the study of individual and socio-psychological characteristics of specialists. The considered principles of the methodology give an idea of: driving forces the development of the science of tourism, the social conditionality of the development and improvement of the activities of specialists. 1.2. The role of methodology in the study of tourism activities The subject of research in the theory of tourism is tourism activities, the tasks of which are: the study of tourism activities (excursions and travels); forecasting the development of types and forms of tourism; modeling the characteristics of new tourist centers; restoration of body functions in the process of tourist activities, excursions and travel. The methodology of the study of tourism activities makes it possible to substantiate the scientific approach to the study and solution of theoretical and practical issues of tourism. A methodological assessment of tourism activities helps to determine a likely competitor in the service market, the economic and technical condition of a tourist enterprise, the proposed ways of its development and competition, the strategy and tactics of specialists. The methodology is based on the study of tourism as social phenomenon, which is active and creative in nature, since it occurs in the process of purposeful practical activity of people. In travels and excursions, people's activities are enriched with new experiences as a result of acquaintance with new sights. The study of tourism at a practical level does not reveal the essence of it. historical development, but are constantly used in Everyday life. The study of tourism at a theoretical level aims to understand the essence of the phenomena under study in the form of categories, laws, scientific theories, as well as in the form of abstractions, reflecting the deep essential interconnections of the material and spiritual world. The purpose of tourism activity is to train highly qualified specialists who are able to create a tourist product, as well as to profit from this activity. The subjects of tourism activity are specialists, consumers of services as carriers of certain social and industrial relations, as well as accumulated knowledge and experience in this field of activity. 1.3. Methods of scientific research in tourism Content of research in the field of tourism. The content of research in lasta tourism includes: studying the state of the problem, setting goals and defining tasks, developing a hypothesis, researching the selection of methods and techniques for experiments, and testing them. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the factors affecting the experiment, the logical and chronological scheme of the study, the choice of the contingent and the number of subjects, the determination of the required number of measurements (observations), and the processing of the results. It is also important to provide a place for the study, isolated from external interference, and to prepare the technical equipment for the study, which ensures the solution of the tasks set. The study includes: collection of evidence to ensure the reliability of the conclusions; conducting a series of experiments; theoretical and quantitative processing of the results obtained - determination of average values, measures, data dispersion, correlation coefficients, construction of graphs, tables, diagrams; qualitative analysis and synthesis of data obtained during the study; interpretation of data and formulation of conclusions. In the course of research activities, it is necessary to be guided by the principle of "truth - falsity". The result of scientific activity can be a description of reality, an explanation of the prediction of processes and phenomena, expressed in the form of a text, a block diagram, a graphical dependence, a formula. Truth is a true, correct reflection of reality in thought, the criterion of which is practice. Research stages. In connection with the need to increase the level of reliability of the study, it is necessary to determine the stages of the study: firstly, to formulate a particular problem of tourism using scientific knowledge of reality; secondly, to determine the measure of the unknown in the known, using the terms of a scientific discipline. An important step is the formulation of the problem, i.e., the identification of the necessary information to describe or explain reality. Starting to formulate the research problem, it is necessary to determine what type or phenomenon of tourism activity it refers to. The subject of research in tourism can be: the relationship of the facts of the tourist business with hotel complexes and transport services; patterns economic development in the country and in the world, trends in the socio-cultural experience of specialists. In tourism, the patterns of mastering knowledge in educational institutions, mastering the skills and abilities at a tourist enterprise are studied, the patterns of formation of creative active thinking of consumers of services, changes in the psyche in the process of tourism activities are studied. An important stage of the study is also the determination of the measure of the unknown in the known, the degree of its relevance for the theory of tourism. It is necessary to carry out an examination of the degree and nature of the study of the research problem, i.e. search for significant information about theoretical sources, as well as about sciences related to tourism. The study should be based on the study of the state of the problem, not