Heroic-patriotic tourism in the northwestern region of Russia. Tourism as a means of patriotic education and rehabilitation of preschoolers Military tourism: tribute or entertainment
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Introduction
Chapter 1. Heroic-patriotic tourism in the North-West region of Russia
1.1 The essence of heroic-patriotic tourism (basic concepts and definitions)
1.2 Prerequisites, causes and conditions for the development of heroic-patriotic tourism
Chapter 2. Northwestern region and stages (forms) of development of heroic-patriotic tourism
2.1 Northwest region
2.2 Forms of heroic-patriotic tourism in Kronstadt
Conclusion
Literature
ATconducting
The North-Western region of Russia, in terms of its geographical location, natural and climatic, cultural, historical and socio-ethnographic prerequisites, is an ideal region for the development of almost all types of tourism.
The deep centuries-old past of the region, many key, often tragic events that took place in different eras, left a powerful layer historical heritage. About 4000 monuments are concentrated in the region Russian history and culture, of which more than 300 are of federal significance. Mounds, fortresses, castles, palaces and parks, other objects, including modern ones, are of great value and are widely available to tourists, sightseers and guests. A significant part of the heritage is concentrated in museums, collections and is available for cultural and educational purposes of tourism. The ethnographic heritage and potential are determined by the residence of peoples of different cultures in the region.
Many historical settlements were of great military and strategic importance and served as important hubs on the largest historical trade routes. The era of the capital St. Petersburg influenced the development of suburbs and distant suburbs of the capital Russian Empire. So, in the Leningrad region there are eight medieval fortresses, three palace and park ensembles, 120 former noble estates and memorial places. On the territory of the region, ancient family possessions, including well-known figures of art and culture, statesmen, Decembrists, have been preserved and partially turned into museums. Traces of wars are reflected in numerous memorials, monuments, including such as the Green Belt of Glory?, Road of Life? and others that form the basis of heroic-patriotic tourism. patriotic tourism kronstadt
Kronstadt is also an object of heroic-patriotic tourism. The city is located on the island of Kotlin in the Gulf of Finland, 26 kilometers from St. Petersburg. The island position and proximity to St. Petersburg determined the entire three-century history of Kronstadt and its present day.
In 1703, Peter I began to build a fortress here. The first fort was built on an island built up during one winter of 1703-1704, on the shallows near Kotlin Island. In 1706, a fortress of St. Alexander was built on the western tip of the island, armed with guns. But Peter saw Kronstadt not only as a fortress, but also as a port. large ships could not pass to Petersburg. The construction of harbors began - Military, Merchant, Sredny and Lesnaya, protected by walls, on which guns were installed in the bastions.
In 1723, the central fortress was laid, which surrounded Kronstadt from north to south. In the 19th century, sea forts made of granite, stone and brick were built on piles: "Alexander I", "Paul I", "Konstantin", the battery "Prince Menshikov".
By the beginning of the 20th century, 17 sea forts were built, and the construction of concrete fortifications armed with long-range artillery began. During the Great Patriotic War, the batteries of Kronstadt and the forts waged a fierce struggle against the invaders, helping to defend the city of Leningrad, and then supporting the advancing Soviet Army.
In 1957, the Kronstadt fortress was disbanded, and its forts were disarmed. Until 1996, the island was closed to tourists, as the naval base was located on the island. Now Kronstadt is a commercial port, it repairs ships, trains personnel for the fleet.
The historical part of the city of Kronstadt and the Kronstadt fortress are included in the list world heritage UNESCO as part of the "Historic Center of St. Petersburg and Associated Complexes of Monuments" object.
There are more than 300 monuments of history, culture and technology in Kronstadt. Unique hydraulic and defensive structures, beautiful buildings and ensembles, such as Fort Kronshlot, a complex of provincial houses of the early 18th century, the world's first self-draining canal-dock of Peter I, an example of a military town of the 18th century, the Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas and other monuments attract the attention of numerous tourists.
Heroic-patriotic tourism and heroic-patriotic education are focused on promoting military professions, significant historical dates, and instilling pride in the deeds of heroic ancestors.
During the implementation of the youth policy, the main goal of the heroic patriotic education youth in Russian Federation is the development of young people's citizenship, patriotism as the most important spiritual, moral and social values, the formation of their professionally significant qualities, skills and readiness for their active manifestation in various spheres of society, especially in the process of military service and other related types of public service, fidelity to constitutional and military duty in peacetime and wartime, high responsibility and discipline, unity of patriotic consciousness and heroic-patriotic behavior.
The success of the state youth policy in the formation of heroic-patriotic qualities in young people is determined by the following conditions: scientific support purposeful approach to solving the problem of heroic-patriotic education; the allocation, inclusion of each young person in active work on the study, analysis, understanding of the historical past of the Fatherland, its heroic and dramatic stages and periods, the formation of young people's skills and abilities, public presentation of their views, positions on the historical past and the current state of the country; ensuring an integrated approach, unity and coordination of actions of society and government agencies on patriotic education of youth; formation among young people of a conscious and interested attitude to the study of the historical past of the country and contemporary problems and trends in the development of our society; vigorous activity young people in the field of studying the great past of Russia.
The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that in last years In our country, more and more attention is paid to the development of tourism activities. The North-West region of Russia is one of the most promising for the development of heroic-patriotic tourism. This region is attractive for tourists in terms of location and cultural and historical heritage, has great historical and cultural values. It is unique in its significance and the presence of objects of tourist display and interest. One of such objects is Kronstadt. The history of its creation is interesting, the history of Russian artisans, engineers, soldiers and sailors who created this unique monument of Russian Culture under the most difficult conditions. And although today the fortress of Kronstadt has lost its purely military value, it continues to guard the history of Russian sea fortification, which has no analogues in the world.
object term paper is heroic-patriotic tourism in the North-West region of Russia.
The subject of the research is the process of development and formation of Kronstadt as an object of heroic-patriotic tourism.
The purpose of the course work is to consider the form and stages of heroic-patriotic tourism in Kronstadt.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
1) study the history of Kronstadt;
2) to show the essence of heroic-patriotic tourism;
3) identify the prerequisites for the development of heroic-patriotic tourism;
4) analyze the forms of heroic-patriotic tourism;
5) reveal the features of the architecture of Kronstadt.
To study heroic-patriotic tourism in Kronstadt, we use cultural research methods:
1. synchronous;
2. chronological;
3. comparative-historical.
The course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
Chapter1. Heroic-patriotic tourism in the North-West regionRussia
1.1 Essence, basic concepts and definitions
Heroic-patriotic education is a systematic and purposeful activity of state authorities, public organizations and citizens, aimed at educating the population of all social strata and ages of high patriotic consciousness, love for the Motherland, a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty, constitutional duties. This upbringing is aimed at the formation of a person with high moral qualities of a citizen - a patriot of his Motherland, capable of fulfilling his civic duties in wartime and peacetime.?
Under these conditions, the state program "Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation for 2011-2015" was re-approved, developed in accordance with the Concept of Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation and taking into account proposals from executive authorities, scientific and educational institutions, creative unions and religious denominations.
Heroic and patriotic tourism is one of the important and effective means of spiritual and physical improvement and health improvement of a person, educating an understanding of the structure and principles of social relationships, enduring spiritual values based on the study and knowledge of the deep and complex history of the Fatherland, its heroes and personalities, the historical role of Russia in world order and the fate of peoples, the preservation and development of a sense of pride in their country.
Target visits to the places of military battles, commemorative memorials, museums of history and local history, the study of the pages of history and events should serve as a means of reducing ideological confrontation, reconciliation of peoples, strengthening the unity and friendship of peoples, unconditional preservation territorial integrity countries.
The territory of the Leningrad region was throughout the history of Russia the scene of battles, battles, wars. Every inch of Russian land stores information about the struggle for territorial space, the richest resources, key strategic points, and economic benefits. The 20th century was no exception. Wars, revolutions, invasions of enemies, the most difficult bloody battles, 900 days besieged Leningrad, Road of Life, hundreds settlements, cities, towns and villages wiped off the face of the earth, millions of human victims of political madness and brutal wars.
Thousands of monuments, obelisks and memorials have been erected on the most important battle lines in memory of the fallen soldiers and their heroic deeds on the land of the Leningrad Region. Until now, 68 years after the end of the Great Patriotic War, the unburied remains of warrior-heroes are found in the forests of the region. Search teams are still working in places of battles and armed conflicts to find the remains of soldiers who died defending the Fatherland, their identification and burial with due military honors.
A complex of memorials has been erected around Leningrad (St. Petersburg), forming the Green Belt of Glory. It is located along the 220-kilometer defense line of Leningrad in 1941-1944. and includes four sections: 1. Southern approaches to Leningrad and defense lines; 2. Oranienbaum patch; 3. Karelian Isthmus - the northern line of defense; 4. "Road of Life"
Consider some of the objects of heroic-patriotic tourism in the Leningrad region.
1) Boksitogorsk district:
Astracha, a memorial to Soviet soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, a museum.
Memorial stele, vil. Mikhailovsky Ends. A commemorative place marked with a stele, where in November 1941 the headquarters of Marshal K.A. Meretskov, military burial.