only in theory, but also in practice. Types of research. Empirical research is based on reliable facts, the collection and analysis of which is carried out using certain methods based on observation and study of tourism activities. Empirical research does not involve the creation of an artificial, experimental situation to identify and collect the necessary facts. These facts are real events in tourism that have occurred in the process of tourism activities. They are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the events taking place. Empirical research can be descriptive and explanatory. In a descriptive study, they reflect facts relating to little-studied objects or phenomena in tourism. Explanatory empirical research includes the collection and analysis of facts, the explanation of causes and cause-and-effect relationships between facts, with the help of which an unknown event or an atypical result is explained from the standpoint of facts already known. Review-analytical research can be critical and be called review-critical. In this case, in addition to the obligatory review and analytical part, it should present a detailed and reasoned criticism of what has already been done on the problem, and draw appropriate conclusions. An overview study may also contain the author's own reflections on what is described in it, including ideas regarding a possible solution to the problem posed. Such reflections can be interspersed with the text of the abstract or they can be separated into a separate section of it, which is a transition between the review-analytical, review-critical and constructive-theoretical parts of the work. A scientist can conduct a theoretical study, in which, in addition to a review and critical analysis of the literature, there are own proposals aimed at solving the problem posed, which can be the author's contribution to the theory of the problem being solved, its new vision, original point of view. The following requirements are imposed on theoretical research: the accuracy of the definition of the concepts used and the consistency, consistency of reasoning. A feature of theoretical knowledge is its generalization and abstractness, which are distinguished by their systemic nature. Changing part of this knowledge leads to a change in the system as a whole. The methods of theoretical research include: ascent from the abstract to the concrete, analysis and synthesis, structural-systemic approach, inductive-deductive approach, modeling, historical method. The formulation of a research topic is one stage in the activity of a scientist: the topic is specified taking into account a specific scientific or practical need. The title of the topic should, if possible, briefly reflect the essence of the problem being solved. Ambiguity and vagueness in the formulation of the topic are unacceptable. The consequences of this will affect all stages of the study, in particular when formulating working hypotheses. Goals and objectives of research. Based on the results of studying the state of the problem, the goal and objectives are determined. Research goals are those intermediate and final goals that must be achieved as a result of research. Intermediate goals are an assessment of the level of resource provision of the tourist enterprise, its functioning in the service market at the time of the experimental work. Tasks are sequential steps in organizing and conducting research from beginning to end. The objectives of a study pursuing a similar goal may be: specifying the problem, studying the literature and practice related to it; refinement of research hypotheses; choice of methods for diagnosing processes; development of a methodology for a formative experiment; development of the plan and program of the experiment, its implementation, processing and analysis of the results of the experiment; formulation of theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations. Goals and objectives are formulated specifically and clearly, otherwise it will be impossible to establish the degree of their implementation. The objectives of the study should be adequate to the main goal of the study, which is subject to intermediate goals. The title of the topic should correspond to the tasks. This correspondence is established after a series of steps. First, they give a general name for the topic and define tasks based on cognitive and practical needs. In the future, the name of the topic affects the tasks, and tasks - the name of the topic. Gradually, through consistent research, a refinement of both the topic and tasks is achieved. The number of research tasks in tourism usually ranges from 3 to 6. If there are fewer of them, then they largely merge with the topic, to a small extent they concretize it. If there are more of them, then the general meaning may be lost, uncertainty will increase, and the focus of the study will be lost. 1.4. Functional features of the science of tourism In the science of tourism, the knowledge of reality is based on reliable knowledge of the objective laws of nature, society and human activity, where the following functions play an important role. The cognitive function of the science of tourism is that it is based on facts, justified logically and mathematically, tested in practice, knowledge is aimed at the further development of the types and forms of tourism. The ideological function of the science of tourism is that it makes it possible to build a reliable picture of the world, which forms the basis for the orientation of people, society as a whole, forms the basis for the rational organization of human life and society, subject to objective laws. The normative and regulatory function of the science of tourism is that its goal is rationality, i.e. accurate calculation of actions, life activity in general, an objective assessment of the results, a reasonable forecast. The material and production function of the science of tourism is determined by the fact that it contributes to the formation of the productive and creative forces of society. The managerial and educational functions of the science of tourism are that they contribute to the development of technology, technology, and the training of specialists for management. Scientific achievements allow you to successfully manage personnel at a tourism enterprise, provide communication with the population, explore the needs, attitudes, motivation and satisfaction of tourists from travel and excursions. The predictive function of the science of tourism is that it allows you to foresee the future: what will be the socio-economic potential of the state, and consequently, how will tourism develop in the hospitality industry. 1.5. Requirements for research methods in tourism The main requirements for research methods in tourism can be formulated as follows: 1. The constant enrichment of the theory of tourism is of great practical importance in improving the methods of scientific knowledge. Each new stage in the development of tourism requires the improvement of scientific research methods, the search for new ways in solving theoretical and practical problems. Knowledge in this area with an objective necessity leads to the application and updating of the following methods in the science of tourism: economic and mathematical, psychological, social, modeling and design. 2. Methods of scientific research should reflect the essence of the object under study, the specifics of the cognitive process itself. These methods of science are diverse, they are built using a complex of other sciences, such as philosophy and sociology, history and psychology, economics, management and law. 3. Methods of scientific research should not carry the goals, aspirations, tasks that specialists set themselves, and should not correspond to the level of their training, the focus of the study. The influence of the goals of scientific research on research methods is manifested in the choice of methods and methods for studying and selecting the material to be studied, in the formulation of problematic issues, in the content and volume of the work performed. The choice of research methods in tourism depends on specialists, their intellectual capabilities and talent, and social conditions. Research methods used in tourism can be conditionally classified and combined into groups according to the degree of their generality and content. The dialectical method plays a leading role in improving knowledge about tourism, as it reflects the general laws of development and knowledge of all phenomena of reality. All other methods can be applied with the greatest effect only in connection with and on the basis of dialectics. The special methods of scientific knowledge are logically subordinate to the dialectical method, follow from it, and are guided by it. Special methods in tourism are formulated as a result of practical activities. With their help, you can study the segments of tourism, its relationship with art, folk art, architecture, etc. Special methods of scientific research include marketing of tourist advertising, online marketing, promotion of tourist products at exhibitions and fairs. By the nature of the tasks performed, methods such as forecasting the development of tourism in the regions of the Russian Federation, long-term business planning, attracting investments in the development of tourism in small towns of the country, studying the retrospective experience of tour operators in terms of the requirements of global tourism development, space tourism can be used. The specifics of human cognitive activity and its features in relation to tourism find their expression in general scientific empirical and logical methods used in scientific knowledge. Observation and experiment, analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogy, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, unity of the historical and logical approach - all this is a wealth of methods based on the laws of reflection of reality in the human mind. Their improvement in accordance with the features and objectives of the development of modern tourism remains 1.6. The value of scientific disciplines in methodological research in tourism Philosophy. Of great importance for the scientific study of tourism is philosophy, which, summarizing the achievements of various sciences and human practices, has developed its own method of cognition - dialectics. This method differs from the methods of studying specific sciences in that it provides the key to understanding all areas of nature without exception. Philosophy directs specialists to the study of objective processes, patterns in their continuous development. Acting as a dialectical logic, philosophy forms the laws and categories of thinking as a reflection of the essential connections and processes of the real world, determines the logical structure of the thought process in solving the theoretical and practical problems of tourism. Philosophy allows specialists to understand the general laws of the development of nature. The laws of dialectics as