Monument, pos. Fence. Monument to the pilot Hero of the Soviet Union A. Godovikov.
Monument-stele, pos. Podborovye. Monument-stele, car ZIS-105, dedicated to the feat accomplished on the? Road of Life? during the war years 1941-1945.
Mass grave, Boksitogorsk. Mass grave Soviet soldiers.
2) Vsevolozhsk district:
Memorial?Green Belt of Glory?.
The road of life?.
3) Vyborgsky district:
Museum of Military Glory, Vyborg, House of Officers. Dedicated to the assault on the Mannerheim Line in 1939-1944.
Southern fortress, Vyborg, Southern fortress. East Vyborg fortifications. Erected in 1863-1870. according to the project of E. I. Totleben - an outstanding and? most famous specialist of his time? military engineering in Russia.
4) Gatchinsky district:
Memorial of military glory, pos. Verevo, built in 1975 at the burial site of Soviet soldiers who died in 1941 during the defense of Krasnogvardeysk, and also soldiers who died during the liberation of Gatchina.
Memorial to the Defenders of the Motherland, p. Elizabeth. The memorial was erected at the burial place of the fallen soldiers. The remains of cadets-border guards of the Novo-Peterhof political school, militias who defended Elizavetino in 1941, soldiers and officers of the 90th rifle division and the 31st Tank Regiment, which liberated the village in January 1944.
Military memorial, Gatchina. Memorial cemetery, eternal flame. Architect Pikarsky.
Monument to the Soviet wars, the village of Druzhnaya Gorka. The memorial was erected in 1976 in honor of the Guards pilots who defended Leningrad, participants in the battles for the liberation of Gatchina and Siverskaya. A MIG-15 jet aircraft with tail number 45 is installed on a 10-meter stele. Cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov flew in a car with this number.
5) Kingisepp district:
Mass grave, Kingisepp, Pyatisot Grove, mass grave of the liberators of Kingisepp from the fascist occupation on 31.01-01.02, 1944. About 1500 dead soldiers and officers. Burial of soldiers of the 8th Estonian corps.
Mass grave, Kingisepp. Fraternal military burial of partisans. Monument? Heroes-partisans who fell in World War II?
Monument of Glory, Kingisepp. Burial of officers who died during the liberation of Kingisepp in 1944
6) Kirishi district:
Memorial to those who died in 1941-1945? in Victory Square. Established in 1970. The Memorial Eternal Flame was lit from the Eternal Flame of the Piskarevsky cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Monument? Defenders of the Kirishi land? - a memorial monument with a T-34 tank in the Victory Square to the soldiers-liberators, Kirishi. Installed in 1968
7) Kirovsky district:
Military memorial? Nevsky Piglet?, Kirovsk. Bridgehead of an attempt to break the blockade of Leningrad in 1941-1943. Burial of the remains of soldiers found in the Kirov region.
Military Patriotic Museum, Kirovsk, PTU-37, Museum of Military Glory.
Doroga Pobedy?, a temporary railway line 33 km long, which was promptly laid from the station. Glades to Shlisselburg to supply Leningrad.
State Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve? Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad?, Kirovsk.
Memorial? Nevsky threshold?, Otradnoe. Monument to the militia.
8) Lodeynopolsky district:
Park-memorial? Svir victory?, Lodeynoye Pole. It was founded in 1944. The Svirsky line became an insurmountable obstacle in the way of the enemy, who was trying to surround Leningrad with a second blockade ring.
Monument on the site of the house of Peter the Great, Lodeynoye Pole, the monument to Peter the Great reminds of the first stage of the life of the city, associated with shipbuilding; it was installed in 1832 on the banks of the Svir, where the king's house once stood.
Monument at the site of the descent of the frigate? Shtandart?, Lodeynoye Pole, August 22, 1703 - descent? Shtandart?.
Mass grave of soldiers-liberators, Lodeynoye Pole. Burial of soldiers participating in the Svir operation. There is a stele, commemorative signs, an eternal flame.
9) Lomonosovsky district:
Red hill? - memorial, Krasnoflotsk, the first zone - two cannons of times Crimean War 1853-56, a monument of maritime glory, the front-ceremonial part of the zone, mass graves in the form of 3 granite slabs with inscriptions, the second zone is a museum one.
Coast of the courageous? - memorial complex, on the bank of the river. Funnels 30-meter stele - it contains portraits of a soldier, a sailor, a partisan and a girl.
The far frontier?, a memorial included in the complex? The Green Belt of Glory?, was built in 1966 by the workers of the Smolninsky district of Leningrad on the right bank of the river. Ruditsa near the village of Sheremetyevo, where in 1941-1944. passed the line of defense of the Oranienbaum bridgehead.
Monument? Attack?, on the 8th km of the Gostilitsky highway.
10) Luga region:
Memorial complex to the militias and defenders of the Luga line 1941-1945, Luga.
Thematic hiking trails for schoolchildren as part of the heroic-patriotic education of youth.
11) Slantsevsky district:
Monument-stele, village Lozhgolovo. On the eastern outskirts of the village, near the road Slantsy - Kingisepp, at the place where the pilots of the Red Banner Air Force died on July 15, 1941 Baltic Fleet: Lieutenants Shevlyagin V.A., Pavlov V.A. and others.
Monument-stele, Medvezhok village. To the reconnaissance fighters from the detachment of the Hero of the Soviet Union Znamensky B.C., who died in the village on July 24, 1941.
Monument-stele, vil. Housewarming. At the location in 1941-1944. headquarters of the 9th partisan brigade. Monument-stele to fellow villagers who died during the war.
Monument-stele, village Monastyrok. Fellow villagers who died in 1941-1944. and reburial of soldiers who died during the war. Mass grave of Soviet soldiers who died in 1919 within the village.
12) Volosovsky district:
Memorial complex? Greater District - Russian Khatyn? on the spot former village Big District. In October 1943, the village was completely burned down by German punishers for the connection of the inhabitants with the partisans.
Military memorial in the village of Bolshoy Sabsk. To Soviet soldiers who gave their lives for their Motherland and Leningrad.
Memorial sign in the village of Khotnezha. In July-August 1941, in the village of Khotnezha, the 1st Infantry Regiment of the 3rd Frunze Division of the People's Militia of Leningrad heroically held the defense.
1.2 Prerequisites, causes and conditionsdevelopmentheroic-patriotic tourism
The driving force of progress is not material wealth, but patriotism. Moving forward is impossible without sincere love for the Motherland, the land of ancestors, for one's people. Patriotism is manifested not in words and slogans, but in a person's life position, his daily work. The fact that he lives not only for himself, but also for his Fatherland. Much may change around us, but this truth will remain unshakable. Patriotism was, is and must remain an unshakable postulate of our statehood. This is an eternal value that holds generations together.
To be a citizen and patriot of one's Motherland means to have an active civic position, competently exercise one's rights, honestly and conscientiously fulfill one's duties. To be hardworking to maintain a decent standard of living and take care of those who need your help and protection, to feel your responsibility and involvement in the past, present and future of your country.
And heroic-patriotic tourism as an element of patriotic education of youth is an integral part of this process.
The success of the progressive and socially oriented development of Russia largely depends on the active participation of the younger generation in all transformational processes. To do this, young people must clearly know and understand the goals and values of the society that they are building. Only then will young people become real actors in solving specific problems facing our country in the 21st century.
AT modern conditions the process of becoming a vital young generation is contradictory. On the one hand, in the conditions of new market relations, in many respects it independently seeks, and sometimes even wins its place in a modernizing society. On the other hand, society and the state are trying to correct the intentions and actions of young people related to their social adaptation. There is an objective process of educating young people for the purpose of their most constructive adaptation in society and active, subjective participation in it.
The former educational structures are practically destroyed and are unable to carry out the formation of personal and civic qualities of young people in modern conditions. The creation of new social institutions of education will require significant efforts on the part of the state and public organizations, and above all, a conceptual study of the problem of patriotic education of young people in the new Russian reality and the problem of identifying indicators and criteria for the effectiveness of this process.
The relevance of patriotic education is determined by life itself, the state of the younger generation, the prospects for its life in the new conditions. Young people more successfully than the older generation adapt to the changed socio-economic conditions, enter market relations more mobile, occupying strong positions there, realizing their interests and abilities. However, at present, one can state a deep crisis of spirituality. Russian society in general, and even more lack of spirituality among young people. Such lack of spirituality is manifested, first of all, in a negative attitude towards the history of their Fatherland, its culture and traditions, in admiration for Western culture and way of life. It is also necessary to purposefully patriotic education of young people in terms of counteracting an alien culture, if we want to remain a culturally original country.
One of the characteristic manifestations of spiritual emptiness and low culture in society, especially among young people, was a sharp drop in the role and importance of patriotism as one of the most important values of our people and its heroic history. After the loss of the former ideological pillars that were set in the pre-perestroika years by the entire system of education, a significant part of the youth is characterized by uncertainty and blurring of worldview and moral guidelines, the absence of a clear system of values. It is becoming more and more obvious that it is precisely the high patriotic idea, the idea of statehood, that is the framework, the foundation on which alone the spirituality of our society can be built.
Solving the problems that concern society, especially young people, is impossible without a unified strategy, which is based on reliance on the spiritual and cultural potential of Russia, its historical, heroic-patriotic and spiritual heritage.
The idea of patriotism at all times occupied a special place in the formation of the younger generation, although during the Soviet period, as well as the last decade of the development of our society, it became more and more deformed, acquiring ideological, political or even purely speculative layers. New realities stimulate the search for the actual content of the patriotic idea as a spiritual pillar of public consciousness, as the most important component of the national ideology. Under these conditions, the definition of the essence and specifics of modern Russian patriotism, the methodological and theoretical foundations of patriotic education, and, above all, youth, is becoming an increasingly urgent task.
The destruction of the Soviet system of patriotic education of youth took place practically without crowding out, replacing it with any other system. As a result, the implementation of economic reforms is unlikely to be successful if the system of education, culture, formation and development of the young generation of Russians is deprived of such a necessary component of the system of spiritual values as patriotism.
Thus, the essence of the problem lies in the need to update the content and deeply reorganize the actually destroyed system of patriotic education of Russian youth, which, in turn, involves the development of a new concept that reflects the changes that have taken place in society, embodying the achievements of modern social and humanitarian knowledge.
The need for patriotic education of youth is determined by the following main points:
First, significant, including negative, metamorphoses of the social structure in the country, huge changes that have taken place and are taking place in Russia. In the course of the transformations carried out in society, significant changes have occurred not only in the socio-economic and political spheres, but also in the spiritual and moral foundations of our life. The process of reassessment of values continues, the tendency to destroy not only stereotypes of the past, but also fundamentally positive traditional foundations is intensifying, and in parallel with this, the emergence and development of ideals, orientations, attitudes that reflect the direction and content of ongoing changes in society. It is quite obvious that the successful development of Russian society is possible only if its citizens, especially the younger generation, are imbued with the most important socially significant values. It is they who determine the views, positions, motivations, actions and behavior of people, the spiritual and moral foundations of our existence.
Secondly, the aggravation of the contradiction between the huge potential (especially socio-pedagogical, ideological) of patriotism in the formation of the most important positive qualities, characteristics among today's youth and its increasingly weakening implementation in the process of practical activity, the result of which should be the development of the personality of a citizen and patriot of Russia. This contradiction is manifested in the dissatisfaction of not only the younger generation, but also the subjects of patriotic education themselves with the conditions in which it is carried out, as well as the extremely weak organization and inefficiency of this process itself.
Thirdly, the need and urgency to radically improve the activities for the formation of patriotism among today's youth, taking into account their characteristics and interests, the changes taking place in society; creating conditions that optimize the process of patriotic education both at the macro and micro levels; creating the foundations of a new system of patriotic education, the mechanism of its functioning, optimizing the entire established practice of carrying out this activity on the basis of a new scientific concept, by developing and implementing the principles, methods, forms, and means of forming patriotism among various categories of Russian youth that correspond to the realities of today.
Fourthly, the need and urgency to ensure significantly greater scientificity, consistency, purposefulness, activity and effectiveness in the implementation of practice-oriented tasks of patriotic education of young people, taking into account the ongoing crisis in the field of pedagogical knowledge and practice educational activities at all levels of its implementation by various social institutions. The solution to this problem is impossible without updating the content of patriotic education, differentiating the practice of this activity on the basis of the fullest possible consideration of the needs, interests and aspirations of modern Russian youth, enriching existing and creating qualitatively new methods, forms, means of forming their citizenship and love for the Motherland.
Fifth, the release of the social and spiritual energy of Russians in modern conditions leads to a variety of manifestations of the consciousness and feelings of citizens addressed to their Fatherland. In the context of the revision of theoretical postulates, value orientations large groups of the population, the state of worldview and ideological vacuum is intensifying. In modern conditions, patriotism develops and manifests itself in various dominants: defense environment and preservation of cultural and historical values, upholding state interests and ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual, democratization of society and strengthening the fight against crime.
Sixth, in recent years, the complexity of isolating true patriotism from its many deformations (pseudo-theoretical, opportunistic-political, nationalist, departmental, regional, and others) has significantly increased. After the weakening of direct attacks on patriotism, which were especially aggressive in the late 80s and early 90s, the socio-political mimicry "under patriotism" intensified, its vulgarization became more perverted, the actions of the antipodes of the patriotic idea are characterized by greater sophistication. , extremely negative in its impact on young people, the penetration of pro-Western, mainly Americanized "values" that form the depatriotized personality of a marginal, deprived of his homeland. Under these conditions, a deep theoretical development of the problem of patriotism is of particular importance, scientific justification the fullest possible realization of its potential in the interests of forming among young people a creative and constructive attitude towards their Fatherland.
Chapter 2. Northwest region andstages (forms) development of heroic-patriotic tourism
2 .1 Northwest region
The North-West region is one of the smaller regions of the Russian Federation. It is located in the northwest of the European part of the country and covers an area of approximately 200 thousand km 2, which is 1.2% of its entire territory. It includes the Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions and the city of St. Petersburg.
In the north, the region borders on Finland and the Republic of Karelia, in the east on the Vologda region, in the south it mostly borders on the Tver region and a little on Smolensk, in the east - on Belarus, Latvia and Estonia.
The region is located in the west of the East European Plain. There is access to the Baltic Sea in the Leningrad region, which allows for active trade with the entire Baltic region. It is located near the main trade routes. Due to its Baltic location, the North-West became a “window to Europe” for its country, as Peter I wanted it to be. Regarding the coordinate grid, the region stretches from 56 to 62 degrees north latitude and from 28 to 37 degrees east longitude. The southern border of the region runs almost 800 km north of the US border.
The northwest is remote from the main fuel and energy and raw material bases of the country.
The most striking feature of the region is the discrepancy between its modest territory and remote position from the center of the country, on the one hand, and its historical role, on the other hand. This position protected him from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Novgorod is the cradle of the Russian land, a reserve of ancient Russian culture and history. The area is sharply advanced towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Veliky Novgorod - the most noble cities of Russia, for a long time associated with European countries through trade in Hanseatic League. St. Petersburg played an important role in the development of the region - former capital tsarist Russia. Here the cultural and political life countries. Now St. Petersburg is the second largest and most important city after Moscow. And it is still considered the cultural capital. So the remoteness of the region from the center of the country and its proximity to the west, on the contrary, had a positive effect on its development and significance for the country as a whole.
The oldest population appeared on the territory of the region in the 9th-8th millennia BC. after the retreat of the glacier. By the middle of the 1st millennium AD. settled Finno-Ugric tribes and Krivichi tribes already existed here, engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing. In the 8th century, the territory was settled by the Slavs.
In the 750s, Ladoga appears - the oldest Russian settlement on the territory of Russia. In the 9th-10th centuries, Ladoga became the most important political and economic center for the formation of statehood. Ancient Russia. Only at the end of the 10th century did it lose its significance, yielding to Novgorod. In the XII century, Novgorod gained political independence, and the lands along the shores of the Gulf of Finland, Luga, Neva, Ladoga, Volkhov became part of Novgorod Republic. AT XIII-XIV centuries these lands became the arena for the fight against the aggression of the Livonian knights and Swedish feudal lords. In 1240, the famous Battle of the Neva took place, in which Russian troops under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich defeated the Swedish aggressors. In order to protect the northwestern borders of Russia, Novgorodians in the 13th-14th centuries created the fortresses of Yam, Koporye, Oreshek, Korela, Tiversky town.
During this period, the Pskov principality was also part of Novgorod land. The city of Izborsk is mentioned in chronicles as one of the three most ancient cities to which the Varangians were called. Princess Olga was also from the Pskov region. In 1348, the Pskov Republic separated from the Novgorod Republic and existed autonomously until 1510. At the end of the 15th century, all these territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. And in 1710, by decree of Peter I, the territories became part of the Ingermanland province.
But at the beginning of the 17th century, as a result of the Time of Troubles, Russia was cut off from the Baltic Sea: the North-West was captured by Sweden. The attempt of the country in 1656-1658 by armed means to return the lost territory was not successful. AT early XVIII century, as a result of the Northern War, the territory of the Leningrad Region was again annexed to Russia, and here, at the mouth of the Neva, a new capital of the country, St. Petersburg, was built. So the territory became part of the St. Petersburg province, which was renamed Ingermanland. In 1914, the province was renamed into Petrograd, and in 1924 - into the Leningrad region. The region also included the Novgorod, Borovichi and Cherepovets districts.