applied to the study of tourism underlie the methods of cognition of social phenomena in tourism. The methodological function of philosophy in tourism is to consider a certain system of principles and rules for the cognitive activity of people. Story. For the study of tourism activities, history is of great importance, the understanding of which opens the way to the study of tourism as a social phenomenon generated by socio-economic relations based on private property. The historical approach to the study of tourism activity allows us to find out the role of individuals in the development of tourism, the interaction of material and spiritual forces, objective and subjective factors in tourism, and thereby substantiate the ways of practical activities of specialists to improve the economic component of both a separate tourist enterprise and the tourism industry as a whole. . Pedagogy. The place and role of pedagogy in tourism is due to the fact that tourism activity, which is based on hiking, travel and recreation, sightseeing, is a specially organized activity based on special knowledge and skills. The teacher should not only give knowledge about tourism, but also form the need for it. Pedagogical methods in tourism differ in characteristic features. For example, a guide influences tourists with a word or a show, observing the results of his influence. In tourism activities, one can use a linear comparison, when the same troupe of tourists is compared with itself in different time intervals, or a parallel comparison, when two operating groups are compared. Of the other methods, a survey (questionnaire) and a demonstration of skill are most often used. Sociology. The methodological basis of sociology is the assertion that the driving force behind the development of society is its desire to achieve the goal. Sociology studies tourism from the point of view of a social phenomenon, as a type of socio-cultural activity, its role in the formation of healthy and active people. According to the depth of analysis of problems and the complexity of the tasks to be solved, sociological research can be divided into: for intelligence, when, using the example of small groups, simple research tasks are solved using simplified programs and tools (using questionnaires, interview forms, observation); descriptive - obtaining a holistic description of the process under study, when research requires significant resource costs; analytical, when the study of a certain process reveals its structural components and factors, condition, scale and other characteristics. Informatics. Informatics as a specific field of activity in the tourism system includes such research methods as: registration and study of tourist procedures; classification, typification and standardization of tourism processes in various countries; creation and introduction into practice of information blizzards and technologies; systematization of information codes; creation of information technologies in the design and provision of tourist and health services using television, radio, satellite, cellular and mobile communications; computer modeling of individual components of the tourism system; creation of coordinates for the database of all tourism objects. Domestic and foreign scientists have formulated a number of laws of informatics: the preservation of information; information balance; constant change of information; information unity; symmetrization and desymmetrization of information processes and technologies in micro- and macroworlds, etc. For example, the law of conservation of information is an integral part of the life of tourist structures that have a different degree of activity. The most active are international tour operators, state and regional tourism organizations, educational and research institutions that train specialists in this field of activity. Their information competence extends to all lower levels: travel agencies, tourist enterprises, hotel and restaurant complexes, insurance companies, companies involved in the transportation of tourists, health centers, passport, visa and customs structures, security services, consumers of services. Systematology. Systematology as a science of management covers tourism activities, in which important problems are: the study of control and managed systems; study of forms and methods of control actions; theoretical analysis the management process itself; study of the organization of managerial work. Tasks solved in this field of activity include: development theoretical problems and practical management issues; assistance to practitioners - on a theoretical basis, to find ways and means of successfully solving management problems; development of recommendations for improving the management system; study and development of ways for the integrated application of forms and methods of influencing personnel. Management functions in tourism are classified: according to the regulation of their norms - legal and moral; content - political, economic, social, cultural (tourism is the spiritual and moral health of the people); territorial criterion - federal, regional, local; validity period - termless and urgent; the position of participants in the management system - relations of subordination (vertical) and coordination (horizontal); distribution sphere - internal, developing within a given control system, and external, developing between different control systems. In tourism practice, corporate governance models are used: Anglo-American, German, Japanese, entrepreneurial, typical