The Pskov province was separated by order of Catherine II in 1772. And in 1777 the provincial center was moved to Pskov. After this year, the Pskov governorate was formed as part of 10 counties: Pskov, Ostrovsky, Opochetsky, Novorzhevsky, Velikoluksky, Toropetsky, Kholmsky, Porkhovsky, Luga, Gdovsky. Then, by order of Paul I, in 1796, the Pskov province was again approved as part of the original six districts: Velikoluksky, Opochetsky, Ostrovsky, Porkhov, Pskov and Toropetsky. In subsequent years, the territory of the modern Pskov region was subjected to numerous redistributions, it was part of the Leningrad region, then the Kalinin region. In 1941-1944 these lands were occupied by Nazi troops. In 1945, Pechory and Pytalovo were returned from Estonia and Latvia to the Pskov region. In 1957 she joined Western part abolished Velikoluksky region. On July 29, 1958, the Ploskoshsky District was transferred from the Pskov Region to the Kalinin (Tver) Region, and the Kholmsky District was transferred to the Novgorod Region. Thus, the modern borders of the Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions were formalized.
The city of St. Petersburg has a huge impact on the development of the region and the region as a whole. It was founded on May 14 (27), 1703 by the first Russian emperor Peter I. Prior to the laying of the Peter and Paul Fortress on the territory modern city settlements such as Avtovo, Kupchino, Strelna and the city of Nyen with the fortress of Nyenschantz were located at the confluence of the Okhta River into the Neva. The city was the capital of the Russian Empire from 1712 to 1918 and the residence of Russian emperors.
In 1715, the Naval Academy was founded in St. Petersburg.
In 1719, the first public museum in Russia, the Kunstkamera, was opened in St. Petersburg.
Petersburg Academy of Sciences founded in 1724.
In 1756 a public theater was founded in St. Petersburg, and in 1757 the Imperial Academy of Arts was founded.
The Imperial Public Library was founded on May 16 (27), 1795 by the highest order of Empress Catherine II.
In 1819, St. Petersburg University was opened, according to another version, now accepted as official, already in 1724.
The December Uprising of 1825 took place in St. Petersburg.
In 1837, the first Russian railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo (now the city of Pushkin) was opened.
In 1851, the railway St. Petersburg - Moscow was opened.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the city experienced three revolutions: in 1905-1907, the February and October Revolution 1917.
On August 1, 1927, it became part of and became the center of the newly formed Leningrad Region. In December 1931, it was withdrawn from the region and transformed into a city of republican subordination.
During the Great Patriotic War, the city withstood a 900-day blockade by German and Finnish troops.
In 1955, the Leningrad Metro was opened.
During the referendum held on June 12, 1991, 54% of the townspeople participating in it spoke in favor of returning the city to its historical name. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated September 6, 1991, the city returned to its original name - St. Petersburg.
The North-West region ranks second after the Central region in terms of tourist attendance, actively using its tourist resources. It is rich in history, monuments of architecture and culture, and is distinguished by its unique nature. The North-West is one of the most attractive regions with great potential for the development of all types of tourism.
Tourism in the region is represented by the following types:
1) cultural and educational.
The region has a very rich history and culture. There are many historical monuments left from the time of Tsarist Russia. In St. Petersburg, this is the Hermitage, Peter-Pavel's Fortress, St. Isaac's and Kazan Cathedrals, Kunstkamera, Russian and other museums, palaces of kings and courtiers, parks, monuments, numerous cathedrals, churches and chapels. The suburbs of St. Petersburg are no less interesting: such palace complexes as Gatchina, Peterhof, Oranienbaum, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Vybor ... Staraya Ladoga, Tikhvin, Kronstadt, Priozersk, Koporye, Ropsha are also known ... Ivangorod (fortress) is attracted in the Leningrad region, Tikhvin, Staraya Ladoga, Thais, Vsevolozhsk (Priyutino), Izvara (Roerich Estate Museum).
In the Novgorod region, the main attractions are the Novgorod Kremlin, Yaroslav's Courtyard, the Suvorov Museum (Konchanskoe-Suvorovskoye), the Valdai Iversky Monastery, the Borovichi Rapids, the Borovichi branch of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve, the Borovichi Holy Spirit Monastery, the Arboretum on the banks of the Msta River in the village of Opechensky Posad.
In the Pskov region, the main attractions:
Settlements: Voronich, Velie, Vrev, Savkino.
Fortresses: Gdov, Izborsk, Porkhov, Pskov, Pskov-Caves Monastery.
Mikhailovskoye. Museum-estate of Hannibal - Pushkins.
Petrovskoe. Museum-estate of the Hannibals.
Trigorskoye. Museum-estate of the Osipovs-Wulf.
Polibino. Memorial Museum-estate of S.V. Kovalevskaya
Naumovo. Museum-estate of M.P. Mussorgsky.
Vechasha. Museum-estate of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov.
Volyshovo. Vasilchikov. Stroganovs.
Kholomki. Gagarins.
Korytovo. Lansky.
Ktins. Tatishchev.
Monuments:
Monuments of Pskov.
Great Luke. Monument-bust to Pushkin A.S. Monument-bust to Rokossovsky K.K. Monument to Alexander Matrosov.
Porkhov. Monument-bust to Alexander Nevsky.
Karevo-Naumovo. Monument to Mussorgsky M.P.
2) Recreational and health tourism.
St. Petersburg and Leningrad region(resort area of the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland).
Novgorod region (resort? Staraya Russa?).
Pskov region (sanatoriums? Khilovo?. ?Blue lakes?, ?Cherekha?).
3) Event tourism.
Event tourism began to develop in Russia not so long ago. Among the events that attract tourists are major international sports competitions (hockey tournaments and football matches), cultural events, ethnic holidays (weeks of culture and art of different countries or peoples) and religious ones (Russian Maslenitsa in different cities). Tourists are also attracted by: the birthday of the city, parades on May 9, New Year, large fairs such as "Agrorus" in Lenexpo, "Scarlet Sails".
4) Pilgrimage tourism.
Presented very widely. From time immemorial, Russia has had the status of "holy". There are about 300 churches in St. Petersburg alone.
The most visited and famous are:
Cathedral of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God;
Cathedrals of Valaam, where cruises are usually made;
Kazan Cathedral;
Cathedral of Xenia the Blessed;
Veliky Novgorod is one of the richest cities in ancient cathedrals and monasteries. There are tours all the time. More than 33 cathedrals are located in Novgorod and its environs. The most visited monasteries: Syrkov, Nikolo-Vyazhishchsky, Holy Spirit, St. George's Monastery with St. George's and Cross Exaltation Cathedrals, Spaso-Orlovskaya Church and the Church of the Burning Bush. Anthony Monastery with a cathedral and a stone on which St. Anthony the Roman. Derevyanitsky, Varlaamo-Khutynsky monastery with a fossil of St. Varlaam source, holy hill and the Transfiguration Cathedral.
In the region: Syrkov and Nikolo-Vyazhishchsky monasteries, the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin on the Volotovo field, the Church of the Savior on Kovalev, the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, the Church of the Annunciation on the Rurik settlement, the Transfiguration and Vvedenskaya churches in Bronnitsa, Bronnitskaya Gora, St. Nicholas Church in the village of Navolok on Ilmen.
Shrines: St. Sophia Cathedral: the miraculous Icon of the Mother of God of the Sign, the relics of Novgorod saints (St. Nikita, St. John, St. Gregory, St. Vasily Kalika) and noble princes (St. Anna Ingigerd, her son - the builder of St. Sophia Cathedral, Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich, elder brother of Alexander Nevsky, St. Fedor Yaroslavovich, St. Mstislav) ... Church of St. app. Philip and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker: icon of St. Panteleimon the healer with particles of relics. The relics of St. Euthymius of Novgorod in the lower church of the Nikolo-Vyazhishchi Monastery. The relics of St. Charity in the Church of St. Peter and Paul on Sinichya Gora. Places associated with the memory of Archimandrite Photius and Countess Anna Orlova in the Yurievsky Monastery. Varlaamo-Khutynsky Monastery and the relics of its founder - St. Varlaam, the fossil of St. Valaam the holy well and the hillock he poured with the help of a skullcap.
5) heroic-patriotic tourism.
Green Belt of Glory? - a complex of memorial structures on the frontiers of the Battle of Leningrad 1941-1944, dedicated to the resilience and heroism of Leningraders and soldiers of the Leningrad Front. The idea of creating a single memorial complex was born on the eve of the 20th anniversary of the Victory at the initiative of the poet M. A. Dudin.
The basis of the layout? The Green Belt of Glory? a line was laid, at which in September 1941 Soviet troops stopped the advance of the Nazis. Its total length was over 220 km. In accordance with the military situation in the autumn of 1941, it is divided into separate sections: the southern part of? The Great Blockade Ring? (southern coast of the Gulf of Finland near Uritsk - Pulkovo Heights - north of Pushkin - south of Kolpin - Kirovsk - right bank of the Neva - area? Nevsky? Piglet "on the left bank of the Neva - western bank Lake Ladoga), the northern part of? The Great Blockade Ring? on the Karelian Isthmus (western shore of Lake Ladoga - the villages of Upper and Lower Nikulyasy - Vaskelovo - Lembolovo - Agalatovo - Beloostrov - the Sestra River - the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland), ? Small blockade ring? (Oranienbaum bridgehead: Petrodvorets - Gostilitskoe highway - Porozhki - Voronka river - Kernovo). In addition, the "Green Belt of Glory" also includes the western and eastern (Lednevo - Kobona - Lavrovo - Voybokalo) sections? Roads of Life? and the memorial? Kronstadt?, located on the island of Kotlin.
The project of the general layout of the memorial was developed in 1958-1964 by the architects G. N. Buldakov, V. L. Gaikovich, M. A. Sementovskaya. The main role in the master scheme?Green Belt of Glory? was assigned to architectural forms, which, in combination with sculpture, commemorative signs, preserved or restored defensive structures, symbolize the heroism of the defenders of Leningrad. Green spaces (parks, memorial alleys, public gardens and others) act as connecting elements, connecting memorials dispersed over long distances into a single artistic organism. It consists of more than 80 stelae, monuments and obelisks.
The symbolic center of the ?Green Belt of Glory? became the Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad, opened on May 9, 1975 on Victory Square.
Memorials?Green Belt of Glory? have become traditional venues for celebrations and mourning ceremonies in memory of the defenders of the Motherland.
Memorial? Small road of life? - the general name of the road network that operated during the Great Patriotic War through the Gulf of Finland from Lisiy Nos or Gorskaya through Kronstadt to Oranienbaum - both on ice and after ice melt - from 1941 until the blockade was lifted in 1944.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the Little Road of Life for Leningrad and Kronstadt during the Great Patriotic War - a secluded, unfaithful, dangerous path became a thread of hope for the besieged, bloodless Leningrad.
On the routes Gorskaya - Kronstadt, Cape Lisiy Nos - Kronstadt, Kronstadt - Krasnaya Gorka, Kronstadt - Oranienbaum, military ammunition, equipment, fuel and food were transported to support the besieged Leningrad. Hundreds of thousands of fighters were transported along the Little Road of Life, an important strategic route during the war years.
At the end of November, two winter routes were put into operation near Kotlin Island: Kronstadt - Lisiy Nos (running along the line of the northern forts) and Kronstadt - Malaya Izhora (on the line of Fort? Konstantin? and southern numbered forts). Its round-the-clock protection was carried out by the posts of the ice and road service, exhibited along the entire length of the route. Later, another winter road was laid across the ice of the Gulf of Finland, which began at the Shepelevsky lighthouse and went to the islands of Lavensaari, Seskar and Gogland in order to maintain continuous communication with the garrisons.
In the fall of 1943, the covert transfer of fighters and weapons of the 2nd Shock Army to the Oranienbaum bridgehead began. Before the formation of ice, the transfer was carried out by ships of the Baltic Fleet. The transfer of troops and equipment to Oranienbaum did not look as spectacular from the outside as many other military operations or operations of the Baltic Fleet, but it was a feat that made it possible to deliver a crushing blow to the enemy.
Memorial? Small road of life? in Kronstadt reminds of the significant role of the Baltic Fleet and our port city in the fight against the fascist invaders, of the price at which the Russian people survived and, in spite of everything, defeated the enemy.
2 .2 Formsheroic-patriotic tourismin Kronstadt
In ancient times, the lands along the shores of Lake Ladoga, the Neva River and the Gulf of Finland were part of the Novgorod principality; great value for the culture and economy of Russia. An important role was played by the island of Kotlin, where there were settlements of pilots and fishermen. Since ancient times, this territory has attracted the attention of foreign neighbors - the Germans and Swedes, with its extremely advantageous location, but the Russians have always suppressed attempts to conquer their ancestral lands, however, at the beginning of the 17th century, as a result of Swedish intervention, Russia lost the Baltic coast. Without access to the sea, the further economic development of the country became impossible, therefore, in order to regain Russia's position in the Baltic states, Peter I began the Northern War.
According to the Stolbovsky peace with Sweden (1700-1721), Tsar Peter Alekseevich returned the Izhora lands, the Neva banks and the island of Kotlin (Retusaari).
The great reformer of Russia correctly assessed the importance of the island - as protection from the sea of the capital under construction. From the day the new city of St. Petersburg was founded on May 14 (27), 1703, it was clear that the Swedes would definitely try to destroy the city under construction. The Peter and Paul Fortress, which was being built on Zayachy Island, and the batteries of the laid down Admiralty did not solve this problem. A powerful fortress was needed to the west of the city, capable of not letting the enemy fleet through at the mouth of the Neva.
The history of the fortress, military and commercial port began with the construction of Fort Kronshlot in the winter of 1703-1704, consecrated on May 18, 1704.
On the island of Kotlin, unprecedented construction of many batteries, harbors, huge fields of pile and ryag barriers, a unique hydraulic system of docks and canals, fortress walls and a city was carried out. The beginning of the fortress was not quite usual. First, forts were erected, and only nine years later the central fence of the fortress was laid. In October 1703, Peter I personally went to sea on a boat to explore the shallows off the southern coast of Kotlin Island. There was a deep-water fairway, which had to be closed to the enemy.
The forts were built mainly according to the same technology, they were all built on a ribbed base. The technology is simple - log cabins were cut on the ice from logs with a diameter of 30-40 cm, densely packed with stones. The ridge collided with a polynya and was loaded with boulders, under the weight of which it firmly stood on the bottom. Forts and fortresses were erected on a foundation made up of such log cabins. For strength, the boxes were nailed with a pile-pile and stone filling was made from the sea. The main logs, from which the rows were cut, under water, without air access, are not subject to decay, and the resin eventually acquired the strength of a stone. On the first forts of the fortress, walls and parapets were cut from logs. The ryazhee base towered 1.5 m above the ordinary. A solid log flooring, sheathed with boards, was laid on top. The walls of the forts were two rows of logs, the gap between which was hammered with stone. After the flood of 1824, the forts were rebuilt in masonry, because. the wooden forts were in fact washed away.
On October 7, 1723, the solemn laying of the fortress, named by Peter I "Kronstadt", took place, the construction went on until the 50s of the XX century.
The role of Kronstadt in protecting the maritime borders of our homeland is great. From here, Russian ships inflicted a number of defeats on the enemy during the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. Expeditions of the Russian fleet were equipped in the Kronstadt military port, which won victories in the Russian-Turkish war, including the brilliant Chesme victory of 1770. Important role played Kronstadt during the Crimean War of 1854-1856. The fighting capacity of his forts was such that the huge fleet of the enemy never dared to attack the fortress.
The citadel in the Gulf of Finland gained its greatest power by the beginning of the 20th century, at that time it was a colossal defensive complex that included forts, batteries, fortifications, barracks, railways, 17 artificial islands - powerful concrete forts on the northern and southern shores of the bay.
Throughout its history, Kronstadt has been a base for scientific research and discovery. The fortress used the latest achievements of science and technology of that time. At the fort "Konstantin" there was an armored battery and the guns of the system of General G.E. Pauker, which were raised from under the ground to shoot from under the ground, the fort "Graf Milyutin" had six armored towers.
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The project participants will be young activists of the volunteer movement, members of military-patriotic clubs of various kinds, children from large and low-income families from the Republic of Crimea, the Republic of Mordovia, the Voronezh region, Moscow, Sevastopol. During the year, a relay race of youth hikes will be held in Crimea, in which boys and girls aged 12-21 will take part. Teenagers and youth will also be able to pass the TRP standards.
The project is divided into preparatory, qualifying and main stages. During the implementation of the preparatory stage, the material and technical base will be organized and organizational and methodological preparations for the next two stages will be implemented. In order to be able to participate in the campaigns of the project, a selection will be made in the regions in accordance with the requirements of the regulations, concept, program of the corresponding campaign.
The project includes carrying out campaigns according to the program, which will involve the following areas: military-patriotic radial, hiking, mountain hiking, forced marches; military sports training; participation in rock climbing and caving competitions; general physical and sports training and hand-to-hand combat; tactical fire and combat training; socialization and social adaptation; exchange of experience on socio-pedagogical technologies; organization and holding of cultural leisure; improvement of monuments in mountainous hard-to-reach areas.
As a result of the project, a documentary film will be made about the campaigns and the military-historical monuments of Crimea, which will allow young people to be told in an accessible and popular way about the history of the partisan and underground movement of Crimea, promote military-patriotic tourism in Crimea and disseminate authentic information about past events.
The uniqueness of the project lies in the fact that in the Republic of Crimea separate events are being held for military-patriotic education, and this project implies the principle of complexity in conducting targeted campaigns, including a large territorial coverage and richness of the program. The project will allow gaining experience in conducting military-patriotic campaigns, creating a material base for their conduct in the future.