for countries with economies in transition. Each of these functions is distinguished by the following features: social value system, the role of labor collectives, methods of financing, information asymmetry, investment, cost of capital, basic economic unit, type of innovation, management compensation, share capital structure. Metrology. Metrology is the science of measurements, methods for achieving their unity and accuracy. Measurements, the results of which are expressed in legal units, and the errors are known with a given probability, are called the unity of measurements. The unity of measurements is necessary in order to be able to compare the results of measurements performed in different places, at different times, using different methods and measuring instruments. Metrology is of greater importance in improving the production efficiency, technical level and product quality for the tourism industry. To systematically ensure and improve the quality of the tourist product and services, it is necessary to carry out control at all stages of the production cycle. In order for a product or service to meet customer needs, it must be designed and developed to a standard. In this important matter, it is necessary to select professionals or train staff. Qualimetry. Qualimetry is a branch of science that combines quantitative methods for assessing the quality of a tourist product and services, contributes to the choice of methods for determining quality indicators and their optimization. Having the means and methods for measuring and evaluating, qualimetry helps to study the general theoretical problems of tourism (general qualimetry), construct a model and an algorithm for evaluating the formation of a tourism product (special qualimetry), and form the pricing of a tourism product (subject qualimetry). With the help of qualimetry in tourism activities, one can get an idea of the theory of quantitative assessment methods, evaluate the quality of services as a product of staff labor, which is a comprehensive indicator of quality, identify the number of immeasurable services, and apply non-economic assessment methods. Qualimetry allows you to determine the quality of a tourism product in its interaction with consumer value (economic status), the focus of a tourism product on a comprehensive assessment of economic and technical properties and processes (technical and economic status), methodological and general scientific functions of the quality category of a tourism product (general scientific status), socio- cultural value of the tourist product in socio-economic relations (systematic status). A quantitative assessment of the quality of a tourist product is necessary for making informed decisions at all stages of its life cycle: from marketing research to making a decision to withdraw from production. Quality qualimetry allows you to determine competitiveness, establish the relationship between quality and price, analyze the quality of production processes, determine ways to improve the tourist product and reduce costs. Statistics. Tourism is the object of statistical research. Statistical research in tourism is a scientifically organized process of obtaining primary statistical information or systematic collection of data on the studied phenomena of social life. Statistical reporting in tourism ensures the use of state statistics data and is necessary for making informed management decisions by interested users, comparability of indicators in accordance with domestic and international statistical methodology. The classification of statistics in tourism is a means of summarizing statistical information, the basis of statistical analysis and the use of indicator systems, which is necessary for the formation of groups of units of the studied population according to certain characteristics, allows: to distinguish socio-economic types, classes, groups of phenomena; study internal structure study population; establish connections between features of phenomena. For example, the classification of the socio-economic characteristics of visitors includes the behavior of tourists, their needs and expenses depending on age, education, income, social status. The typification of tourist accommodation facilities reflects such concepts as types, groups, subgroups. The types include collective and individual accommodation facilities; groups - specialized and individual accommodation facilities; to subgroups - hotels, motels, boarding houses, sanatoriums, dispensaries, rest houses, apartments, komrats and cottages. Tourism statistics are used, for example, in those cases when it is necessary to determine such a parameter as inbound consumption by tourists (services for accommodation, food and drinks, services of travel agencies and tour operators, services of tourist guides, services of cultural enterprises, organization of recreation and entertainment). Other specific areas characteristic of a particular region, travel company, hotel complex, tour operator are also being investigated. Logistics. The management process in the provision of tourist activities proceeds in compliance with the rules of logistics. For example, providing inventory, equipment, food and accommodation for tourists, as well as transporting them to facilities, selling air tickets, insurance, issuing an international voucher, booking hotel rooms and other activities are carried out taking into account the principles and methods of logistics, which is a logistics system. The logistics system in the