Goals
- Development of military-patriotic tourism in the Crimea. Study and popularization of the partisan and underground movement in the Republic of Crimea
- Assistance in the development of the regional system of the military-patriotic movement, including a significant number of partner organizations, the creation of the Club, as a specialized permanent platform for the implementation of the goals, in the future, on the site of the Club, the creation of the All-Russian Center for military-patriotic tourism in the Crimea
Tasks
- Organization and conduct of military-patriotic campaigns
- Organization and activities of the military-patriotic tourism club "Heirs of Heroes"
- Formation of the youth wing of the military-patriotic movement on the territory of Crimea, development of the activities of the youth military-patriotic activists; support and development of a mass youth volunteer movement for the study and preservation of historical heritage and military traditions
- Formation of the material and technical base of the Project
- Health-improving and recreational task
- Propaganda of the days of military glory of Russia, raising the prestige of serving the Fatherland among the younger generation, the formation of a new modern successful image of the military, a positive attitude towards Armed Forces and law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation
- Organization and holding of the seminar "Organization of military-patriotic campaigns and field tent camps"
- Creation of the guide "On the routes of courage and glory of the Crimean partisans and underground workers during the Great Patriotic War". Carrying out research work in the archives of the Republic of Crimea and the Russian Federation to search for information about the partisans and underground workers of the Crimea
- Creation documentary film"In the footsteps of the people's feat"
Substantiation of social significance
The social significance of the project lies in the development in adolescents and young people of the desire to study the history of Russia and, as a result, the preservation of historical and cultural memory. According to a survey conducted by the Foundation Public opinion» in 2017 in the cities of the Russian Federation, it was revealed that only 1% of respondents believe that patriotism is manifested in actions to preserve historical memory, participation in commemorative events. The more such actions are carried out with the involvement of young people, the more it will be reflected in their patriotic attitude towards the Fatherland. That is why Russia determines the patriotic education of the younger generation priority his domestic policy. In Crimea, the development of military-patriotic tourism, as a new direction in the tourism industry, has great potential.In modern realities, it is necessary to educate the patriotism of youth. One of the popular and effective forms of patriotic, spiritual and moral education is military-patriotic tourism, which allows you to directly see the monuments military history our Motherland, to pass the roads of partisan glory. The lack of historical memory, the loss of the ideals of serving the Fatherland is a strategic threat to the future of Russia. Whereas the feat of partisans can become an example of heroism, selflessness and sacrificial service to the Motherland.
Military-patriotic campaigns are the strongest educational and educational tool that makes it possible to acquaint the younger generation in practice with history, to develop in adolescents and youth the highest spiritual and moral values. The military-patriotic component is the main part of the ideological and educational work to develop in young people a sense of belonging to their history, a factor in the formation of personality and their social position. As part of the project, the forces of military-patriotic, search and other organizations of the Republic of Crimea and regions of the Russian Federation will be united.
Participation in the project will help teenagers and young people to get to know the history of the Fatherland, the history of native land, acquire the necessary practical skills and exchange experiences. It stimulates the youth to further study the history of the partisan movement of Crimea, which means it will preserve the historical memory of the new generation of Russians. The project will facilitate the implementation of 3 points of the state. program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2016-2020" and 3 tasks "Military-patriotic education of children and youth, development of practice and patronage of military units over educational organizations."
Project geography
The events will be held on the territory of the Republic of Crimea in Bakhchisarai, Belogorsk, Simferopol, Leninsky districts, Yalta city district. At the same time, representatives of the Republic of Mordovia, the Voronezh and Vladimir regions, the city of Moscow, the city of Vidnoe of the Moscow region, the city of Sevastopol will become participants in the project eventsTarget groups
- Children and teenagers
- Youth and students
Military-historical, patriotic tourism is a special project of the ETO, based on the organization of visits to places of military battles, memorial memorials, museums of history and local history, serves as a means of reconciliation and strengthening the unity and friendship of peoples and patriotic education of citizens.
Victory in World War II greatest event modern world history. In a fierce struggle against fascism, the USSR and its allies defended our right to life, Motherland and freedom. It was the common victory that formed the basis of the post-war world order. The United Nations was created, the system of modern international law was formed.
The great victory in World War II is not subject to revision and reassessment.
In the name of our ancestors, in the name of the living and the fallen, we declare: Victory is sacred. We, the descendants of warriors, have the right to these words.
The ETO expresses special gratitude to the peoples of those countries that fought against Nazism and Japanese militarism. Our grandfathers and great-grandfathers were shoulder to shoulder both at the front and in the rear. The people of China, who, like the Soviet Union, lost many, many millions of people in this war, and through which the main front of the war against militarism in Asia passed. The soldiers of India bravely fought against Nazism. The peoples of Europe offered firm, implacable resistance to the fascists.
ETO bows before everyone who fought to the death for every street, every house, every frontier of the Fatherland. Who died in the fierce battles near Moscow and Stalingrad, on Kursk Bulge and the Dnieper, who died of hunger and cold in unconquered Leningrad, was tortured to death in concentration camps, captivity, occupation. We bow our heads before the bright memory of sons, daughters, fathers, mothers, grandfathers, husbands, wives, brothers, sisters, fellow soldiers, relatives, friends. All those who did not return from the war. Everyone who is no longer with us.
We will remember everyone by name. This is our duty and the command of our hearts.
Around the world, in various countries, there are obelisks in honor of the participants and heroes of the war. It is we, representatives of the tourist community of Greater Eurasia, who carefully preserve them. We teach history and collect relics, create museums and search parties.
We know that apart from memorial complexes there are also: modest obelisks on mass graves, military equipment, installed in the places of past battles, memorial steles, single graves of defending heroes, and memorial places associated with people and events of the heroic battle. To the glory of the feat of the victorious peoples, monuments were erected not only in granite and marble, but also in music, literature, cinematography ... The ETO believes that this cultural and historical potential is of great educational importance for the military-patriotic feelings of the younger generation. Acquaintance of compatriots, especially young people, with the military-historical heritage inherited from our ancestors is of invaluable educational value.
All monuments are objects of study of tourist routes and sightseeing shows and can be part of one or another excursion route, as well as independent objects of military historical tourism. Currently, local museums, travel agencies and other enterprises of the tourism industry are working in terms of developing this direction together with the ETO.
We cherish our common memory, embodied in letters and photographs, in documents and memoirs of our relatives and friends.
Let's tell each other and the world about it!
Let's talk about those whom we know and love, about those who are forever alive in our grateful memory. Let's talk sincerely and with inspiration.
And we bow low to the entire tourist community to their high feat.
We direct our efforts to collect information about war veterans living in different countries, about monuments and obelisks to its participants, about small museums and family archives. We will collect stories about victorious people whose fates are marked by the seal of the war years. We will present all the materials on the ETO information resources, and this will become a unique chronicle of the Great Victory, a chronicle of courage and unparalleled stamina.
Our action will be unlimited, we will time its first stage to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the anniversary Great Victory.
We call for participation in the action of all representatives of the tourism community - students and schoolchildren, veterans and their families, researchers and journalists, tour operators and travel agents, organizations of compatriots, search teams, university and school museums, religious communities.
This is our common cause. This is the memory of our hearts.
DIRECTIONS OF THE SPECIAL PROJECT
Attracting wide attention of the international community to unique historical, cultural and historical-military objects and monuments for the intensive development of tourism in a single Eurasian tourist space.
Assistance to civil society institutions in the development and implementation national policy, target and other programs and projects, improvement of legislation and regulatory framework in the field of military-historical, patriotic tourism.
Collection of information about veterans, events and artifacts of the Great Patriotic War based on interaction with structures of the Russian World and partner organizations.
Preservation, propaganda and dissemination of military-historical knowledge, taking into account modern information and innovative technologies.
Preservation and restoration of all types and names of monuments of military history.
Unification and coordination of the activities of organizations and individuals involved in the study of military history, or contributing to the expansion of military historical knowledge.
Participation in military archaeological excavations on the fields of former battles, in places of the most important historical events.
Actions to assist veterans and honor the memory of heroes.
Scientific and expert events dedicated to the history of the Second World War.
Establishment and organization of the system of international creative competitions on military history.
Olympiads for students and schoolchildren.
Conducting screenings of documentaries and feature films about the Second World War in all
Tatiana Skryagina
Tourism as a means of patriotic education and rehabilitation of preschoolers
« Tourism, how a means of patriotic education and rehabilitation of preschoolers».
Time does not stand still, and in order to keep up with the times, preschool teachers need to expand educational services, include additional methods and technologies in the daily routine. Such an innovative technique is children's tourism. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to problem situation, characterized by the need to introduce a child tourism in the physical education of a preschooler, how effective way recovery, patriotic education and knowledge. As a result, the child shows higher physical development if the family leads a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, there is a need to find effective and interesting ways health improvement of children. So a means of physical education of preschoolers and is children's tourism. He carries within himself wellness, educational (informative) and educational value, combines elements of moral, labor and aesthetic education, expands the historical outlook and enriches the spiritual life of children. AT tourist The campaign develops the ability to overcome difficulties, to help each other. Tourist excursions are not only wellness, but also the informational effect. Exercise stress, in the form of cyclic exercises, contributes to the development in children of such qualities as willpower, endurance, responsibility, perseverance, perseverance. This is due to the strengthening of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increased muscle work, normalization of body weight. And during the campaign, this helps them a lot, information support about the places we visit develops not only memory, but is also accompanied by a sense of pride in our soldiers who defended their homeland, a feeling is developed patriotism. Uniqueness tourism is that it is all season. This activity is good perceived by educators, parents, is generally accessible and understandable to children, it is recommended for almost all children with any health group in the absence of serious pathologies and medical challenges, makes it possible to engage in children's tourism at any time of the year, it does not require large financial funds.