tourism industry is a rather complex organizationally completed economic system, consisting of elements interconnected in a single management process, the elements of links, the totality of which, the boundaries and tasks of functioning are united by internal and external goals. In practice, logistics (open) and command-administrative (closed) systems have developed and are functioning, enriched by economic practice. In tourism activities, modeling of logistics systems is used. Specialists have developed general Models for the structure of functions and relationships, which are usually called modules. In tourism, when interacting with the production and marketing of a tourist product, a software-functional module is used, which includes: operational analysis of the demand environment; development and implementation of options for a model of operational planning and organization of tourist transportation while optimizing the choice of a vehicle; organization and management of the functioning of the reception and departure of tourists; organization of accounting and analysis of the state of safety of tourists; operational planning and management of the supply and loading of vehicles for the reception and departure of tourists. 1.7. Basic principles of tourism methodology Task methodological research tourist activity - to show ways of studying economic, social, cultural and other problems, to determine and evaluate the methods and principles of knowledge, to avoid erroneous conclusions, false theoretical concepts. The main principles of tourism methodology are objective and. subjectivity of tourist activity. Tourism as a socio-economic phenomenon interacts with objective and subjective conditions, external and internal factors. The objectivity of tourism activity is connected with the fact that: to give a theoretical justification for the effective conduct of the tourist business in the market; work out theoretical concepts, corresponding to the socio-economic guidelines of the state and the level of scientific and technological progress; identify ways to improve the management of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism; find viable ways further development types and forms of tourism in the regions of Russia. For example, in the study of the causes and essence of the emergence of new types of tourism, their development, specialists should proceed from an analysis of the material basis of socio-economic development, which determines all aspects of tourism activities. This basis is the development of productive forces and production relations. Economic efficiency directs managers to find out the real facts, obliges them to adhere to an objective analysis of certain aspects of tourism activities, and verification theoretical provisions in practice gives them confidence in the correctness of their decisions. The study uses certain methods of other sciences associated with tourism, especially economic, social and medical. Tourism includes a wide range of phenomena that are complex in nature and structure, having socio-political, economic and technical aspects, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In tourism, methods of related sciences are used to some extent. For example, managers and marketers study and master the methods of the sciences that interact with tourism, such as strategic business management, licensing, standardization, certification, finance and credit, and accounting. Competence in these and other areas of knowledge requires continuous improvement of professional training, broadening of horizons, and development of general scientific erudition. The study of modern tourism is impossible without the skillful use of the achievements of computer science, telecommunications, mathematics, computer technology and the methods used in them. Knowledge as a result of scientific knowledge of certain types of tourism is an objective reality. For example, outside the consciousness of a person there are such social phenomena and specific situations that are reflected in his brain in the form of certain mental images. The correspondence of the image to the reality reflected in it characterizes the degree of objectivity of its content. For example, a cruise on a comfortable sea liner around Europe as an image reproduces the most common features, the characteristic features of the real, its patterns that objectively exist in reality. Knowledge about the actual conditions of a cruise can only be formed during a sea voyage. Knowledge that exists in the mind in the form of an ideal reflection is subjective. The correspondence of the image to the objective reality reflected in it, for example, in rafting (an extreme form of tourism), is relative. Its completeness, accuracy, adequacy may be different, depending on the mountain river, season, complexity and risk to life. Here the corresponding image appears: in the subject - the personality of the tourist, in the object - rafting as an extreme type of tourism. Subjectivity in tourism activity is characterized by the fact that a person creates images that reflect the existing and future reality: hotel accommodation and quality service, acquaintance with interesting people or handicrafts of the region. The specialist of a tourist enterprise in his research can be ahead of reality, which is the basis for the creation of a forecast. If research were not capable of being ahead of reality, the specialist would not be able to transform it in accordance with his needs. The subjectivity of the image obtained in the