Tasks tourism in preschool:
1. To form the skills of independent mental and practical activities aimed at achieving a specific goal.
2. Develop balance in performing various exercises on the obstacle course. 3. Improve endurance, agility, coordination of movements.
4. Cultivate Courage, endurance, interest in the lesson tourism.
5. Expand the functionality of children through the development of the main organs and systems of the body during the implementation exercise.
6. Improve the natural types of movements and enrich the motor experience (learn the simplest exercises tourist all-around, perform the teacher's motor tasks for orientation in space).
7. Develop coordination abilities and endurance as the basis physical training child - future tourist.
8. Promote the development of mental processes and expand the amount of knowledge in the field of physical culture and tourism, local history.
9. Interest parents in children tourism, how means healthy family vacation, to give the simplest skills of a safe tourism;
10. Form interpersonal, in particular, friendly relations preschoolers in the process of gaming tourism activities adapted to their capabilities.
11. Development of cognitive abilities - familiarization with nature.
12. Raising love and patriotism for the native land.
Physical activity - tourism Great for getting kids involved tourism to enable them to see for themselves the benefits of regular exercise.
Maintaining good health is one of the main objectives of all sports organizations. It is to encourage the desire of children to engage in tourism to maintain health. Good physical health is achieved through an active lifestyle. Tourism creates unique opportunities for this.
The nature of the adventure - waiting for the result tourist trip, increases interest in it, stimulates preparation for the campaign. main feature tourist hike is the uncertainty of the end result, which makes it interesting.
Children's principles tourism:
personal-active;
dialogic;
individually creative;
expediency;
local history.
In my work I use different types activities:
walks,
excursions,
travels,
tourist competitions.
Walking tours and excursions outside the kindergarten are interesting and useful for children small trips with a specific purpose. They contribute to the health, physical development of children, education of aesthetic feelings, communicating with nature, improving motor skills and physical qualities, contribute education the necessary vital orientation on the terrain, determination, courage, general endurance, strengthening friendly relations.
Walks and excursions and provide for the stay of children in the air in order to increase the body's resistance to external influences. environments, satisfying the need for movement, as well as solving educational and cognitive tasks. Already the first reconnaissance walks show the positive impact of the forest on the well-being of children, their physical, mental and emotional well-being.
Hiking-hiking is one of the most important organized ways of motor activity. They may include the following constituents:
Moving to a place of rest with overcoming various natural obstacles;
Observation in nature and collection of natural material;
A conversation about the forest;
Performing imitative movements;
A complex of games and physical exercises, including on the obstacle course;
Stand alone games (on a halt).
To diversify your pedagogical activity, I spend holidays, competitions, themed entertainments in a pine forest, and in 2017 we made a hanging rope park.
The main difference between ordinary walks and walks-hikes and tourist walks lies in the purposeful development of physical qualities, in the rich physical activity of children.
To increase the pedagogical value of the trip, I use the following methods work:
Observation;
Diagnostics;
Questionnaires;
Quizzes;
Conversations using illustrations;
Excursions, walks and mini-hikes;
Ecological holidays;
Outdoor games,
When filling tourist campaign with a variety of content increases the pedagogical value of the event. An interestingly thought-out motor activity of children in natural conditions not only forms preschoolers interest in tourism and physical culture, but also increases motivation for health and a healthy lifestyle.
A bright event is the trips together with their parents, during which children not only have the opportunity to get acquainted with the area in which our city is located, but also admire the most beautiful places of their small Motherland together with their parents. All this creates a powerful motivation for cognition in children, being the emotional background against which the assimilation of rather complex information and ideas about the history of their native city, its sights goes easily and naturally. Joint creative work children and parents after hiking (making drawings, applications, crafts, helps to strengthen intra-family relations.
I believe that the application means of tourism in the main forms of organization of the physical preschool education contributes to a more effective development of physical qualities, the assimilation of knowledge in the field of physical culture, nature, the rules of behavior in nature, in comparison with children involved in the traditional program. Lessons tourism have a lot benefits: tourism, how means of physical education, allows you to diversify the motor activity of children all year round and make full use of cyclic movements in the fresh air, which stimulate the development of general endurance and contribute to an increase in the level of development of the basic physical qualities of the child. Children's tourism has cognitive potential and can contribute to a more efficient and high-quality assimilation of knowledge in accordance with program requirements, as well as to develop the cognitive abilities of children.
As a result of using this method, I note:
Reducing the number of colds;
Increasing the level of physical activity;
Reduced fatigue;
Improving the quality of knowledge of theoretical training
Improvement quality indicators physical development of children (speed, strength, endurance, agility);
Improving the quality indicators of technical training;
Formation of emotional-volitional, moral qualities (endurance, courage, mutual assistance).
Thus, it can be concluded that the positive impact tourism on the comprehensive development of the children of our institution, since in our kindergarten all conditions have been created to guarantee the protection and strengthening of the physical, mental and social health of children. And, occupation tourism, how means of physical culture, carries important educational, health and educational functions, contributes to the improvement of motor activity, improves physical fitness, forms significant personal-social, moral-volitional qualities of children. I will continue to develop tourist direction to the preschool educational institution and in addition to the rope park, in 2018 we purchased a climbing wall for the development of children's rock climbing.
Bibliography.
1. Anisimova T. G. "Physical development of children 5 - 7 years old" Volgograd 2008.
2. Bocharova N. I. Organization of local history tourist senior preschoolers: Method. recommend. - M.: TsDYuT RF, 1992.
3. Bocharova N.I. Tourist walks in kindergarten. - M., 2004. Burashnikova A. V
4. Zueva N. N. Kochetova N. P. “Organization of distant hiking trips with children preschool age "from the experience of the preschool educational institution" 90 Avtozavodsky district of Nizhny Novgorod 1999.
5. Vasil'eva M. A., Gerbova V. V., Komarova T. S. "Program education and education in kindergarten Moscow "Enlightenment" 2008. 6. Voronov Yu. S. Methods of teaching young orienteers tactical actions and skills. - Smolensk, 1998. 7. Zavyalova T. P. We work according to the program « tourists» // Information Bulletin TsDYuT "Turvest", No. 8, 2002 Tyumen
8. Kochetova N. P. Frolova I. Yu. Yablokova A. E. « Leisure preschoolers» N. Novgorod 2000 13. Kraineva I. N. Knots. - St. Petersburg, 1997. 9. Kozlov I. M. Problems of physical preschool education// Physical culture: upbringing, education, training. 1996, no. 2, p. 17 Nikanorova T. S. "Healthy" System health improvement of preschoolers. Voronezh 2007.
10. Ogorodnikov B.I. Tourism and sports orientation. M: "Physical culture and sport" 1983. 11. Poltavtseva N.V. « Physical Culture in preschool childhood» Moscow "Enlightenment" 2006. 12. Skorynina G. Yuny tourist // Preschool education. 1999, No. 6, 24. “Sports and educational tourism” Teaching aid. Krasnoyarsk 2005. 13. Sharmanova S. B., Fedorov A. I. Development of cognitive abilities of children preschool age in the process of physical education//Physical culture: upbringing, education, training. 1998, No. 1,
14. Encyclopedia tourist. – M.: Bolshaya Russian encyclopedia, 1993. 15. Internet sites "Festival of Pedagogical Ideas" sections: « preschool education» , "Sport and School".
The development of military tourism has recently been given great importance in the Tver region, which has long been famous for its weapons and warriors. The Tver Regional Committee for Tourism, Resorts and International Relations will develop an Interdepartmental Program for the development of a new sector of the tourism business, mainly in the south-west of the region.
During the Great Patriotic War, the territory of the Kalinin (now Tver) region became the scene of battles that surpassed the Battle of Stalingrad in scale and bloodshed. Kalinin became the last regional center on the way of the Nazis, who were rushing to Moscow.
Up to full release partisans ruled this territory from the invaders in the local forests. And the soldiers of regular units and formations, who participated in the battles at the Rzhev-Vyazma-Smolensk line, died here not in companies, but in armies. In our time, search parties, as well as units of the German People's Union for the care of war graves, annually find the remains of thousands of soldiers. Under the cities of Rzhev, Bely, Zubtsov, there is simply no living place on earth: it is all crushed by shells and mines.
However, the term "Battle of Rzhev" for a long time was not recognized by the official Soviet historiography for only one reason: during the 18 months that the fighting lasted, the Soviet troops did not succeed in dislodging the Nazis from the occupied bridgehead. But time put everything in its place. This battle took its true place in the annals of the military history of the USSR. In Rzhev itself, a Russian-German memorial complex (two nearby military cemeteries) was opened a few years ago, where the ashes of the participants in the battles are solemnly buried. The heroic Rzhev became a city of military glory, a federal center of military-patriotic work. And hundreds of thousands of relatives and descendants of the dead would like to come here...
A few years ago, the entire territory of the Tver region was divided into eight zones. Given the historical realities, military tourism is recognized as a priority in the region. Most of places of battles entered the zones "Baltic Arrow" and "Great Tricity". It is planned to create several thematic routes for tourists - such as "Death Valley", "Sasha goes to the hospital", "Stalin near Rzhev" (during the war years, the generalissimo only once went to the front line - just here). There are also projects related to partisan movement. In the local forests, the remains of fortifications are still preserved: trenches, pillboxes, dugouts. Now they are supposed to be restored for tourism purposes. In the city of Rzhev, the project "City of Military Glory" is already being implemented. In the near future - the creation of a museum of the Second World War.
Today, new tourist areas are beginning to become popular. Fans of military history, ecological tourism and pilgrimage choose the "Western direction" (Rzhev, Toropets, Rzhevsky, Nelidovsky, Andreapolsky, Toropetsky districts). It was on this territory that the most fierce battles for the Rzhev salient took place,
An excursion route dedicated to the Great Patriotic War will be created in the Tver region. According to tour operators, a city with such a rich history cannot but attract tourists from different regions of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries.
In today's Tver, you can lay many routes to places of military glory during the Great Patriotic War. After Tver became the "City of Military Glory", it is important to start such routes from the stele located in the center of Moscow Square. This is a Doric granite column 11 meters high, crowned with the coat of arms of the Russian Federation. On the front of the pedestal there is a cartouche with the text of the presidential decree on conferring the title of "City of Military Glory" on Tver, on the reverse side of the pedestal there is a cartouche with the emblem of Tver. At the corners of the square there are four pylons with sculptural bas-reliefs depicting events in connection with which the city was awarded the honorary title of the Russian Federation "City of Military Glory": the Battle of Bortenev in 1317, the liberation of Tver from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders, the participation of Tverites in the Patriotic War of 1812 , liberation of Kalinin from the German occupation in 1941
From the stele "Tver - City of Military Glory" the excursion route will proceed to, perhaps, the main place of military glory in Tver - the Obelisk of Victory. On the way, on Lenin Square, there is one of the city's mass graves. This is a mass grave of Soviet soldiers who fell in battles for the city of Kalinin. Among those buried here is Major M.A. Lukin, Hero of the Soviet Union, regiment commander of the 21st separate tank brigade.
The Victory Obelisk with the Eternal Flame is a memorial complex located on the left bank of the Tmaka River at its confluence with the Volga River. The obelisk was opened on December 16, 1970 on the day of the 29th anniversary of the liberation of the city from Nazi invaders. The authors of the monument: sculptors I. M. Rukavishnikov and A. N. Filippova, architects N. N. Milovidov and T. E. Saevich, engineers B. S. Kadik and M. S. Shumilova. They created a 48-meter column topped with a torch bowl in our city. The torch is lit several times a year on festival days. The reinforced concrete foundation is decorated with four rostra, similar to the pages of an open book. They are engraved with bas-reliefs and texts dedicated to the courage and heroism of front-line soldiers and home front workers. A few steps from the obelisk itself lead down to the Eternal Flame. Next to it, a capsule with a letter addressed to posterity is embedded in a granite stele, which will be opened in 2045 (on the 100th anniversary of the Victory).
One of the newest monuments of monumental art in Tver is dedicated to Tver submariners. This sculpture was installed on the left bank of the Volga (between the Old Bridge and the monument to Afanasy Nikitin) according to the project of the Tver sculptor E. Antonov in 2010, as one of the events to celebrate the 65th anniversary of the Great Victory. The initiators of the installation of the monument were members of the Tver Union of Submarine Veterans of the Tver Region. On the granite pedestal of the monument is inscribed: "Nowhere and never has there been such equality in the face of death as in a submarine, where either everyone dies or everyone survives." According to official data, 150 of our fellow countrymen were among the dead on submarines during the war years.
You will have to drive from the Obelisk of Victory to the monument to submariners along the Starovolzhsky bridge, on which the hard days of the occupation also left their mark. In December 1941, before leaving the city of Kalinin, the fascist troops blew up this masterpiece of engineering and technical art, but in January 1947, transport began again along the restored Old Bridge. Not far from here, at the end of the street. Z. Konoplyannikova, on the edge of the Volyn cemetery there is another military burial in Tver, in the center of which there is a monument to the Soviet soldier. 1407 soldiers are buried here. Nearby, on memorial plaques, the names of the heroes who fell in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland are immortalized.
From here you can proceed to the northern outskirts of our city, to the Zatveretskaya part. At the exit from Tver along the Bezhetsky highway on a small hill we will see another monument to Kalinin's military glory - this is a 122-mm howitzer (a type of artillery gun). It was installed in 1966 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kalinin from Nazi invaders.
This is not the only monument in Tver and its immediate environs that marks the places of the most fierce battles. In the area of the current Fire Square, during the occupation there were also fierce battles. A memorial plate with the inscription was installed in the park nearby: “Here, on October 14, 1941, the Soviet troops of the 5th battery of the 531st artillery regiment with a group of infantrymen of the 256th rifle division showed courage and heroism, stopping tank column fascist German troops. Eternal glory to the defenders of the Fatherland!”
And if you move towards St. Petersburg, then at the exit from Tver in front of the Gorbaty Bridge you can see a white plate with a sign installed on it, it says: “At this turn in October 1941, the soldiers of the 133rd Infantry Division, 8th Panzer brigade, 46th motorcycle regiment and 934th rifle regiment of the 256th rifle division. From here, on December 5, 1941, the 252nd Infantry Division went on the offensive against the Nazi invaders. Near the bridge, in a small park, another stele was installed, telling that “at this turn, the first units to fight were the 934th regiment of the 256th rifle division, the 8th tank brigade of the 46th motorcycle and 16th border regiments. eight tank brigade, 183 and 185 rifle divisions, in cooperation with units of 119 and 133 rifle divisions, thwarted the enemy’s attempt to break through to Torzhok, going to the rear of the troops of the North-Western Front.
In memory of the battles of the same 8th tank brigade under the command of our countryman P. A. Rotmistrov, another object was installed on the western outskirts of Tver, which is mandatory for visiting as part of an excursion to places of military glory. In 1966, on the 25th anniversary of the liberation from occupation, the Soviet T-34 tank appeared at the fork in the road to Moscow and Tver. On the pedestal of the monument are the words: “Press your palm: and now the earth is hot from blood. Bend your knee Immortal feat. Their memory is imperishable, it lives, knocking in the hearts of people ... ".
A tour of the places of military glory of Tver would be incomplete without visiting the exposition of the Museum of the Kalinin Front in the village. Emmaus. But it is located on the opposite outskirts of Tver, and you will have to go through the whole city again. This can be done on the territory of the Proletarsky district, where another monument associated with the exploits of fearless tankers has recently appeared. The legendary raid of the Soviet T-34 tank on October 17, 1941 is widely known. The 21st tank brigade, under constant bombardment from the Turginovo region, swept away the enemy on its way, went to Kalinin. Only eight out of 35 tanks managed to reach the southern outskirts of the city. One of them broke into Kalinin and fought through the entire city, reaching the positions of the Red Army in the area of Birch Grove. This tank was controlled by a crew consisting of: S. Kh. Gorobets - tank commander, F. I. Litovchenko - driver, G. V. Kolomiets - loader, I. I. Pastushin - gunner-radio operator. Many years later, it will become known that the breakthrough of Soviet tanks into Kalinin came as a complete surprise to the Germans and sowed a completely serious panic among the Nazis. The German commander, hiding behind the snowfall, justified his troops, and this is almost three divisions and one motorized brigade. All these hordes could not stop the only Soviet tank. And now, 70 years later, or rather on November 29, 2011, a monument to the legendary crew was erected in Tver on Komsomolskaya Square.
The village of Emmaus, located at the exit from Tver in the Moscow direction, became a key stronghold of the defense of the Nazis on the Moscow-Leningrad highway. Here the fighting was especially fierce. It was here that on December 5, 1941, our troops broke through the defenses of the German troops, launching a counteroffensive near Moscow. About this and many other things regarding the battle path of the Kalinin Front, about those who defended the independence of our Fatherland on the battlefields, the exposition of the Museum of the Kalinin Front, opened in May 2005 at the expense of the Administration of the Tver Region, Moscow and the Moscow Region, will tell. The museum has two exposition, exhibition and lecture halls. On the observation deck between the first and second floors, a set of materials about the offensive of the troops of the Kalinin Front on December 5, 1941 is exhibited. The materials of the first hall reflect the events of the first months of the Great Patriotic War, the fighting in the region, the defense and liberation of the city of Kalinin. Kalinin was on the right flank of the Moscow battle. Separately highlighted in the hall is a set of materials on the creation of the Kalinin Front on October 17, 1941 and on Colonel General I. S. Konev, commander of its troops (his first order, photograph, certificate, tunic). In the second hall you can get acquainted with the operations of the Kalinin Front in 1942-1943, already outside the city of Kalinin. The exposition ends with a set of materials about the renaming of the Kalinin Front into the 1st Baltic Front on October 20, 1943, about its further military path, about the worthy end of the war by the successor to the Kalinin Front. Visitors can not only get acquainted with the exposition, but also take part in the exciting animation program “Aty-Baty, there were soldiers!”, which offers various military-themed games and a tasting of a real soldier’s dinner.