process of research is the cause of a possible distortion, one-sided, subjectivistic reflection of reality. Erroneous knowledge, if it is not a deliberate lie, is a reflection of the subjective image of objective reality. In this case, the content of the image is an exaggeration, absolutization or, on the contrary, an underestimation of any one of the aspects of reality. For example, underestimating the importance of space tourism compared to conventional tourism may delay the creation of vehicles to deliver tourists to Earth's orbit, medical research on human adaptation to weightlessness. A typical mistake in the analysis of the service market is a distorted idea of the capabilities of competitors. Subjectivism in this field of activity, as practice shows, often manifests itself and adversely affects the profitability of the tourism enterprise. 1.8. Competitive bidding methodology Competitive bidding methodology as a set of methods and techniques, technologies and mechanisms is aimed at solving certain problems, for example, conducting, coordinating open or closed tenders for the construction of tourist facilities, promoting tourism products and services, organizing work on arranging places of residence, providing tourists food, beverages, related products and services. Competitive bidding (tenders) contribute to the solution of socio-economic problems, i.e. the budget funds of the tourist enterprise must be implemented so that the work, goods, services are of high quality at lower costs. The released material resources can, for example, be used for the social needs of the staff. Competitive bidding reflects the objective laws of social, economic and other relations, is based on the appropriate methodology, experiment and practice, i.e. they have an objective justification. The methods used in the process of competitive bidding include economic and mathematical methods of analysis; methods of collection and economic analysis of materials, system analysis and synthesis, forecasting, scientific foresight; efficiency methods theoretical generalization and conclusions in conditions close to real, making a decision on the use of the results obtained; factor analysis; systemic, informative, team, collaborative, cultural, creative, organizational change, normative and descriptive approaches; comparison methods, modeling; expert assessments and experiment; methods of psychological influence, error prevention, encouragement. 1.9. Theoretical and Empirical Research Methods in Tourism The process of developing knowledge about tourism is determined by the variety of connections, the constant renewal of the tourist product, the improvement of personnel activities, and changes in socio-economic relations in the country and the world. In tourism, the following main areas of scientific research can be distinguished: theoretical, empirical and practical. Theoretical research. Theoretical research is aimed at discovering something new in the phenomenon under study, establishing its properties and trends that have not yet been reflected in the theory and practice of tourism. Its purpose is to reveal the patterns of development of tourism, its individual forms and types. On this basis, it is possible to determine, for example, the demand for services in the market, the direction of training specialists in the field of tourism. In theoretical studies, the essence of the processes, the laws underlying them, new directions in the development of individual segments of tourism are revealed. On the basis of theoretical studies, the methods of managing tourist enterprises and the training of highly professional personnel are being improved. The results of theoretical studies serve as the basis for the development of legal documents, targeted programs, charters of enterprises, which reflect in a concentrated form the experience of tourism activities in certain market segments and the forecast of their future development. Consequently, new requirements are being formulated for the training of specialists, the design of new tourist programs, and the principles of sustainable functioning in the service market. Theoretical research is the logical basis for the scientific analysis of specific processes, the assessment of one's resources, the capabilities of competitors, the adoption of sound practical decisions, and enterprise management. empirical research. Empirical research has as its purpose the accumulation of new factual material, its explanation and generalization within the framework of existing theory about tourism. It is known that tourism is developing dynamically, so empirical research takes great place in the activities of scientists and specialists. The richer and more diverse the practice and the possibilities of experimentation, the faster the science of tourism can accumulate the necessary amount of facts, which are the empirical basis for the improvement and development of tourism theory. Empirical research is carried out directly in the course of activity. In practice, they are aimed at obtaining objective knowledge about the situation in the tourism services market and determining on this basis the most effective ways use of available resources in order to retain their segment, market, identify their rivals in the competitive struggle, achieve an economic effect, i.e. arrived. clarification of tasks; assessment of the market situation; decision making by the manager; setting tasks for the staff by the manager. All elements, despite their logical unity and purposefulness, differ among themselves in the content and sequence of studying the main issues, the methods of work of the leader and the team. Clarification of the task by the manager is a correct understanding of the role and place of his enterprise in the service market, the nature of the actions of competitors in the process of implementing the tour product, the availability of available resources, the correct choice of ways to achieve the goal. The nature of the assessment of the market, the content of the decision being made, largely depends on the accuracy of understanding the problem. Market assessment consists in studying the objective conditions for future activities that are favorable or, on the contrary, negatively affect the fulfillment of the tasks set. The objects of market assessment are: competitors, their weak and strong capabilities, local (geographical) conditions where the tourist product will be sold, the seasonality factor, etc. The directions of activity, the economic state of the industry, the presence of potential consumers, the socio-political state of the country and the region in which the tourist enterprise operates, the attitude of the population to participation in tourist activities are taken into account. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University TOPICAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN EDUCATION: EXPERIENCE AND INNOVATION ULYANOV April 20-21, 2012 .... " "MOSCOW STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL AVIATION _ T.V. Naumova, O.G. Feoktistova Manual for laboratory work Master's degree in ECOLOGY for students of all specialties of all forms of education Moscow - 2004 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com BBK 57. Reviewer: Ph.D. E.V. Ekzertseva Naumova T.V., Feoktistova O.G. Manual for laboratory work Highway in the discipline "Ecology" .-M .: MSTU GA, 2004.- p. This...» "STATE COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR FISHING Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University Food chemistry Guidelines and control tasks for students of technological specialties of distance learning Vladivostok 2002 UDC 54+664(075.8) BBC 51.23ya73 R698 Approved by the editorial and publishing council of the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries and Fisheries University Author - N .BUT. R o m a s h i n a Reviewer - A.G...." Clarissa Pinkola Estes Running with the Wolves. Female archetype in myths and legends Estes K.-P. Running with the wolves. 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EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL MANUAL on the discipline Organization of medical and social assistance to the population for students of the specialty 040101.65 Social work Educational and methodological manual on the discipline Organization of meU 91 ... " “U D K - 6 1 6 - 0 0 1 (092) LBC - 54.58 O-568 Annotation In the essay by G.S. Olshansky provides data on the life path, teaching, and scientific activities of prominent representatives of the new branch of the traumatology and orthopedic school, professors V.M. Tsodyksa. M.N. Nikitin, F.S. Zubairov and Associate Professor V.P. Selivanov, who made a significant contribution to the science and practice of health care. Published by the decision of the Academic Council of the Novokuznetsk Institute for the Improvement of Doctors. Chief, editor: Honored Worker...» "No. I - /" 4 Book lie f for reading m and i iai sh and k shshya t with Shi e e and m and m I lIA A J i! And L Sh "GSH Compiled by Olga Gavrilova I-,. ^ "Endinskaya TsBS I,. 'Edchesky 14% 61 I I Publishing House Yu. N Environmental Foundation N 12 ALONE WITH NATURE: Reading book / Comp. HE. Gavrilov. - Tyumen: Yu. Khanty-Mansiysky Mandrika Publishing House, 2000. - 288 p. Autonomous Okrug With this book...” “Office of the Altai Territory for Culture and Archiving Altai Regional Universal Scientific Library named after V.I. V. Ya. Shishkova Publicly accessible state and municipal libraries Altai Territory in 2013 Collection of statistical and analytical materials on the state of the library sector Barnaul 2014 UDC 027 LBC 78.34(2)7 O28 Compiled by E. V. Dmitrieva Publicly accessible state and municipal libraries of Altai Territory O28 in 2013: Sat. stat. and analyt. materials on the state of the library .... 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Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of tourism
FOREWORD
The study guide considers the relationship of various scientific knowledge that has a significant impact on the methods of scientific research in tourism, their use in solving specific scientific problems. A comprehensive methodology using modeling methods of system analysis has received wide application in scientific research. Knowledge of the general methods of scientific knowledge of general patterns in tourism serves as an initial prerequisite for the successful solution of particular scientific problems. INTRODUCTION
Fundamentals of tourism business State policy in tourism begins when millions of people need to provide a fruitful holiday. To solve this problem, the question of the number of citizens who want to have a good holiday and the number of hotels that can provide accommodation is of particular importance.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TOURISM
Methodological approaches to the study of tourism activities 1.1. Methodology as the doctrine of research methods in tourism Methodology (in its broadest sense) is the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity.